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EgyptFelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilisationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometrestothesouthwasultimatelytoblame--andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavediminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile4.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalysingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriver’wouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.AnythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./AccordingtoKromEgypt’sOldKingdomfell
Youshouldhaveblendedthebutterwiththesugarthoroughly
Purefeldsparisacolorlesstransparentmineralbutimpuritiescommonlymakeitopaqueandcolorful.
{{*HTML*}}U.S.EuropeanDrugOfficialsApproveInhaledInsulin Aformofinsulinforpeoplewithdiabetestotakebymouthisexpectedtobesoldwithinafewmonths.ThenewmedicineiscalledExubera.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministration:andtheEuropeanCommissionbothrecentlyapproveditforadults.Itcouldmakelifeeasierformanydiabeticswhorequiredailyinjectionsofinsulintocontroltheirbloodsugarlevels.Butitwillnotreplaceallinsulininjections.Anditisnotforeveryone.PeoplewhosmokeorhavestoppedsmokingforlessthansixmonthsshouldnottakeExubera.46 Threedrugcompanies--PfizerSanofi-AventisandNektarTherapeutics--developedtheinhaledinsulin.47Expertssayaboutfifteenpercentofdiabeticswhoneedinsulindonottakeit.Thetreatmentcaninvolveseveralinjectionseachday. Insulinisahormonethatthebodyusestochangefoodintoenergy.Failuretocontrolbloodsugarlevelscanleadtoseriousproblemsincludingblindnessandlossofbloodflowtothefeet.Itcanalsoleadtoheartdiseasestrokeandkidneyfailure4.Insulinhasbeensoldasadrugsincethenineteentwenties.Thisisthefirstnewwaytotakeit.Exuberausesapowderbreathedintothelungsthroughamouthpiece.Pfizerwillstudythelong-termeffects.Itsayssomepatientshavereportedamildcoughwhileusingtheinhaledinsulin.48. Manypeopledonotknowtheyhavediabetes.Therearetwoforms.MostdiabeticshavetheTypeTwoform.Theirbodydoesnotmakeenoughinsulinorcannoteffectivelyusetheinsulinitproduces.49MostTypeTwodiabeticsdonottakeinsulin.Theirmedicinescanbetakenbymouth.Dietexerciseandweightcontrolarealsoimportant.TypeOnediabetesoftenbeginsinchildhood.50. Officialssaydiabeticswitheithertypecoulduseinhaledinsulineitherbeforeorafterameal.ButTypeOnediabeticsandsomewithTypeTwowouldstillneedalonger-lastinginjectionatleastonceaday. A.Withthistypethebodyisunabletoproduceinsulin. B.Pfizerrecentlyboughttherightstosellitworldwide. C.Thecontroloftheirbloodsugarlevelsismostimportantforpatientswithdiabetes. D.Itiscommoninpeoplewhoareoverweightandnotactive. E.Somepatientswithlungdiseaseshouldnottakeiteither. F.PeopleareadvisedtohavetheirlungsexaminedbeforeusingExuberaandatleastonceayearafterthat. 46.
IsYourChild’sStomachPainAllinHisHead Weallknowtherearetimesthatkidsseemtocomplain51astomachachetogetoutofchores零星活儿orgoingtoschool.Don’tbesosurethatthepainthey52isallintheirminds.We’relearningmorenowaboutacondition53"functionalabdominalpain"thatisexperiencedbymillionsofkidseveryday. LikemanyteenagersKyleBrustmakesitapointtodohishomeworkas54ashegetshome.UnlikemostKyleoftendidthiswithaterriblestomachache.Infactthe55oftenstartedwhilehewasatschoolbutgettinghelptherewasgettingharder. "Someofmyteacherswouldn’tletmegobecauseI’daskedsomanytimesbeforeandtheythoughtIwastryingtogetoutof56"saysKyle. Kyle’smomMarilynsaysshecouldn’tblamethe57.Afterallshe’dtakenhimtothedoctorseveraltimesherselfandeventheycouldn’tfindanything58. "Youknowyou’rerunningthetestsandnothing’scomingup.SoisitinhisheadishejustanextremelystressfulchildIt’sjustfrustrating59we’renotfindinganyanswers"saysMarilyn. ItturnsoutKylewassufferingfromaconditionknown60functionalabdominalpainthataffectsasmanyasoneoutofeverytenkidsinthiscountry.Even61thecauseofthepainmaynotbeobvioustherearerealconsequences. "Itreallydoeshurtandthesekidsreallydosuffer"saysDrCampoMDatNationwideChildren’sHospital.Tohelp62Campoislookingintoanewapproach.He’sconductingclinicaltrialsofanantidepressant抗抑郁药thatchangesthewaythebodyhandlesachemicalcalledserotonin血清素.InapreliminarystudyDr.Campofoundthatinabouteightoutoften63thedrugnormallyusedtotreatemotionalpainworkedtoeasethepaininthe64. "Wethinkaboutitasbeingimportantinanxietyanddepressionandthat’sallquitetruebutwhat’sreallyinterestingisthat95%ofourbody’sserotoninisinourgut"saysCampo. Campobelievesthesekidshaveextremelysensitiveintestines肠andcontrollingtheeffectsofserotoninmay65easethepain.ItseemedtoworkforKylewhoisnowcompletelypainfreeforthefirsttimeinyears. 58.
IsYourChild’sStomachPainAllinHisHead Weallknowtherearetimesthatkidsseemtocomplain51astomachachetogetoutofchores零星活儿orgoingtoschool.Don’tbesosurethatthepainthey52isallintheirminds.We’relearningmorenowaboutacondition53"functionalabdominalpain"thatisexperiencedbymillionsofkidseveryday. LikemanyteenagersKyleBrustmakesitapointtodohishomeworkas54ashegetshome.UnlikemostKyleoftendidthiswithaterriblestomachache.Infactthe55oftenstartedwhilehewasatschoolbutgettinghelptherewasgettingharder. "Someofmyteacherswouldn’tletmegobecauseI’daskedsomanytimesbeforeandtheythoughtIwastryingtogetoutof56"saysKyle. Kyle’smomMarilynsaysshecouldn’tblamethe57.Afterallshe’dtakenhimtothedoctorseveraltimesherselfandeventheycouldn’tfindanything58. "Youknowyou’rerunningthetestsandnothing’scomingup.SoisitinhisheadishejustanextremelystressfulchildIt’sjustfrustrating59we’renotfindinganyanswers"saysMarilyn. ItturnsoutKylewassufferingfromaconditionknown60functionalabdominalpainthataffectsasmanyasoneoutofeverytenkidsinthiscountry.Even61thecauseofthepainmaynotbeobvioustherearerealconsequences. "Itreallydoeshurtandthesekidsreallydosuffer"saysDrCampoMDatNationwideChildren’sHospital.Tohelp62Campoislookingintoanewapproach.He’sconductingclinicaltrialsofanantidepressant抗抑郁药thatchangesthewaythebodyhandlesachemicalcalledserotonin血清素.InapreliminarystudyDr.Campofoundthatinabouteightoutoften63thedrugnormallyusedtotreatemotionalpainworkedtoeasethepaininthe64. "Wethinkaboutitasbeingimportantinanxietyanddepressionandthat’sallquitetruebutwhat’sreallyinterestingisthat95%ofourbody’sserotoninisinourgut"saysCampo. Campobelievesthesekidshaveextremelysensitiveintestines肠andcontrollingtheeffectsofserotoninmay65easethepain.ItseemedtoworkforKylewhoisnowcompletelypainfreeforthefirsttimeinyears. 52.
