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19.补写出下列句子中的空缺部分1儒道两家都曾用行路来形象地论述积累的重要性老子中说九层之台起于累土
补写出下列句子中的空缺部分19.屈原在离骚中表达自己不畏艰难一往无前对理想和真理执着追求的句子是:2
1923年著名历史学家顾颉刚提出了层累地造成的中国古史观这个观点主要针对我国的传说古史其内容包括第一
尧的传说比禹的传说出现的要早
《左传》中关于禹的记载比《诗经》中相关的记载可信度要高一些
东汉以上没有信史
研究上古史，不在它的真相而在它的变化
顾颉刚先生对于传说时代的历史提出一个著名的理论它是
长时段理论
层累地造成的中国古史
二重证据法
区系类型学说
莎士比亚说书籍是人类知识的总统雨果说书籍是造就灵魂的工具歌德说读一本好书就是和许多高尚的人谈话这启示
精神消费将逐渐取代生存资料的消费
发展资料的消费是个人消费中不可或缺的
应坚持物质消费和劳务消费协调发展
读书能使人更好地对待消费
古人说合抱之木生于毫末九层之台始于累土千里之行始于足下
在中国史学界提出层累地造成的中国古史观点的学者是
王国维
顾颉刚
钱玄同
胡适
16.补写下列句子中的空缺部分1登高中杜甫看到峡江秋景百感交集思绪万千以______________
顾颉刚在中提出了层累地造成的中国古史观
顾颉刚的古史观主要是从上古史关于尧舜禹的地位问题以及有关传说的演变中认为上古史是层累地造成的即说
什么是层累制
4.补写下列句子中的空缺部分1登高中杜甫看到峡江秋景百感交集思绪万千以_______________
13.补写出下列句子中的空缺部分1屈原在离骚中表达自己不畏艰难一往无前对理想和真理执着追求的句子是:
我国古代社会的传说里究竟是否全属伪造在这些疑说纷纭似是而非的神话般的古史传说中是否有真正的社会历史的
古史传说似是而非不足为信
应该科学地对待古史传说
考古学已完全证明古史传说
古史传说有助于历史研究
18.补写出下列句子中的空缺部分①庄子·逍遥游中以朝菌和蟪蛄为例来说明小年的两句是_________
16.补写出下列句子中的空缺部分5分1孔子在论语·雍也中用两句论述了学习的三个层次2儒道两家都曾用行
提出了著名的层垒地造成中国古史的学说的民国时期的史学家是
王国维
陈垣
顾颉刚
陈寅恪
15.补写出下列句子中的空缺部分5分1茅屋为秋风所破歌中与但愿苍生俱饱暖不辞辛苦出山林有异曲同工之妙
著名历史学家顾颉刚提出了层累地造成的中国古史的观点.认为时代愈后传说中的古史期愈长时代愈后传说中的中
汉朝
唐朝
宋朝
明朝
考古学是二十世纪才从西方传来的知识中国古代史却是本土的旧学问世界任何民族的古代史都掺杂许多神话
顾颉刚著名的“层累造成说”使中国文化与史学陷入虚无之中
举世闻名的“古史辨运动”摧毁了以儒家经典为主导的传统史学观
来自西方的考古学与本土旧学问中国古代史是很难掺杂在一起的
中央研究院历史语言研究所发掘殷墟是建立在考古学基础上的
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Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessesis
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Withaseriesofwell-timeddealsprivate-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmedia-managerscausetobeenvious.TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthreeprivate-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner＄2.6billionfortheunitin2003isalreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelytodrawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikelytogetbigger:individualprivate-equityfundsaregrowing—a＄10billionfundislikelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrangeespeciallyifprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogether.Someprivate-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliablerelativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemareplacingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies.Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthattheadvertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyup-wards.Onereasonwhyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotofmoneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.Butprivate-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessinparticular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebigacquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTimeWarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuyMGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Insteadprivate-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuyMGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthefactthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradioisnowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesofestablishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwasjust3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equityputsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublicstockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersamedia-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennowbringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusanenthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaimthenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheirindustry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatsofarprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheirentertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostoftheir$2.6billionfromthefirmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmakingspecialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunchaninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillionsmore.ThecaseoftheexecutivesatTimeWarnerwascitedtoshowthat
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Accordingtothetextthemaindifferencebetweenamultinationalcorporationandasmallbusinessliesin
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenandspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceandpersonalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting.Handandbodygesturesfacialexpressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheformofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcan"shiftgears"andadapttochangingcircumstances. 41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingandwriting Writinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandifthereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter. 42.Whylongsentencescanbeusedinwriting Effectivetalkingisaimedatpeople’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirectconversationalsentences. Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness. 43.Clarity. Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessageinstantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossiblemeasuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectlycleartotheaudience. 44.Accuracy. Asaconscientiousspeakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmakeit. 45.Appropriateness. Inadditiontobeingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudienceandoccasion.[ A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheotherhandhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbracestoachievethat. [B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitiveandfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedwordforwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgoodwriting. [C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprimemeansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnesstheprofoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresources.youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeanyconclusionshattheyleadto. [D]Forexampleaspeakerwho’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticalandpsychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokensheshouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeheraudiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly. [E]Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforthmisinformationoroutdatedinformation.HowmanytimeshaveyouseenastoryanameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapersUnfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedinprint.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoidedifsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkisonacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotationsandsourcestofortifyyourfacts. [F]Longinvolvedsentencesareacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymorewordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesonamarathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceutteredthey’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothsheandthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexceptperhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethelistenercanaskthespeakertorepeat. 44
