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Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by h...
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IntheUnitedStatestherewere222people61_________repo
Theworld'srichestmanmightseemtohaveitallbutBillGat
IntheUnitedStatestherewere222people__61__reporttob
IntheUnitedStatestherewere222people43.reporttobebi
IntheUnitedStatestherewere222people28reporttobebil
第二节语法填空:根据短文内容在空格中填上合适的单词共15分每空1.5分IntheUnitedStat
CAMBRIDGEMassachusettsAP--BillGatesisfinallygettin
IntheUnitedStatestherewere222people____1____report
WealthOnlyBelongingtoOneGenerationTherichhavetradi
It has brought world-wide reputation to Bill Gates.
Both Bill Gates and Buffett have donated their money to it.
It was founded by Bill Gates and Buffett.
It has paid about $54 billion to the needed people in Americ
Theworld’srichestmanmightseemtohaveitallbutBillGat
WhyBillGates'kidsaregoingtogetdifferenttreatment
Bill Gates is very great in computer science.
Bill Gates is famous.
Bill Gates suppresses "need-blind" policy.
Bill Gates has great ability to pay.
BILLGATEShaspromisedtogiveallofhisUS$58billionfort
IntheUnitedStatestherewere222people86reporttobebil
MicrosoftfounderBillGateshasopenedupaboutbeingapar
BorninOct.281955BillGatesgrewupinSeattlewithhistwo
MicrosoftfounderBillGateshasopenedupaboutbeingapar
MicrosoftfounderBillGateshasopenedupaboutbeingapar
MicrosoftfounderBillGateshasopenedupaboutbeingapar
Hehastoppedthelistofworldbillionairefor12yearswith
—______—It’saboutBillGatesoneoftherichestmeninthew
Who is Bill Gates?
How do you like the book?
What’s the book about?
What do you think of Bill Gates?
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IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Childrenattendingschoolslocatedinhigh-trafficzoneshavea45percentincreasedriskofdevelopingasthmaeventhoughtimespentatschoolonlyaccountsforaboutone-thirdofachild’swakinghoursaccordingtonewresearch. Asthmaisthemostcommonchronicchildhoodillnessindevelopedcountriesandhasbeenlinkedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchastraffic-relatedairpollution."Whileresidentialtraffic-relatedpollutionhasbeenassociatedwithasthmatherehasbeenlittlestudyoftheeffectsoftrafficexposureatschoolonnewonsetasthma"saysRobMcConnellprofessorofpreventivemedicineatUSC’sKeckSchoolofMedicine."Exposuretopollutionatlocationsotherthanhomeespeciallywherechildrenspendalargeportionoftheirdayandmayengageinphysicalactivityappearstoinfluenceasthmariskaswell." ThestudyappearsonlineinthejournalEnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.ThestudydrewupondatafromtheChildren’sHealthStudyCHSalongitudinalstudyofchildreninSouthernCaliforniacommunitiesthatwasdesignedtoinvestigatethechroniceffectsofairpollutiononrespiratoryhealth.Usingacohortof2497kindergartenandfirstgradechildrenwhowereasthma-freewhentheyenteredthestudyresearchersexaminedtherelationshipoflocaltrafficaroundschoolsandhomestodiagnosisnewonsetasthmathatoccurredduringthreeyearsoffollow-up.Traffic-relatedpollutionexposurewasassessedbasedonamodelthattookintoaccounttrafficvolumedistancetomajorroadwaysfromhomeandschoolandlocalweatherconditions. Regionalambientozonenitrogendioxide二氧化氮andparticulatematterweremeasuredcontinuouslyatonecentralsiteineachofthe13studycommunities.Thedesignallowedinvestigatorstoexaminethejointeffectsoflocaltraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolandathomeandofregionalpollutionexposureaffectingtheentirecommunity.Researchersfound120casesofnewasthma.Theriskassociatedwithtraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolswasalmostashighasforresidentialexposureandcombinedexposureaccountingfortimespentathomeandatschoolhadaslightlylargereffect.AlthoughchildrenspendlesstimeatschoolthanathomephysicaleducationandotheractivitiesthattakeplaceatschoolmayincreaseventilationratesandthedoseofpollutantsgettingintothelungsMcConnellnotes.Traffic-relatedpollutantlevelsmayalsobehigherduringthemorninghourswhenchildrenarearrivingatschool. Despiteastatelawthatprohibitsschooldistrictsfrombuildingcampuseswithin500feetofafreewaymanySouthernCaliforniaschoolsarelocatednearhigh-trafficareasincludingbusysurfacestreets. "It’simportanttounderstandhowthesemicro-environmentswherechildrenspentalotoftheirtimeoutsideofthehomeareimpactingtheirhealth"McConnellsays."Policiesthatreduceexposuretohigh-trafficenvironmentsmayhelptopreventthisdisease."ThestudywasfundedbygrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencestheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictandtheHastingsFoundation. Whatkindofillnessdoesasthmabelongto