Speechtherapistsdividetheircasesintocommonandcomplex.Anexampleofacomplexcaseisapersonsufferingfromaphasia.Thisisthelossoftheabilitytounder-standand/orusespeech.Therearemanycausesofaphasiaincludingpartialbraindam-agethatleavestheindividualwiththephysicalabilitytospeak.Iftheindividualisabletospeakbutdoesnotthetherapistmustdeterminethecauseofsuchconduct.Oftenspeechtherapistsdeterminethatproblemsareemotionalandrefertheindividualswithsuchproblemstopsychologistsorpsychiatriststrainedtohelpthem.Whileaspeechtherapistisnottrainedtohelppersonswithsevereemotionaldisordersthetherapistdoesreceiveextensivetraininginsuchareasasanatomyasitrelatestospeechconcentratingonthediaphragmtongueandpalatephysicsparticularlyrelatingtosoundandlanguageandcommunications.Sometherapiststakeclassesinelementarypsychologyaswell.Thespeechtherapistmustbeabletodiagnosethetypeandseverityofthespeechdefectthenprescribeaseriesoftreatments.Whilesomepeoplewithseverehandicapsreceiveindividualinstructionmostpatientsarecomfortablereceivinggrouptherapywithotherswhohavethesameproblem.Ifapatientisfoundtohaveaphysicalhandicapthatisimpedinghisprogressheissenttoadoctorwithwhomthetherapistworksclosely.Manytherapistshaveahighsuccessratewiththeirpatients.Noscientificstudieshaveyetshownwhethertheinterventionofthetherapistwasinfactthesolecauseoftheimprovementofthepatientsorwhethertimeandmaturityhelpedaswell.Arecentstudyhasshownthatpersonswhohavenotreceivedspeechtherapyhaveoftenbeencured’oftheirproblemsmerelybybeingaroundotherswithouttheproblem.Howeverthatsamestudyshowedthatthosefewpersonswhowerenottreatedbytherapistshadextremelylowself-esteemandconsideredthemselvesdifferentandretarded.Thetherapistsoftenareabletomakethepatientsseethatwhiletheyaredifferentthedifferenceisnotoftheirownmakingthattheyhavenotdonesomethingwrong.Therapiststrytoreachchildrenwhentheyareveryyoungbeforetheyhavehadanopportunitytobeteasedbyotherchildrenormadetofeeltheyarestupid.Therapistsoftenworkwithwholefamiliesencouragingtheparentsandsiblingstolistentothepatientstakingthetimetohelpthemfeeltheyareanimportantpartofthefamilynotjustbrushingthemoffbecausetheeffortofinterpretingtheirspeechistoogreatortime-consuming.Fromthepassageyoumayinferthatgrouptherapyisgiventothemajorityofpeoplebecause______.
IsYourChild’sStomachPainAllinHisHead Weallknowtherearetimesthatkidsseemtocomplain51astomachachetogetoutofchores零星活儿orgoingtoschool.Don’tbesosurethatthepainthey52isallintheirminds.We’relearningmorenowaboutacondition53"functionalabdominalpain"thatisexperiencedbymillionsofkidseveryday. LikemanyteenagersKyleBrustmakesitapointtodohishomeworkas54ashegetshome.UnlikemostKyleoftendidthiswithaterriblestomachache.Infactthe55oftenstartedwhilehewasatschoolbutgettinghelptherewasgettingharder. "Someofmyteacherswouldn’tletmegobecauseI’daskedsomanytimesbeforeandtheythoughtIwastryingtogetoutof56"saysKyle. Kyle’smomMarilynsaysshecouldn’tblamethe57.Afterallshe’dtakenhimtothedoctorseveraltimesherselfandeventheycouldn’tfindanything58. "Youknowyou’rerunningthetestsandnothing’scomingup.SoisitinhisheadishejustanextremelystressfulchildIt’sjustfrustrating59we’renotfindinganyanswers"saysMarilyn. ItturnsoutKylewassufferingfromaconditionknown60functionalabdominalpainthataffectsasmanyasoneoutofeverytenkidsinthiscountry.Even61thecauseofthepainmaynotbeobvioustherearerealconsequences. "Itreallydoeshurtandthesekidsreallydosuffer"saysDrCampoMDatNationwideChildren’sHospital.Tohelp62Campoislookingintoanewapproach.He’sconductingclinicaltrialsofanantidepressant抗抑郁药thatchangesthewaythebodyhandlesachemicalcalledserotonin血清素.InapreliminarystudyDr.Campofoundthatinabouteightoutoften63thedrugnormallyusedtotreatemotionalpainworkedtoeasethepaininthe64. "Wethinkaboutitasbeingimportantinanxietyanddepressionandthat’sallquitetruebutwhat’sreallyinterestingisthat95%ofourbody’sserotoninisinourgut"saysCampo. Campobelievesthesekidshaveextremelysensitiveintestines肠andcontrollingtheeffectsofserotoninmay65easethepain.ItseemedtoworkforKylewhoisnowcompletelypainfreeforthefirsttimeinyears. 56.