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenandspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceandpersonalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting.Handandbodygesturesfacialexpressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheformofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcan"shiftgears"andadapttochangingcircumstances. 41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingandwriting Writinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandifthereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter. 42.Whylongsentencescanbeusedinwriting Effectivetalkingisaimedatpeople’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirectconversationalsentences. Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness. 43.Clarity. Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessageinstantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossiblemeasuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectlycleartotheaudience. 44.Accuracy. Asaconscientiousspeakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmakeit. 45.Appropriateness. Inadditiontobeingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudienceandoccasion.[ A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheotherhandhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbracestoachievethat. [B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitiveandfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedwordforwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgoodwriting. [C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprimemeansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnesstheprofoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresources.youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeanyconclusionshattheyleadto. [D]Forexampleaspeakerwho’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticalandpsychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokensheshouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeheraudiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly. [E]Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforthmisinformationoroutdatedinformation.HowmanytimeshaveyouseenastoryanameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapersUnfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedinprint.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoidedifsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkisonacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotationsandsourcestofortifyyourfacts. [F]Longinvolvedsentencesareacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymorewordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesonamarathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceutteredthey’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothsheandthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexceptperhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethelistenercanaskthespeakertorepeat. 42
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Withaseriesofwell-timeddealsprivate-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmedia-managerscausetobeenvious.TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthreeprivate-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner＄2.6billionfortheunitin2003isalreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelytodrawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikelytogetbigger:individualprivate-equityfundsaregrowing—a＄10billionfundislikelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrangeespeciallyifprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogether.Someprivate-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliablerelativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemareplacingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies.Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthattheadvertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyup-wards.Onereasonwhyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotofmoneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.Butprivate-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessinparticular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebigacquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTimeWarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuyMGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Insteadprivate-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuyMGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthefactthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradioisnowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesofestablishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwasjust3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equityputsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublicstockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersamedia-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennowbringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusanenthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaimthenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheirindustry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatsofarprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheirentertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostoftheir$2.6billionfromthefirmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmakingspecialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunchaninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillionsmore.Thewordvolatileline2paragraph2mostprobablymeans
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"—thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences.
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Whenopeningsmallbusinessesthemostimportantthingforsmall-businessownerstodois
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparicularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.PresidentJacquesChiracwantstosetupaFrenchsearchengineto
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.WhichofthefollowingcontributestotheweakperformanceofEurope
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"—thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41__________ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42__________ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43__________ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44__________ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45__________ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 42
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodiswellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.AccordingtotheauthorthepresentpessimismintheUSismainlydueto
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.AccordingtoERCsupportersscientistsarenotreachingtheirfullpotentialbecause
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparicularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheFrencheffortsseemstobe
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41__________ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42__________ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43__________ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44__________ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45__________ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 44
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparicularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.TherealconflictbehindFrenchresistancetoGoogleisactuallytheonebetween
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepictures 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodiswellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.TheauthorseemstobelievethattheUSwillhavepositiveoutcomesinIraqif
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"—thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctivelySouthern—thedecadesafter1815.
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