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points10
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points8
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects.48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment.Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Scienceinpracticedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.WhatkepttheminplaceWhydidn’’ttheyfalloutoftheskyThefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavensthemoonandtheplanets. HowmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetreeNewtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’’thaveunpredictablethingsyoudon’’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournalsbuthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit. Intalkingtosomescientistsparticularlyyoungeronesyoumightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescientificmethodasubstituteforimaginativethought.I’’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrownedlookedatthegraphsandsaidthedataarestillinconclusive.WeknowthatthemenfromthebudgetofficehavesaidbutwhatdoyouthinkIsitworthwhilegoingonWhatdoyouthinkwemightexpectThescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate. Whatthisamountstoofcourseisthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimselfbuthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicatethenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Norifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflectismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainsttheoddballsamongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswhoworkwellwiththeteam. Theauthorassertsthatscientists__________________.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects.48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment.Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Afewmilliampsofelectricitycancauseplantstoincreasesynthesisofchemicals.Thesecompoundsoftenalsohaveapharmacologicalrelatedtomedicineorcommercialvaluesothetrickcouldbeusedtohelpincreaseyieldsofcommerciallyusefulbiologicals.Artemisinicacidfromsweetwormwoodforexampleisusedinmalarialmedicationsandshikonin紫草素fromthepurplegromwellplantisusedagainstskininfections. Researchershavelongknownthatstressingplantscanforcethemtotakedefensiveactionoftenrampinguptheproductionofprotectivechemicalsthatforexamplemakethemmoreresistanttoinsectattack.Ithasbecomecommonpracticetostresssuchplantsintoincreasingtheiryields.Thisisusuallycloneusingphysicalstresselicitors诱导子includingbitsofthemicro-organismsthatnormallyattacktheplantsorirritantsmadefrommetalliccompoundssuchascopperchloride.Theseareeffectivebuttheycomeatacost.Mostelicitorsaretoxictoplantsandcanbuildupintissuesmakingitnecessarytooccasionally"clean"aplantofthechemicalssotheykeephavingthesameeffect. RecentlyresearchgroupsattheUniversityofArizonainTucsonfoundthattheapplicationofanelectriccurrenttothehairyrootsofthepoisonousherbHyoscyamusmuticusstimulatedtheproductionoftheherb’stoxinhyoscyamine天仙子胺.ThisunpublishedfindinginspiredHansVanEttenalsooftheUniversityofArizonaandhiscolleaguestotestsub-lethallevelsofelectricalcurrentsonotherplantstoassesselectricity’spotentialtoelevatechemicalproduction. TheresearchersexposedeightdifferentplantspeciesrangingfromJapanesepagodatreeseedlingstopeaplantstoweakelectricalcurrentsof30milliamps.Sevenoftheplantsincreasedtheirproductiono{defensivechemicals.Theaverageboostofchemicalproductionwas20timestheyreportinBiotechnologyProgress.Oneplantatypeofalfalfaincreaseditschemicalyieldby168times.Thesevaluesareverysimilartothoseachievedusingchemicalelicitorsandseemtohavenolethaleffects-justanegativeeffectongrowth.Thetreatmentcanbeusedoverandoveragainwithoutthebuild-upofanyunwantedmaterial. Theusefulcompoundswouldbeveryeasytoharvest:theysimplypouroutintosolutioniftheplantsaregrownhydroponically."Thefactthatwecanuseelectricityinsteadoftoxicmaterialstoelicitchemicalproductionisveryexcitingbecauseitmeanswegettolookathowthesechemicalsformwithouthavingtoconstantlyaddandremovetoxinsfromthesystem"saysVanEtten."ThisisareallynovelandcreativeapproachthatI’veneverseenbefore"saysplantmetabolicengineerFabricioMedinaBolivarfromArkansasStateUniversityinJonesboro."Thepossibilitiesforusingelectricitywithplantsinthiswayareabsolutelytremendous." WhichoneofthefollowingsisNOTtheadvantageofusingelectricity