GlobalCancerRatestoRiseby50%by2020 Thenumberofnewcancercasesworldwideisexpectedtoincreaseby50%bytheyear2020.Butanewreportsuggeststhatasmanyasathirdofnewcancerscouldbeavoidedbyadoptinghealthierlifestylesandthroughpublichealthaction. TheWorldCancerReportreleasedbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancershowsthatcancerhasnowemergedasamajorpublichealththreatindevelopingcountriesaswellasrichones. Overallcancerwasresponsiblefor12%ofalldeathsin2000.Butinmanycountriesmorethanaquarterofalldeathsarecausedbycancer. Thereportshowsthat10millionnewcancerswerediagnosedgloballyin2000andthatnumberisexpectedtoriseto15millionby2020.Researcherssaymostofthatincreasewillmainlybeduetosteadilyagingpopulationsinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandcurrenttrendsinsmokingandotherunhealthyhabits. "Cancerhasemergedasamajorpublichealthproblemindevelopingcountriesforthefirsttimematchingitseffectinindustrialized工业化的countries"saidresearcherPaulKleihuesMDdirectorofIARCinanewsrelease."Onceconsidereda’Western’diseasetheReporthighlightsthatmorethan50percentoftheworld’scancerburdenintermsofbothnumbersofcasesanddeathsalreadyoccursindevelopingcountries." Theriskofbeingdiagnosedwithcancerindevelopedcountriesisdoublethatinless-developedones.Howevertheriskofdyingfromcancerismuchhigherindevelopingcountrieswhere80%ofcancerpatientsalreadyhavelate-stageincurabletumors肿瘤atthetimeofdiagnosis. Researcherssaycancerrateshavetraditionallybeenhigherindevelopedcountriesduetogreaterexposuretotobaccooccupationalcarcinogens致癌物andanunhealthyWesterndietandlifestyle.Asless-developedcountriesbecomeindustrializedandmoreprosperoustheytendtoadoptthehigh-fatdietandIowphysicalactivitylevelstypicallyseenintheWestwhichincreasecancerrates. Theriskofdyingfromcancerindevelopedcountriesis
Youdon'tneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;actuallyallfinancialbusinesswillbeconductedbycomputers.
{{*HTML*}}Parkinson’sDisease??1.Parkinson’sdiseaseaffectsthewayyoumove.Ithappenswhenthereisaproblemwithcertainnervecellsinthebrain.Normallythesenervecellsmakeanimportantchemicalcalleddopamine多巴胺.Dopaminesendssignalstothepartofyourbrainthatcontrolsmovement.Itletsyourmusclesmovesmoothlyanddowhatyouwantthemtodo.WhenyouhaveParkinson’sthesenervecellsBreakdown.Thenyounolongerhaveenoughdopamineandyouhavetroublemovingthewayyouwantto.??2.Nooneknowsforsurewhatmakesthesenervecellsbreakdown.Butscientistsaredoingalotofresearchtolookfortheanswer.Theyarestudyingmanypossiblecausesincludingagingandpoisonsintheenvironment.AbnormalgenesseemtoleadtoParkinson’sdiseaseinsomepeople.Butsofarthereisnotenoughprooftoshowthatitisalwaysinherited.??3.Tremor颤抖maybethefirstsymptomyounotice.Itisoneofthemostcommonsignsofthediseasealthoughnoteveryonehasit.Tremoroftenstartsinjustonearmorlegoronlyononesideofthebody.Itmaybeworsewhenyouareawakebutnotmovingtheaffectedarmorleg.Itmaygetbetterwhenyoumovethelimboryouareasleep.IntimeParkinson’saffectsmusclesallthroughyourbodysoitcanleadtoproblemsliketroubleswallowingorconstipation便秘.InthelaterstagesofthediseaseapersonwithParkinson’smayhaveafixedorblankexpressiontroublespeakingandotherproblems.Somepeoplealsohaveadecreaseinmentalskills.??4.AtthistimethereisnocureforParkinson’sdisease.Butthereareseveraltypesofmedicinesthatcancontrolthesymptomsandmakethediseaseeasiertolivewith.Youmaynotevenneedtreatmentifyoursymptomsaremild.Yourdoctormaywaittoprescribemedicinesuntilyoursymptomsstarttogetinthewayofyourdailylife.Yourdoctorwilladjustyourmedicinesasyoursymptomsgetworse.Youmayneedtotakeseveralmedicinestogetthebestresults.??A.TipsforPatientswiththeDisease??B.CommonTreatmentfortheDisease??C.MeansofDiagnosisoftheDisease??D.TypicalSymptomsoftheDisease??E.PossibleCausesoftheDisease??F.DefinitionofParkinson’sDiseaseParagraph2______
{{*HTML*}}Parkinson’sDisease??1.Parkinson’sdiseaseaffectsthewayyoumove.Ithappenswhenthereisaproblemwithcertainnervecellsinthebrain.Normallythesenervecellsmakeanimportantchemicalcalleddopamine多巴胺.Dopaminesendssignalstothepartofyourbrainthatcontrolsmovement.Itletsyourmusclesmovesmoothlyanddowhatyouwantthemtodo.WhenyouhaveParkinson’sthesenervecellsBreakdown.Thenyounolongerhaveenoughdopamineandyouhavetroublemovingthewayyouwantto.??2.Nooneknowsforsurewhatmakesthesenervecellsbreakdown.Butscientistsaredoingalotofresearchtolookfortheanswer.Theyarestudyingmanypossiblecausesincludingagingandpoisonsintheenvironment.AbnormalgenesseemtoleadtoParkinson’sdiseaseinsomepeople.Butsofarthereisnotenoughprooftoshowthatitisalwaysinherited.??3.Tremor颤抖maybethefirstsymptomyounotice.Itisoneofthemostcommonsignsofthediseasealthoughnoteveryonehasit.Tremoroftenstartsinjustonearmorlegoronlyononesideofthebody.Itmaybeworsewhenyouareawakebutnotmovingtheaffectedarmorleg.Itmaygetbetterwhenyoumovethelimboryouareasleep.IntimeParkinson’saffectsmusclesallthroughyourbodysoitcanleadtoproblemsliketroubleswallowingorconstipation便秘.InthelaterstagesofthediseaseapersonwithParkinson’smayhaveafixedorblankexpressiontroublespeakingandotherproblems.Somepeoplealsohaveadecreaseinmentalskills.??4.AtthistimethereisnocureforParkinson’sdisease.Butthereareseveraltypesofmedicinesthatcancontrolthesymptomsandmakethediseaseeasiertolivewith.Youmaynotevenneedtreatmentifyoursymptomsaremild.Yourdoctormaywaittoprescribemedicinesuntilyoursymptomsstarttogetinthewayofyourdailylife.Yourdoctorwilladjustyourmedicinesasyoursymptomsgetworse.Youmayneedtotakeseveralmedicinestogetthebestresults.??A.TipsforPatientswiththeDisease??B.CommonTreatmentfortheDisease??C.MeansofDiagnosisoftheDisease??D.TypicalSymptomsoftheDisease??E.PossibleCausesoftheDisease??F.DefinitionofParkinson’sDiseaseParagraph4______
ComingSoontoaTheaternearYou!WhatarespecialeffectsDoyouenjoymoviesthatusealotofspecialeffects.Dinosaurs恐龙fromthedistantpast!Spacebattlesfromthedistantfuture!Therehasbeenarevolutioninspecialeffectsandithastransformedthemovieswesee.Therevolutionbeganinthemid-1970swithGeorgeLucas’sStarWarsafilmthatstunned使震惊audiences.Thatrevolutioncontinuestothepresentwithdramaticchangesinspecialeffectstechnology.ThecompanybehindthesechangesisLucas’sIndustrialLight＆MagicILM.AndthemanbehindthecompanyisDennisMurenwhohasworkedwithLucassinceStarWars.Muren’sinterestinspecialeffectsbeganveryearly.Attheageof6hewasphotographingtoydinosaursandspaceships.At10hehadan8millimetermoviecameraandwasmakingthesethingsmovethroughstopmotion.Stop-motionisaprocessinwhichobjectsareshotwithacameramovedslightlyshotagainandsoon.Whentheshotsareputtogethertheobjectsappeartomove.TalktoMurenandyou’llunderstandwhatILMisallabout;takingonnewchallenges.By1989Murendecidedhehadpushedtheoldtechnologyasfarasitwouldgo.Hesawcomputergraphics图像CGtechnologyasthewaveofthefutureandtookayearoffthemasterit.WithCGtechnologyimagescanbescannedintoacomputerforprocessingforexampleandmanyseparateshotscanbecombinedintoasingleimage.CGtechnologyhasnowreachedthepointMurensayswherespecialeffectscanbeusedtodojustaboutanythingsothatmoviescantellstoriesbetterthaneverbefore.ThehugesuccessofJurassicParkanditssequel续集TheLostWorldthestarsofwhichwerecomputer-generateddinosaurssuggeststhatthismayverywellbetrue.Today’sfilmmakersemphasizespecialeffectsattheexpenseofthestory.
