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禁用于严重消化性溃疡的药物是
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消化性溃疡患者禁用的药物是
烟酸
辛伐他汀
考来烯胺
氯贝丁酯
维生素E
以下情况需禁用肝素的是
过敏体质
出血倾向
严重高血压
消化性溃疡
妊娠
糖皮质激素禁用于
严重精神病
活动性消化性溃疡病,新近胃肠吻合术
骨折,创伤修复期,角膜溃疡
严重高血压,糖尿病
抗菌药物不能控制的感染如水痘,真菌感染
下列情况需禁用肝素的是
过敏体质
出血倾向
严重高血压
消化性溃疡
妊娠
上消化道内镜检查的禁忌证是
消化性溃疡并发急性穿孔
消化性溃疡并发幽门梗阻
消化性溃疡急性出血
胃溃疡疑有癌变
消化性溃疡药物治疗后疗效观察
糖皮质激素禁用于
骨折、创伤修复期、角膜溃疡
活动性消化性溃疡病、新近胃肠吻合术
严重精神病
严重高血压、糖尿病
非典型性肺炎
禁用于孕妇哺乳妇女及儿童的药物是
铋剂
抗酸药
硫糖铝
丙谷胺
质子泵抑制剂
约有1／5患者会发生高尿酸血症严重痛风消化性溃疡患者禁用的药物是
烟酸
阿托伐他汀
考来烯胺
非诺贝特
依折麦布
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Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 41
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends. AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur. Inperformingthis"whatif..."functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety. MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture--consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection. FromParagraph2wecaninferthat
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends. AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur. Inperformingthis"whatif..."functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety. MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture--consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection. Thistextismostlikelytobe
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair’sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafearsitsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrencytheywillwarmtoit—pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum. Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.AccordingtotheprosasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseinfavorareboundtowin.AccordingtotheantisasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight. DreamornightmareeurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuroswhichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.Sotoowillforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrencythosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthereitwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound. NeilKinnockaEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborPartypredictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain’ssecondcurrency.HansEicheltheGermanfinanceministeralsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHaintheEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembershipsaystheeurowillbecome"apracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit.’AsmanyasathirdofBritain’sbiggestretailerssuchasMarksandSpencerhavesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages. Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeye.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinationssotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.EveniftheydotheygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidayssaysDavidSouthwellaspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortiumBRC. WhatdoesthewriterintendtoillustratewithMarksandSpencer
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. Thewriterbeginsthetextwith
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair’sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafearsitsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrencytheywillwarmtoit—pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum. Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.AccordingtotheprosasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseinfavorareboundtowin.AccordingtotheantisasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight. DreamornightmareeurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuroswhichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.Sotoowillforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrencythosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthereitwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound. NeilKinnockaEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborPartypredictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain’ssecondcurrency.HansEicheltheGermanfinanceministeralsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHaintheEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembershipsaystheeurowillbecome"apracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit.’AsmanyasathirdofBritain’sbiggestretailerssuchasMarksandSpencerhavesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages. Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeye.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinationssotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.EveniftheydotheygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidayssaysDavidSouthwellaspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortiumBRC. Thewriterseems
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Directions: YouarewritingtolaunchastrongcomplaintabouttheimpolitetreatmentthatyourguestsyourcolleagueandyoureceivedwhenyoumetinarestaurantontheeveoftheNewYearlastFridayevening.Yourlettershouldinclude: 1detaileddescriptionofyourexperience 2andyourstrongresentment. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair’sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafearsitsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrencytheywillwarmtoit—pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum. Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.AccordingtotheprosasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseinfavorareboundtowin.AccordingtotheantisasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight. DreamornightmareeurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuroswhichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.Sotoowillforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrencythosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthereitwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound. NeilKinnockaEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborPartypredictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain’ssecondcurrency.HansEicheltheGermanfinanceministeralsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHaintheEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembershipsaystheeurowillbecome"apracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit.’AsmanyasathirdofBritain’sbiggestretailerssuchasMarksandSpencerhavesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages. Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeye.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinationssotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.EveniftheydotheygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidayssaysDavidSouthwellaspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortiumBRC. ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatinBritaineurohasbeenaccepted
EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. ThewordaberrationsParagraph4canbestbereplacedby
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. InexploringtheeffectofElNinotheauthormainlyfocuseson
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. SiliconValleyisamagnettowhichnumeroustalentedengineersscientistsandentrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffamefastmoneyandtoparticipateinatechnologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-makingEuropeanRenaissanceandIndustrialRevolutionofthebygoneage. 46WiththerapidspreadoftheInternetsincetheearly1990sandtherelentlesstechnologicalinnovationsgeneratedthroughittheinformationeraistrulyuponusprofoundlyinfluencingandchangingnotonlyourlifestylebutalsothewayweworkdobusinessthinkandcommunicatewithothers. 47Theunprecedentedsuccessofthe-ValleyisatestimonytotheconcertedinternationalendeavorsandcontributionsbypeoplefromdiverseculturalandracialbackgroundsmadepossiblebythefavorablepoliticaleconomicandintellectualclimateprevailingaswellasthefarsightedpoliciesoftheUSgovernment. Manycountrieshaveorareintheprocessofcreatingtheirown"SiliconValley".SofarnonehasasyetthreatenedthepreeminenceoftheUSprototype.WhatmakesSiliconValleysuchauniqueentityThereareseveralcrucialfactors. 48Firstandforemostithasthelargestconcentrationofbrilliantcomputerprofessionalsandthebestsupportingservicesintheworldandeasyaccesstoworld-classresearchinstitutionslikeStanfordUniversitywhichcontinuallynurtureswould-bethattheindustryneedsinordertomoveforward.WithouttheseadvantagestheValleywouldbeadifferentplace. Secondlyitactivelyencouragesorevenexaltsrisktaking.Hencefailureholdsnoterrorandthereisnoshameattachedtoafailedeffort.Onthecontrarytheywilltryevenhardernexttimeround.Suchnever-say-dieapproachisthesinequanonfortheultimatetriumphinentrepreneurshipandtechnologicalbreakthrough. 49Athirddecisivefactoristhevitalroleofventurecapitalistswhowillinglysupportpromisingstart-upswithurgentlyneededinitialcapitaltogetthemstarted.Somewouldevengivefailedentrepreneursasecondchanceifconvincedthatafreshconceptmightleadtoultimatesuccess. 50Ofequalimportancebrightyoungpeopleandmiddlelevelprofessionalsarekeentoworkforanewventureatsubstantiallyreducedremunerationasitoffersmorescopeforentrepreneurshipandjobsatisfactionthantheestablishedcompanies.Thereisalsoaprideofachievementiftheireffortscontributetoitsfruition. Intellectualchallengesasideitisacommonpracticeforstart-upstooffergenerousshareoptionstoemployeesinordertoattracttherighttalentintotheirfolds.Thisisapowerfulincentivetomotivatethestafftodotheirutmostandtoshareinthecompany’sprosperityifitreachesitsgoal.Manyregardthisasthefoundationofasuccessfulenterprise. Theunprecedentedsuccessofthe-Valleyisatestimonytotheconcertedinternationalendeavorsandcontributionsbypeoplefromdiverseculturalandracialbackgroundsmadepossiblebythefavorablepoliticaleconomicandintellectualclimateprevailing
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. GeoffStewardmaintainsthattheSupremeCourt’sdecisionwillmakeInternetcompanies
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. SiliconValleyisamagnettowhichnumeroustalentedengineersscientistsandentrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffamefastmoneyandtoparticipateinatechnologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-makingEuropeanRenaissanceandIndustrialRevolutionofthebygoneage. 46WiththerapidspreadoftheInternetsincetheearly1990sandtherelentlesstechnologicalinnovationsgeneratedthroughittheinformationeraistrulyuponusprofoundlyinfluencingandchangingnotonlyourlifestylebutalsothewayweworkdobusinessthinkandcommunicatewithothers. 47Theunprecedentedsuccessofthe-ValleyisatestimonytotheconcertedinternationalendeavorsandcontributionsbypeoplefromdiverseculturalandracialbackgroundsmadepossiblebythefavorablepoliticaleconomicandintellectualclimateprevailingaswellasthefarsightedpoliciesoftheUSgovernment. Manycountrieshaveorareintheprocessofcreatingtheirown"SiliconValley".SofarnonehasasyetthreatenedthepreeminenceoftheUSprototype.WhatmakesSiliconValleysuchauniqueentityThereareseveralcrucialfactors. 48Firstandforemostithasthelargestconcentrationofbrilliantcomputerprofessionalsandthebestsupportingservicesintheworldandeasyaccesstoworld-classresearchinstitutionslikeStanfordUniversitywhichcontinuallynurtureswould-bethattheindustryneedsinordertomoveforward.WithouttheseadvantagestheValleywouldbeadifferentplace. Secondlyitactivelyencouragesorevenexaltsrisktaking.Hencefailureholdsnoterrorandthereisnoshameattachedtoafailedeffort.Onthecontrarytheywilltryevenhardernexttimeround.Suchnever-say-dieapproachisthesinequanonfortheultimatetriumphinentrepreneurshipandtechnologicalbreakthrough. 49Athirddecisivefactoristhevitalroleofventurecapitalistswhowillinglysupportpromisingstart-upswithurgentlyneededinitialcapitaltogetthemstarted.Somewouldevengivefailedentrepreneursasecondchanceifconvincedthatafreshconceptmightleadtoultimatesuccess. 50Ofequalimportancebrightyoungpeopleandmiddlelevelprofessionalsarekeentoworkforanewventureatsubstantiallyreducedremunerationasitoffersmorescopeforentrepreneurshipandjobsatisfactionthantheestablishedcompanies.Thereisalsoaprideofachievementiftheireffortscontributetoitsfruition. Intellectualchallengesasideitisacommonpracticeforstart-upstooffergenerousshareoptionstoemployeesinordertoattracttherighttalentintotheirfolds.Thisisapowerfulincentivetomotivatethestafftodotheirutmostandtoshareinthecompany’sprosperityifitreachesitsgoal.Manyregardthisasthefoundationofasuccessfulenterprise. Athirddecisivefactoristhevitalroleofventurecapitalistswhowillinglysupportpromisingstart-upswithurgentlyneededinitialcapitaltogetthemstarted.
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 43
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. WhatdoesthecaseHartcitedinanAustraliacourtillustrate
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 45
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