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. Thewriterofthereportdeemsthatoutsourcingisto
Afewmilliampsofelectricitycancauseplantstoincreasesynthesisofchemicals.Thesecompoundsoftenalsohaveapharmacologicalrelatedtomedicineorcommercialvaluesothetrickcouldbeusedtohelpincreaseyieldsofcommerciallyusefulbiologicals.Artemisinicacidfromsweetwormwoodforexampleisusedinmalarialmedicationsandshikonin紫草素fromthepurplegromwellplantisusedagainstskininfections. Researchershavelongknownthatstressingplantscanforcethemtotakedefensiveactionoftenrampinguptheproductionofprotectivechemicalsthatforexamplemakethemmoreresistanttoinsectattack.Ithasbecomecommonpracticetostresssuchplantsintoincreasingtheiryields.Thisisusuallycloneusingphysicalstresselicitors诱导子includingbitsofthemicro-organismsthatnormallyattacktheplantsorirritantsmadefrommetalliccompoundssuchascopperchloride.Theseareeffectivebuttheycomeatacost.Mostelicitorsaretoxictoplantsandcanbuildupintissuesmakingitnecessarytooccasionally"clean"aplantofthechemicalssotheykeephavingthesameeffect. RecentlyresearchgroupsattheUniversityofArizonainTucsonfoundthattheapplicationofanelectriccurrenttothehairyrootsofthepoisonousherbHyoscyamusmuticusstimulatedtheproductionoftheherb’stoxinhyoscyamine天仙子胺.ThisunpublishedfindinginspiredHansVanEttenalsooftheUniversityofArizonaandhiscolleaguestotestsub-lethallevelsofelectricalcurrentsonotherplantstoassesselectricity’spotentialtoelevatechemicalproduction. TheresearchersexposedeightdifferentplantspeciesrangingfromJapanesepagodatreeseedlingstopeaplantstoweakelectricalcurrentsof30milliamps.Sevenoftheplantsincreasedtheirproductiono{defensivechemicals.Theaverageboostofchemicalproductionwas20timestheyreportinBiotechnologyProgress.Oneplantatypeofalfalfaincreaseditschemicalyieldby168times.Thesevaluesareverysimilartothoseachievedusingchemicalelicitorsandseemtohavenolethaleffects-justanegativeeffectongrowth.Thetreatmentcanbeusedoverandoveragainwithoutthebuild-upofanyunwantedmaterial. Theusefulcompoundswouldbeveryeasytoharvest:theysimplypouroutintosolutioniftheplantsaregrownhydroponically."Thefactthatwecanuseelectricityinsteadoftoxicmaterialstoelicitchemicalproductionisveryexcitingbecauseitmeanswegettolookathowthesechemicalsformwithouthavingtoconstantlyaddandremovetoxinsfromthesystem"saysVanEtten."ThisisareallynovelandcreativeapproachthatI’veneverseenbefore"saysplantmetabolicengineerFabricioMedinaBolivarfromArkansasStateUniversityinJonesboro."Thepossibilitiesforusingelectricitywithplantsinthiswayareabsolutelytremendous." Whatisthemainideaofthepassage
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet:Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobablyabout70percentofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.Thisquiettimehelpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousservicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis―focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflamelovingkindnessorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingort’’aichitaiji.Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves.Italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsitesallowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.ThefactisthatwhetheronlineatYogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. TheexampleofoneChicagomanshows
Childrenattendingschoolslocatedinhigh-trafficzoneshavea45percentincreasedriskofdevelopingasthmaeventhoughtimespentatschoolonlyaccountsforaboutone-thirdofachild’swakinghoursaccordingtonewresearch. Asthmaisthemostcommonchronicchildhoodillnessindevelopedcountriesandhasbeenlinkedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchastraffic-relatedairpollution."Whileresidentialtraffic-relatedpollutionhasbeenassociatedwithasthmatherehasbeenlittlestudyoftheeffectsoftrafficexposureatschoolonnewonsetasthma"saysRobMcConnellprofessorofpreventivemedicineatUSC’sKeckSchoolofMedicine."Exposuretopollutionatlocationsotherthanhomeespeciallywherechildrenspendalargeportionoftheirdayandmayengageinphysicalactivityappearstoinfluenceasthmariskaswell." ThestudyappearsonlineinthejournalEnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.ThestudydrewupondatafromtheChildren’sHealthStudyCHSalongitudinalstudyofchildreninSouthernCaliforniacommunitiesthatwasdesignedtoinvestigatethechroniceffectsofairpollutiononrespiratoryhealth.Usingacohortof2497kindergartenandfirstgradechildrenwhowereasthma-freewhentheyenteredthestudyresearchersexaminedtherelationshipoflocaltrafficaroundschoolsandhomestodiagnosisnewonsetasthmathatoccurredduringthreeyearsoffollow-up.Traffic-relatedpollutionexposurewasassessedbasedonamodelthattookintoaccounttrafficvolumedistancetomajorroadwaysfromhomeandschoolandlocalweatherconditions. Regionalambientozonenitrogendioxide二氧化氮andparticulatematterweremeasuredcontinuouslyatonecentralsiteineachofthe13studycommunities.Thedesignallowedinvestigatorstoexaminethejointeffectsoflocaltraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolandathomeandofregionalpollutionexposureaffectingtheentirecommunity.Researchersfound120casesofnewasthma.Theriskassociatedwithtraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolswasalmostashighasforresidentialexposureandcombinedexposureaccountingfortimespentathomeandatschoolhadaslightlylargereffect.AlthoughchildrenspendlesstimeatschoolthanathomephysicaleducationandotheractivitiesthattakeplaceatschoolmayincreaseventilationratesandthedoseofpollutantsgettingintothelungsMcConnellnotes.Traffic-relatedpollutantlevelsmayalsobehigherduringthemorninghourswhenchildrenarearrivingatschool. Despiteastatelawthatprohibitsschooldistrictsfrombuildingcampuseswithin500feetofafreewaymanySouthernCaliforniaschoolsarelocatednearhigh-trafficareasincludingbusysurfacestreets. "It’simportanttounderstandhowthesemicro-environmentswherechildrenspentalotoftheirtimeoutsideofthehomeareimpactingtheirhealth"McConnellsays."Policiesthatreduceexposuretohigh-trafficenvironmentsmayhelptopreventthisdisease."ThestudywasfundedbygrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencestheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictandtheHastingsFoundation. Themethodofpreventingasthmaisto
Afewmilliampsofelectricitycancauseplantstoincreasesynthesisofchemicals.Thesecompoundsoftenalsohaveapharmacologicalrelatedtomedicineorcommercialvaluesothetrickcouldbeusedtohelpincreaseyieldsofcommerciallyusefulbiologicals.Artemisinicacidfromsweetwormwoodforexampleisusedinmalarialmedicationsandshikonin紫草素fromthepurplegromwellplantisusedagainstskininfections. Researchershavelongknownthatstressingplantscanforcethemtotakedefensiveactionoftenrampinguptheproductionofprotectivechemicalsthatforexamplemakethemmoreresistanttoinsectattack.Ithasbecomecommonpracticetostresssuchplantsintoincreasingtheiryields.Thisisusuallycloneusingphysicalstresselicitors诱导子includingbitsofthemicro-organismsthatnormallyattacktheplantsorirritantsmadefrommetalliccompoundssuchascopperchloride.Theseareeffectivebuttheycomeatacost.Mostelicitorsaretoxictoplantsandcanbuildupintissuesmakingitnecessarytooccasionally"clean"aplantofthechemicalssotheykeephavingthesameeffect. RecentlyresearchgroupsattheUniversityofArizonainTucsonfoundthattheapplicationofanelectriccurrenttothehairyrootsofthepoisonousherbHyoscyamusmuticusstimulatedtheproductionoftheherb’stoxinhyoscyamine天仙子胺.ThisunpublishedfindinginspiredHansVanEttenalsooftheUniversityofArizonaandhiscolleaguestotestsub-lethallevelsofelectricalcurrentsonotherplantstoassesselectricity’spotentialtoelevatechemicalproduction. TheresearchersexposedeightdifferentplantspeciesrangingfromJapanesepagodatreeseedlingstopeaplantstoweakelectricalcurrentsof30milliamps.Sevenoftheplantsincreasedtheirproductiono{defensivechemicals.Theaverageboostofchemicalproductionwas20timestheyreportinBiotechnologyProgress.Oneplantatypeofalfalfaincreaseditschemicalyieldby168times.Thesevaluesareverysimilartothoseachievedusingchemicalelicitorsandseemtohavenolethaleffects-justanegativeeffectongrowth.Thetreatmentcanbeusedoverandoveragainwithoutthebuild-upofanyunwantedmaterial. Theusefulcompoundswouldbeveryeasytoharvest:theysimplypouroutintosolutioniftheplantsaregrownhydroponically."Thefactthatwecanuseelectricityinsteadoftoxicmaterialstoelicitchemicalproductionisveryexcitingbecauseitmeanswegettolookathowthesechemicalsformwithouthavingtoconstantlyaddandremovetoxinsfromthesystem"saysVanEtten."ThisisareallynovelandcreativeapproachthatI’veneverseenbefore"saysplantmetabolicengineerFabricioMedinaBolivarfromArkansasStateUniversityinJonesboro."Thepossibilitiesforusingelectricitywithplantsinthiswayareabsolutelytremendous." Electricityactingonplantscanbeusedto
Scienceinpracticedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.WhatkepttheminplaceWhydidn’’ttheyfalloutoftheskyThefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavensthemoonandtheplanets. HowmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetreeNewtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’’thaveunpredictablethingsyoudon’’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournalsbuthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit. Intalkingtosomescientistsparticularlyyoungeronesyoumightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescientificmethodasubstituteforimaginativethought.I’’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrownedlookedatthegraphsandsaidthedataarestillinconclusive.WeknowthatthemenfromthebudgetofficehavesaidbutwhatdoyouthinkIsitworthwhilegoingonWhatdoyouthinkwemightexpectThescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate. Whatthisamountstoofcourseisthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimselfbuthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicatethenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Norifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflectismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainsttheoddballsamongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswhoworkwellwiththeteam. Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch____________.
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet:Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobablyabout70percentofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.Thisquiettimehelpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousservicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis―focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflamelovingkindnessorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingort’’aichitaiji.Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves.Italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsitesallowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.ThefactisthatwhetheronlineatYogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Theunderlyingapproachofmeditativetechniquesrequires
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. ThereportTheFutureofEnglishfactoredinallofthefollowingEXCEPT
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. ItisestimatedthatinadecadeEnglishwillbe
IthasbeenalmosthalfadecadesinceNormanMailerdescribedleasVegasinhisnovelTheAmericanDream.Butit1tobeoneofthemost2andexhilarating使人愉快的holidaydestinationsintheworld.Anend-less3ofcolorfulsightsandactivitiesaresurroundedbyskyscrapersandthemagnificentNevadadesert. With4shoppingluxuryspasfive-stardiningandsomeofthemostextravagantentertainmentyouwill5seethisisacity6offersanexperiencelikenoother. Perhapstheenduringappealofthis"7capitaloftheworld"thoughisthatitalwayshassomething8tooffer.RecentlytheHardRockCaféhasbeen9upitsactcompletingwithanew42000sqftvenue1000-seatercinemaandan"interactiverockwall"-allowingcustomersthechanceto10imagesofHardRock’scollection. CityCenterisan$8.5billion￡5.3billioncomplexontheStrip;aplacethatinacityalready11withextraordinarycasinos娱乐场andhotelsstandsoutfromthe12Itwasthelargestprivately13constructionprojectintheUSandhasthreestand-alonehotelsasprawlingshoppingandentertainmentdistrictandtwo37-storeyglasstowersof14flatsdesignedbythelikesofNormanFoster. AnotherLasVegas15PlanetHollywoodhas16withluxurydeveloperstocreateWestgateTowers--whereyoucouldownapieceoftheactionandachancetocomebacktoLasVegaseveryyear.17theonlythingyou’ll18ofinVegasisnotknowingwhichclubrestaurantorspatochoosefrom.Butthenyoucanalwaysaskan19ortheconcierge--thefantasticthingaboutthiscityisthatitsresidents20itasmuchasyouwill. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects.48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment.Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation
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