{{*HTML*}}Parkinson’sDisease??1.Parkinson’sdiseaseaffectsthewayyoumove.Ithappenswhenthereisaproblemwithcertainnervecellsinthebrain.Normallythesenervecellsmakeanimportantchemicalcalleddopamine多巴胺.Dopaminesendssignalstothepartofyourbrainthatcontrolsmovement.Itletsyourmusclesmovesmoothlyanddowhatyouwantthemtodo.WhenyouhaveParkinson’sthesenervecellsBreakdown.Thenyounolongerhaveenoughdopamineandyouhavetroublemovingthewayyouwantto.??2.Nooneknowsforsurewhatmakesthesenervecellsbreakdown.Butscientistsaredoingalotofresearchtolookfortheanswer.Theyarestudyingmanypossiblecausesincludingagingandpoisonsintheenvironment.AbnormalgenesseemtoleadtoParkinson’sdiseaseinsomepeople.Butsofarthereisnotenoughprooftoshowthatitisalwaysinherited.??3.Tremor颤抖maybethefirstsymptomyounotice.Itisoneofthemostcommonsignsofthediseasealthoughnoteveryonehasit.Tremoroftenstartsinjustonearmorlegoronlyononesideofthebody.Itmaybeworsewhenyouareawakebutnotmovingtheaffectedarmorleg.Itmaygetbetterwhenyoumovethelimboryouareasleep.IntimeParkinson’saffectsmusclesallthroughyourbodysoitcanleadtoproblemsliketroubleswallowingorconstipation便秘.InthelaterstagesofthediseaseapersonwithParkinson’smayhaveafixedorblankexpressiontroublespeakingandotherproblems.Somepeoplealsohaveadecreaseinmentalskills.??4.AtthistimethereisnocureforParkinson’sdisease.Butthereareseveraltypesofmedicinesthatcancontrolthesymptomsandmakethediseaseeasiertolivewith.Youmaynotevenneedtreatmentifyoursymptomsaremild.Yourdoctormaywaittoprescribemedicinesuntilyoursymptomsstarttogetinthewayofyourdailylife.Yourdoctorwilladjustyourmedicinesasyoursymptomsgetworse.Youmayneedtotakeseveralmedicinestogetthebestresults.??A.TipsforPatientswiththeDisease??B.CommonTreatmentfortheDisease??C.MeansofDiagnosisoftheDisease??D.TypicalSymptomsoftheDisease??E.PossibleCausesoftheDisease??F.DefinitionofParkinson’sDiseaseApersonwithParkinson’shastolearntolivewiththedisease______.
DuringtheSecond-WorldWarmanyJewsescapedtoAmerica.
Speechtherapistsdividetheircasesintocommonandcomplex.Anexampleofacomplexcaseisapersonsufferingfromaphasia.Thisisthelossoftheabilitytounder-standand/orusespeech.Therearemanycausesofaphasiaincludingpartialbraindam-agethatleavestheindividualwiththephysicalabilitytospeak.Iftheindividualisabletospeakbutdoesnotthetherapistmustdeterminethecauseofsuchconduct.Oftenspeechtherapistsdeterminethatproblemsareemotionalandrefertheindividualswithsuchproblemstopsychologistsorpsychiatriststrainedtohelpthem.Whileaspeechtherapistisnottrainedtohelppersonswithsevereemotionaldisordersthetherapistdoesreceiveextensivetraininginsuchareasasanatomyasitrelatestospeechconcentratingonthediaphragmtongueandpalatephysicsparticularlyrelatingtosoundandlanguageandcommunications.Sometherapiststakeclassesinelementarypsychologyaswell.Thespeechtherapistmustbeabletodiagnosethetypeandseverityofthespeechdefectthenprescribeaseriesoftreatments.Whilesomepeoplewithseverehandicapsreceiveindividualinstructionmostpatientsarecomfortablereceivinggrouptherapywithotherswhohavethesameproblem.Ifapatientisfoundtohaveaphysicalhandicapthatisimpedinghisprogressheissenttoadoctorwithwhomthetherapistworksclosely.Manytherapistshaveahighsuccessratewiththeirpatients.Noscientificstudieshaveyetshownwhethertheinterventionofthetherapistwasinfactthesolecauseoftheimprovementofthepatientsorwhethertimeandmaturityhelpedaswell.Arecentstudyhasshownthatpersonswhohavenotreceivedspeechtherapyhaveoftenbeencured’oftheirproblemsmerelybybeingaroundotherswithouttheproblem.Howeverthatsamestudyshowedthatthosefewpersonswhowerenottreatedbytherapistshadextremelylowself-esteemandconsideredthemselvesdifferentandretarded.Thetherapistsoftenareabletomakethepatientsseethatwhiletheyaredifferentthedifferenceisnotoftheirownmakingthattheyhavenotdonesomethingwrong.Therapiststrytoreachchildrenwhentheyareveryyoungbeforetheyhavehadanopportunitytobeteasedbyotherchildrenormadetofeeltheyarestupid.Therapistsoftenworkwithwholefamiliesencouragingtheparentsandsiblingstolistentothepatientstakingthetimetohelpthemfeeltheyareanimportantpartofthefamilynotjustbrushingthemoffbecausetheeffortofinterpretingtheirspeechistoogreatortime-consuming.Thepassagestateswhichofthefollowingaboutaphasia
ComingSoontoaTheaternearYou!WhatarespecialeffectsDoyouenjoymoviesthatusealotofspecialeffects.Dinosaurs恐龙fromthedistantpast!Spacebattlesfromthedistantfuture!Therehasbeenarevolutioninspecialeffectsandithastransformedthemovieswesee.Therevolutionbeganinthemid-1970swithGeorgeLucas’sStarWarsafilmthatstunned使震惊audiences.Thatrevolutioncontinuestothepresentwithdramaticchangesinspecialeffectstechnology.ThecompanybehindthesechangesisLucas’sIndustrialLight＆MagicILM.AndthemanbehindthecompanyisDennisMurenwhohasworkedwithLucassinceStarWars.Muren’sinterestinspecialeffectsbeganveryearly.Attheageof6hewasphotographingtoydinosaursandspaceships.At10hehadan8millimetermoviecameraandwasmakingthesethingsmovethroughstopmotion.Stop-motionisaprocessinwhichobjectsareshotwithacameramovedslightlyshotagainandsoon.Whentheshotsareputtogethertheobjectsappeartomove.TalktoMurenandyou’llunderstandwhatILMisallabout;takingonnewchallenges.By1989Murendecidedhehadpushedtheoldtechnologyasfarasitwouldgo.Hesawcomputergraphics图像CGtechnologyasthewaveofthefutureandtookayearoffthemasterit.WithCGtechnologyimagescanbescannedintoacomputerforprocessingforexampleandmanyseparateshotscanbecombinedintoasingleimage.CGtechnologyhasnowreachedthepointMurensayswherespecialeffectscanbeusedtodojustaboutanythingsothatmoviescantellstoriesbetterthaneverbefore.ThehugesuccessofJurassicParkanditssequel续集TheLostWorldthestarsofwhichwerecomputer-generateddinosaurssuggeststhatthismayverywellbetrue.DennisMurenstartedhisschoolingataveryearlyage.
{{*HTML*}}Parkinson’sDisease??1.Parkinson’sdiseaseaffectsthewayyoumove.Ithappenswhenthereisaproblemwithcertainnervecellsinthebrain.Normallythesenervecellsmakeanimportantchemicalcalleddopamine多巴胺.Dopaminesendssignalstothepartofyourbrainthatcontrolsmovement.Itletsyourmusclesmovesmoothlyanddowhatyouwantthemtodo.WhenyouhaveParkinson’sthesenervecellsBreakdown.Thenyounolongerhaveenoughdopamineandyouhavetroublemovingthewayyouwantto.??2.Nooneknowsforsurewhatmakesthesenervecellsbreakdown.Butscientistsaredoingalotofresearchtolookfortheanswer.Theyarestudyingmanypossiblecausesincludingagingandpoisonsintheenvironment.AbnormalgenesseemtoleadtoParkinson’sdiseaseinsomepeople.Butsofarthereisnotenoughprooftoshowthatitisalwaysinherited.??3.Tremor颤抖maybethefirstsymptomyounotice.Itisoneofthemostcommonsignsofthediseasealthoughnoteveryonehasit.Tremoroftenstartsinjustonearmorlegoronlyononesideofthebody.Itmaybeworsewhenyouareawakebutnotmovingtheaffectedarmorleg.Itmaygetbetterwhenyoumovethelimboryouareasleep.IntimeParkinson’saffectsmusclesallthroughyourbodysoitcanleadtoproblemsliketroubleswallowingorconstipation便秘.InthelaterstagesofthediseaseapersonwithParkinson’smayhaveafixedorblankexpressiontroublespeakingandotherproblems.Somepeoplealsohaveadecreaseinmentalskills.??4.AtthistimethereisnocureforParkinson’sdisease.Butthereareseveraltypesofmedicinesthatcancontrolthesymptomsandmakethediseaseeasiertolivewith.Youmaynotevenneedtreatmentifyoursymptomsaremild.Yourdoctormaywaittoprescribemedicinesuntilyoursymptomsstarttogetinthewayofyourdailylife.Yourdoctorwilladjustyourmedicinesasyoursymptomsgetworse.Youmayneedtotakeseveralmedicinestogetthebestresults.??A.TipsforPatientswiththeDisease??B.CommonTreatmentfortheDisease??C.MeansofDiagnosisoftheDisease??D.TypicalSymptomsoftheDisease??E.PossibleCausesoftheDisease??F.DefinitionofParkinson’sDiseaseAlotofresearchisbeingdonetofindout______.
Speechtherapistsdividetheircasesintocommonandcomplex.Anexampleofacomplexcaseisapersonsufferingfromaphasia.Thisisthelossoftheabilitytounder-standand/orusespeech.Therearemanycausesofaphasiaincludingpartialbraindam-agethatleavestheindividualwiththephysicalabilitytospeak.Iftheindividualisabletospeakbutdoesnotthetherapistmustdeterminethecauseofsuchconduct.Oftenspeechtherapistsdeterminethatproblemsareemotionalandrefertheindividualswithsuchproblemstopsychologistsorpsychiatriststrainedtohelpthem.Whileaspeechtherapistisnottrainedtohelppersonswithsevereemotionaldisordersthetherapistdoesreceiveextensivetraininginsuchareasasanatomyasitrelatestospeechconcentratingonthediaphragmtongueandpalatephysicsparticularlyrelatingtosoundandlanguageandcommunications.Sometherapiststakeclassesinelementarypsychologyaswell.Thespeechtherapistmustbeabletodiagnosethetypeandseverityofthespeechdefectthenprescribeaseriesoftreatments.Whilesomepeoplewithseverehandicapsreceiveindividualinstructionmostpatientsarecomfortablereceivinggrouptherapywithotherswhohavethesameproblem.Ifapatientisfoundtohaveaphysicalhandicapthatisimpedinghisprogressheissenttoadoctorwithwhomthetherapistworksclosely.Manytherapistshaveahighsuccessratewiththeirpatients.Noscientificstudieshaveyetshownwhethertheinterventionofthetherapistwasinfactthesolecauseoftheimprovementofthepatientsorwhethertimeandmaturityhelpedaswell.Arecentstudyhasshownthatpersonswhohavenotreceivedspeechtherapyhaveoftenbeencured’oftheirproblemsmerelybybeingaroundotherswithouttheproblem.Howeverthatsamestudyshowedthatthosefewpersonswhowerenottreatedbytherapistshadextremelylowself-esteemandconsideredthemselvesdifferentandretarded.Thetherapistsoftenareabletomakethepatientsseethatwhiletheyaredifferentthedifferenceisnotoftheirownmakingthattheyhavenotdonesomethingwrong.Therapiststrytoreachchildrenwhentheyareveryyoungbeforetheyhavehadanopportunitytobeteasedbyotherchildrenormadetofeeltheyarestupid.Therapistsoftenworkwithwholefamiliesencouragingtheparentsandsiblingstolistentothepatientstakingthetimetohelpthemfeeltheyareanimportantpartofthefamilynotjustbrushingthemoffbecausetheeffortofinterpretingtheirspeechistoogreatortime-consuming.Whichofthefollowingisnotlistedasafunctionofthespeechtherapist
IsYourChild’sStomachPainAllinHisHead Weallknowtherearetimesthatkidsseemtocomplain51astomachachetogetoutofchores零星活儿orgoingtoschool.Don’tbesosurethatthepainthey52isallintheirminds.We’relearningmorenowaboutacondition53"functionalabdominalpain"thatisexperiencedbymillionsofkidseveryday. LikemanyteenagersKyleBrustmakesitapointtodohishomeworkas54ashegetshome.UnlikemostKyleoftendidthiswithaterriblestomachache.Infactthe55oftenstartedwhilehewasatschoolbutgettinghelptherewasgettingharder. "Someofmyteacherswouldn’tletmegobecauseI’daskedsomanytimesbeforeandtheythoughtIwastryingtogetoutof56"saysKyle. Kyle’smomMarilynsaysshecouldn’tblamethe57.Afterallshe’dtakenhimtothedoctorseveraltimesherselfandeventheycouldn’tfindanything58. "Youknowyou’rerunningthetestsandnothing’scomingup.SoisitinhisheadishejustanextremelystressfulchildIt’sjustfrustrating59we’renotfindinganyanswers"saysMarilyn. ItturnsoutKylewassufferingfromaconditionknown60functionalabdominalpainthataffectsasmanyasoneoutofeverytenkidsinthiscountry.Even61thecauseofthepainmaynotbeobvioustherearerealconsequences. "Itreallydoeshurtandthesekidsreallydosuffer"saysDrCampoMDatNationwideChildren’sHospital.Tohelp62Campoislookingintoanewapproach.He’sconductingclinicaltrialsofanantidepressant抗抑郁药thatchangesthewaythebodyhandlesachemicalcalledserotonin血清素.InapreliminarystudyDr.Campofoundthatinabouteightoutoften63thedrugnormallyusedtotreatemotionalpainworkedtoeasethepaininthe64. "Wethinkaboutitasbeingimportantinanxietyanddepressionandthat’sallquitetruebutwhat’sreallyinterestingisthat95%ofourbody’sserotoninisinourgut"saysCampo. Campobelievesthesekidshaveextremelysensitiveintestines肠andcontrollingtheeffectsofserotoninmay65easethepain.ItseemedtoworkforKylewhoisnowcompletelypainfreeforthefirsttimeinyears. 62.
ComingSoontoaTheaternearYou!WhatarespecialeffectsDoyouenjoymoviesthatusealotofspecialeffects.Dinosaurs恐龙fromthedistantpast!Spacebattlesfromthedistantfuture!Therehasbeenarevolutioninspecialeffectsandithastransformedthemovieswesee.Therevolutionbeganinthemid-1970swithGeorgeLucas’sStarWarsafilmthatstunned使震惊audiences.Thatrevolutioncontinuestothepresentwithdramaticchangesinspecialeffectstechnology.ThecompanybehindthesechangesisLucas’sIndustrialLight＆MagicILM.AndthemanbehindthecompanyisDennisMurenwhohasworkedwithLucassinceStarWars.Muren’sinterestinspecialeffectsbeganveryearly.Attheageof6hewasphotographingtoydinosaursandspaceships.At10hehadan8millimetermoviecameraandwasmakingthesethingsmovethroughstopmotion.Stop-motionisaprocessinwhichobjectsareshotwithacameramovedslightlyshotagainandsoon.Whentheshotsareputtogethertheobjectsappeartomove.TalktoMurenandyou’llunderstandwhatILMisallabout;takingonnewchallenges.By1989Murendecidedhehadpushedtheoldtechnologyasfarasitwouldgo.Hesawcomputergraphics图像CGtechnologyasthewaveofthefutureandtookayearoffthemasterit.WithCGtechnologyimagescanbescannedintoacomputerforprocessingforexampleandmanyseparateshotscanbecombinedintoasingleimage.CGtechnologyhasnowreachedthepointMurensayswherespecialeffectscanbeusedtodojustaboutanythingsothatmoviescantellstoriesbetterthaneverbefore.ThehugesuccessofJurassicParkanditssequel续集TheLostWorldthestarsofwhichwerecomputer-generateddinosaurssuggeststhatthismayverywellbetrue.Bythestop-motionprocessmanyseparateshotscanbecombinedintoasingleimage.
GlobalCancerRatestoRiseby50%by2020 Thenumberofnewcancercasesworldwideisexpectedtoincreaseby50%bytheyear2020.Butanewreportsuggeststhatasmanyasathirdofnewcancerscouldbeavoidedbyadoptinghealthierlifestylesandthroughpublichealthaction. TheWorldCancerReportreleasedbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancershowsthatcancerhasnowemergedasamajorpublichealththreatindevelopingcountriesaswellasrichones. Overallcancerwasresponsiblefor12%ofalldeathsin2000.Butinmanycountriesmorethanaquarterofalldeathsarecausedbycancer. Thereportshowsthat10millionnewcancerswerediagnosedgloballyin2000andthatnumberisexpectedtoriseto15millionby2020.Researcherssaymostofthatincreasewillmainlybeduetosteadilyagingpopulationsinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandcurrenttrendsinsmokingandotherunhealthyhabits. "Cancerhasemergedasamajorpublichealthproblemindevelopingcountriesforthefirsttimematchingitseffectinindustrialized工业化的countries"saidresearcherPaulKleihuesMDdirectorofIARCinanewsrelease."Onceconsidereda’Western’diseasetheReporthighlightsthatmorethan50percentoftheworld’scancerburdenintermsofbothnumbersofcasesanddeathsalreadyoccursindevelopingcountries." Theriskofbeingdiagnosedwithcancerindevelopedcountriesisdoublethatinless-developedones.Howevertheriskofdyingfromcancerismuchhigherindevelopingcountrieswhere80%ofcancerpatientsalreadyhavelate-stageincurabletumors肿瘤atthetimeofdiagnosis. Researcherssaycancerrateshavetraditionallybeenhigherindevelopedcountriesduetogreaterexposuretotobaccooccupationalcarcinogens致癌物andanunhealthyWesterndietandlifestyle.Asless-developedcountriesbecomeindustrializedandmoreprosperoustheytendtoadoptthehigh-fatdietandIowphysicalactivitylevelstypicallyseenintheWestwhichincreasecancerrates. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect
EgyptFelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilisationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometrestothesouthwasultimatelytoblame--andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavediminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile4. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalysingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriver’wouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians."Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocieties"saysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C."AnythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ WhichofthefollowingfactorswasultimatelyresponsibleforthefallofthecivilisationofancientEgypt
{{*HTML*}}U.S.EuropeanDrugOfficialsApproveInhaledInsulin Aformofinsulinforpeoplewithdiabetestotakebymouthisexpectedtobesoldwithinafewmonths.ThenewmedicineiscalledExubera.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministration:andtheEuropeanCommissionbothrecentlyapproveditforadults.Itcouldmakelifeeasierformanydiabeticswhorequiredailyinjectionsofinsulintocontroltheirbloodsugarlevels.Butitwillnotreplaceallinsulininjections.Anditisnotforeveryone.PeoplewhosmokeorhavestoppedsmokingforlessthansixmonthsshouldnottakeExubera.46 Threedrugcompanies--PfizerSanofi-AventisandNektarTherapeutics--developedtheinhaledinsulin.47Expertssayaboutfifteenpercentofdiabeticswhoneedinsulindonottakeit.Thetreatmentcaninvolveseveralinjectionseachday. Insulinisahormonethatthebodyusestochangefoodintoenergy.Failuretocontrolbloodsugarlevelscanleadtoseriousproblemsincludingblindnessandlossofbloodflowtothefeet.Itcanalsoleadtoheartdiseasestrokeandkidneyfailure4.Insulinhasbeensoldasadrugsincethenineteentwenties.Thisisthefirstnewwaytotakeit.Exuberausesapowderbreathedintothelungsthroughamouthpiece.Pfizerwillstudythelong-termeffects.Itsayssomepatientshavereportedamildcoughwhileusingtheinhaledinsulin.48. Manypeopledonotknowtheyhavediabetes.Therearetwoforms.MostdiabeticshavetheTypeTwoform.Theirbodydoesnotmakeenoughinsulinorcannoteffectivelyusetheinsulinitproduces.49MostTypeTwodiabeticsdonottakeinsulin.Theirmedicinescanbetakenbymouth.Dietexerciseandweightcontrolarealsoimportant.TypeOnediabetesoftenbeginsinchildhood.50. Officialssaydiabeticswitheithertypecoulduseinhaledinsulineitherbeforeorafterameal.ButTypeOnediabeticsandsomewithTypeTwowouldstillneedalonger-lastinginjectionatleastonceaday. A.Withthistypethebodyisunabletoproduceinsulin. B.Pfizerrecentlyboughttherightstosellitworldwide. C.Thecontroloftheirbloodsugarlevelsismostimportantforpatientswithdiabetes. D.Itiscommoninpeoplewhoareoverweightandnotactive. E.Somepatientswithlungdiseaseshouldnottakeiteither. F.PeopleareadvisedtohavetheirlungsexaminedbeforeusingExuberaandatleastonceayearafterthat. 48.
IsYourChild’sStomachPainAllinHisHead Weallknowtherearetimesthatkidsseemtocomplain51astomachachetogetoutofchores零星活儿orgoingtoschool.Don’tbesosurethatthepainthey52isallintheirminds.We’relearningmorenowaboutacondition53"functionalabdominalpain"thatisexperiencedbymillionsofkidseveryday. LikemanyteenagersKyleBrustmakesitapointtodohishomeworkas54ashegetshome.UnlikemostKyleoftendidthiswithaterriblestomachache.Infactthe55oftenstartedwhilehewasatschoolbutgettinghelptherewasgettingharder. "Someofmyteacherswouldn’tletmegobecauseI’daskedsomanytimesbeforeandtheythoughtIwastryingtogetoutof56"saysKyle. Kyle’smomMarilynsaysshecouldn’tblamethe57.Afterallshe’dtakenhimtothedoctorseveraltimesherselfandeventheycouldn’tfindanything58. "Youknowyou’rerunningthetestsandnothing’scomingup.SoisitinhisheadishejustanextremelystressfulchildIt’sjustfrustrating59we’renotfindinganyanswers"saysMarilyn. ItturnsoutKylewassufferingfromaconditionknown60functionalabdominalpainthataffectsasmanyasoneoutofeverytenkidsinthiscountry.Even61thecauseofthepainmaynotbeobvioustherearerealconsequences. "Itreallydoeshurtandthesekidsreallydosuffer"saysDrCampoMDatNationwideChildren’sHospital.Tohelp62Campoislookingintoanewapproach.He’sconductingclinicaltrialsofanantidepressant抗抑郁药thatchangesthewaythebodyhandlesachemicalcalledserotonin血清素.InapreliminarystudyDr.Campofoundthatinabouteightoutoften63thedrugnormallyusedtotreatemotionalpainworkedtoeasethepaininthe64. "Wethinkaboutitasbeingimportantinanxietyanddepressionandthat’sallquitetruebutwhat’sreallyinterestingisthat95%ofourbody’sserotoninisinourgut"saysCampo. Campobelievesthesekidshaveextremelysensitiveintestines肠andcontrollingtheeffectsofserotoninmay65easethepain.ItseemedtoworkforKylewhoisnowcompletelypainfreeforthefirsttimeinyears. 60.
Wearedisappointedtofindoutthathehasmadeafatalmistake.
Weshouldnotsacrificeenvironmentalprotectionstofostereconomicgrowth.
IsYourChild’sStomachPainAllinHisHead Weallknowtherearetimesthatkidsseemtocomplain51astomachachetogetoutofchores零星活儿orgoingtoschool.Don’tbesosurethatthepainthey52isallintheirminds.We’relearningmorenowaboutacondition53"functionalabdominalpain"thatisexperiencedbymillionsofkidseveryday. LikemanyteenagersKyleBrustmakesitapointtodohishomeworkas54ashegetshome.UnlikemostKyleoftendidthiswithaterriblestomachache.Infactthe55oftenstartedwhilehewasatschoolbutgettinghelptherewasgettingharder. "Someofmyteacherswouldn’tletmegobecauseI’daskedsomanytimesbeforeandtheythoughtIwastryingtogetoutof56"saysKyle. Kyle’smomMarilynsaysshecouldn’tblamethe57.Afterallshe’dtakenhimtothedoctorseveraltimesherselfandeventheycouldn’tfindanything58. "Youknowyou’rerunningthetestsandnothing’scomingup.SoisitinhisheadishejustanextremelystressfulchildIt’sjustfrustrating59we’renotfindinganyanswers"saysMarilyn. ItturnsoutKylewassufferingfromaconditionknown60functionalabdominalpainthataffectsasmanyasoneoutofeverytenkidsinthiscountry.Even61thecauseofthepainmaynotbeobvioustherearerealconsequences. "Itreallydoeshurtandthesekidsreallydosuffer"saysDrCampoMDatNationwideChildren’sHospital.Tohelp62Campoislookingintoanewapproach.He’sconductingclinicaltrialsofanantidepressant抗抑郁药thatchangesthewaythebodyhandlesachemicalcalledserotonin血清素.InapreliminarystudyDr.Campofoundthatinabouteightoutoften63thedrugnormallyusedtotreatemotionalpainworkedtoeasethepaininthe64. "Wethinkaboutitasbeingimportantinanxietyanddepressionandthat’sallquitetruebutwhat’sreallyinterestingisthat95%ofourbody’sserotoninisinourgut"saysCampo. Campobelievesthesekidshaveextremelysensitiveintestines肠andcontrollingtheeffectsofserotoninmay65easethepain.ItseemedtoworkforKylewhoisnowcompletelypainfreeforthefirsttimeinyears. 54.
IsYourChild’sStomachPainAllinHisHead Weallknowtherearetimesthatkidsseemtocomplain51astomachachetogetoutofchores零星活儿orgoingtoschool.Don’tbesosurethatthepainthey52isallintheirminds.We’relearningmorenowaboutacondition53"functionalabdominalpain"thatisexperiencedbymillionsofkidseveryday. LikemanyteenagersKyleBrustmakesitapointtodohishomeworkas54ashegetshome.UnlikemostKyleoftendidthiswithaterriblestomachache.Infactthe55oftenstartedwhilehewasatschoolbutgettinghelptherewasgettingharder. "Someofmyteacherswouldn’tletmegobecauseI’daskedsomanytimesbeforeandtheythoughtIwastryingtogetoutof56"saysKyle. Kyle’smomMarilynsaysshecouldn’tblamethe57.Afterallshe’dtakenhimtothedoctorseveraltimesherselfandeventheycouldn’tfindanything58. "Youknowyou’rerunningthetestsandnothing’scomingup.SoisitinhisheadishejustanextremelystressfulchildIt’sjustfrustrating59we’renotfindinganyanswers"saysMarilyn. ItturnsoutKylewassufferingfromaconditionknown60functionalabdominalpainthataffectsasmanyasoneoutofeverytenkidsinthiscountry.Even61thecauseofthepainmaynotbeobvioustherearerealconsequences. "Itreallydoeshurtandthesekidsreallydosuffer"saysDrCampoMDatNationwideChildren’sHospital.Tohelp62Campoislookingintoanewapproach.He’sconductingclinicaltrialsofanantidepressant抗抑郁药thatchangesthewaythebodyhandlesachemicalcalledserotonin血清素.InapreliminarystudyDr.Campofoundthatinabouteightoutoften63thedrugnormallyusedtotreatemotionalpainworkedtoeasethepaininthe64. "Wethinkaboutitasbeingimportantinanxietyanddepressionandthat’sallquitetruebutwhat’sreallyinterestingisthat95%ofourbody’sserotoninisinourgut"saysCampo. Campobelievesthesekidshaveextremelysensitiveintestines肠andcontrollingtheeffectsofserotoninmay65easethepain.ItseemedtoworkforKylewhoisnowcompletelypainfreeforthefirsttimeinyears. 64.
{{*HTML*}}U.S.EuropeanDrugOfficialsApproveInhaledInsulin Aformofinsulinforpeoplewithdiabetestotakebymouthisexpectedtobesoldwithinafewmonths.ThenewmedicineiscalledExubera.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministration:andtheEuropeanCommissionbothrecentlyapproveditforadults.Itcouldmakelifeeasierformanydiabeticswhorequiredailyinjectionsofinsulintocontroltheirbloodsugarlevels.Butitwillnotreplaceallinsulininjections.Anditisnotforeveryone.PeoplewhosmokeorhavestoppedsmokingforlessthansixmonthsshouldnottakeExubera.46 Threedrugcompanies--PfizerSanofi-AventisandNektarTherapeutics--developedtheinhaledinsulin.47Expertssayaboutfifteenpercentofdiabeticswhoneedinsulindonottakeit.Thetreatmentcaninvolveseveralinjectionseachday. Insulinisahormonethatthebodyusestochangefoodintoenergy.Failuretocontrolbloodsugarlevelscanleadtoseriousproblemsincludingblindnessandlossofbloodflowtothefeet.Itcanalsoleadtoheartdiseasestrokeandkidneyfailure4.Insulinhasbeensoldasadrugsincethenineteentwenties.Thisisthefirstnewwaytotakeit.Exuberausesapowderbreathedintothelungsthroughamouthpiece.Pfizerwillstudythelong-termeffects.Itsayssomepatientshavereportedamildcoughwhileusingtheinhaledinsulin.48. Manypeopledonotknowtheyhavediabetes.Therearetwoforms.MostdiabeticshavetheTypeTwoform.Theirbodydoesnotmakeenoughinsulinorcannoteffectivelyusetheinsulinitproduces.49MostTypeTwodiabeticsdonottakeinsulin.Theirmedicinescanbetakenbymouth.Dietexerciseandweightcontrolarealsoimportant.TypeOnediabetesoftenbeginsinchildhood.50. Officialssaydiabeticswitheithertypecoulduseinhaledinsulineitherbeforeorafterameal.ButTypeOnediabeticsandsomewithTypeTwowouldstillneedalonger-lastinginjectionatleastonceaday. A.Withthistypethebodyisunabletoproduceinsulin. B.Pfizerrecentlyboughttherightstosellitworldwide. C.Thecontroloftheirbloodsugarlevelsismostimportantforpatientswithdiabetes. D.Itiscommoninpeoplewhoareoverweightandnotactive. E.Somepatientswithlungdiseaseshouldnottakeiteither. F.PeopleareadvisedtohavetheirlungsexaminedbeforeusingExuberaandatleastonceayearafterthat. 50.
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