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金融机构体系中最核心的部分是
中央银行
商业银行
国有独资银行
股份制银行
1694年历史上最早的股份制银行——诞生了
1694年成立的是历史上第一家股份制银行也是现代银行产生的象征
中国建设银行股份有限公司先后在香港和大陆成功上市从而实现了从国有商业银行到股份制银行国有控股的转变中
国有经济
集体经济
混合所有制经济
民营经济
中国建设银行股份有限公司先后在香港和大陆成功上市从而实现了从国有商业银行到股份制银行国有控股的转变据
国有经济
集体经济
混合所有制经济
非公有制经济
大连银行是
股份制银行
国有商业银行
储蓄银行
城市信用社
下列属于全国性股份制银行的是
招商银行
北京银行
光大银行
中信银行
中国建设银行股份有限公司先后在香港和大陆成功上市从而实现了从国有商业银行到股份制银行国有控股的转变据
国有经济
集体经济
混合所有制经济
民营经济
下列属于非银行金融机构的是
独资经营的私人银行
官办商业银行
股份制银行
保险公司
投资银行或证券公司
不属于城镇土地使用税纳税人的是
从事收购农产品的集体企业
由财政部门拨付经费的研究所
股份制银行
从事餐饮的个体户
现代企业组织的代表形式是公司制度股份制是公司制度的基础下面哪一个公司形式不属于股份制
合伙公司
股份有限公司
有限责任公司
以下不属于商业银行资本工具创新的基本原则
商业银行为主体
股份制银行为主体
先易后难、稳步推进
先探索、后推广
中国建设银行股份有限公司先后在香港和大陆成功上市从而实现了从国有商业银行到股份制银行国有控股的转变中
国有经济
集体经济
混合所有制经济
非公有制经济
经国务院批准中国银行中国建设银行中国工商银行改制为股份制银行一些国有商业银行改制为股份制银行主要是改
公有制的经济性质
公有制的实现形式
公有制的地位
公有制的物质基础
经国务院批准中国银行中国建设银行中国工商银行中国农业银行已改制为股份制银行四大国有商业银行改制为股份
公有制的经济性质
公有制的实现形式
公有制的地位
公有制的物质基础
2003年我国第一家农村股份制银行张家口市农村商业银行正式成立
以下属于股份制银行的有
中国工商银行
中国农业银行
中国银行
中国人民银行
交通银行
目前我国商业银行主要类型可以分为四大国有银行全国性股份制银行城市商业 银行等
农村商业银行是指
布局在农村的商业银行
由辖内农民、农村工商户、企业法人和其他经济组织共同入股组成的股份制的地方性金融机构
股份制银行
由农民入股组成的国有商业银行
下列属于非银行金融机构的是
中央银行
独资经营的私人银行
股份制银行
投资银行或证券公司
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Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. Thesentencemostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocatedcouldmean
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphofthetextthat
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
GloballyrecoveryisgoingslightlybetterthanexpectedaccordingtotheIMFwhichreleaseditslatestWorldEconomicOutlooktoday.Aftershrinkingby0.6%lastyeartheglobaleconomyislikelytoexpandby4.2%in20100.3%fasterthantheIMFprojectedinJanuary.Buteconomicperformanceswillcontinuetovarywidelyaroundtheworld.MuchoftheupwardrevisiontoglobalgrowthcanbeattributedtoabetteroutlookfortheAmericaneconomy.TheIMFreviseditsforecastforAmericaneconomicexpansionin2010up0.4%to3.1%.Therewasnochangebycontrastfortheeuroareawhichalreadyfacedapoorergrowthoutlook.TheEuroareaeconomymayonlygrowby1%in2010and1.5%in2011.AndmuchofthejobofexpansionwillbehandledbyGermanyandFrancewhilesouthernEuropeangrowthcontinuestolag.Spain’seconomywillcontinuetoshrinkin2010. ButtheoutlookisbrighteningformanyemergingeconomiesincludingthoseincentralandeasternEuropeforwhichgrowthforecastswererevisedupby0.8%.DevelopingAsiaisenjoyingastrongrecoveryandtheIMFindicatedthatbothIndiaandBrazilarelikelytoperformmuchbetterthisyearthaninitiallyanticipatednotching赢得growthratesof8.8%and5.5%respectively. Thereportsuggestedthatplannedstimulusmeasuresfor2010shouldbefullyimplementedgiventhefragilityofrecoverybutitalsonotedthatsovereigndebtworrieswillbecomemoresevereastheyearprogresses.DebtissuesarelikelytoproveespeciallyproblematicinEuropewhichhasthehighestdebtratiosandtheslowestexpectedgrowthrates.ThestressedsouthernEuropeannationsareinadamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tposition.Iflittleactionistakenondebtrisingdebtcostswillchokeofanalreadyweakrecovery.Ifaggressiveactionistakentheblowtoaggregatedemandwilllikewiseunderminegrowth. Aroundtheworldtradeandproductionhaverecoveredstronglybutemploymentremainswellbelowprerecessionlevelsinmostcountries.Labourmarketweaknessishelpingtokeepinflationexpectationsincheck;theIMFforecastsconsumerpriceincreasesindevelopednationsof1.5%in2010and1.4%in2011.Butthereturntostronggrowthisboostingcommoditypricesoncemore.Oilpricesmayincreaseby30%in2010saidtheIMFarise7%largerthanprojectedinJanuary. Theoverallpictureisofaremarkableturnaroundinglobalfortunesgiventhedepthoftherecession.Theyear’sperformanceismuchbetterthanmanywouldhavedaredtohopeearlylastyear.ButinpartsofEuropethefutureissomewhatlesscertainandbecausethatuncertainfuturecouldleadtosovereigndebtcrisesthatcouldpotentiallyrattlefinancialmarketsworldleadersshouldremainvigilant. Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatisthesituationoftheworldeconomy
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 20
WhatdoyouthinkofAmericanhealthcaresystemMostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Totheproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—alargenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandoistopay17.Twothirdsofthepopulationare18bymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent—abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. 16
WhatdoyouthinkofAmericanhealthcaresystemMostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Totheproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—alargenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandoistopay17.Twothirdsofthepopulationare18bymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent—abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. 20
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 6
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 14
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Thephraseone-twopunchLine2Paragraph2isclosestinmeaningto
GloballyrecoveryisgoingslightlybetterthanexpectedaccordingtotheIMFwhichreleaseditslatestWorldEconomicOutlooktoday.Aftershrinkingby0.6%lastyeartheglobaleconomyislikelytoexpandby4.2%in20100.3%fasterthantheIMFprojectedinJanuary.Buteconomicperformanceswillcontinuetovarywidelyaroundtheworld.MuchoftheupwardrevisiontoglobalgrowthcanbeattributedtoabetteroutlookfortheAmericaneconomy.TheIMFreviseditsforecastforAmericaneconomicexpansionin2010up0.4%to3.1%.Therewasnochangebycontrastfortheeuroareawhichalreadyfacedapoorergrowthoutlook.TheEuroareaeconomymayonlygrowby1%in2010and1.5%in2011.AndmuchofthejobofexpansionwillbehandledbyGermanyandFrancewhilesouthernEuropeangrowthcontinuestolag.Spain’seconomywillcontinuetoshrinkin2010. ButtheoutlookisbrighteningformanyemergingeconomiesincludingthoseincentralandeasternEuropeforwhichgrowthforecastswererevisedupby0.8%.DevelopingAsiaisenjoyingastrongrecoveryandtheIMFindicatedthatbothIndiaandBrazilarelikelytoperformmuchbetterthisyearthaninitiallyanticipatednotching赢得growthratesof8.8%and5.5%respectively. Thereportsuggestedthatplannedstimulusmeasuresfor2010shouldbefullyimplementedgiventhefragilityofrecoverybutitalsonotedthatsovereigndebtworrieswillbecomemoresevereastheyearprogresses.DebtissuesarelikelytoproveespeciallyproblematicinEuropewhichhasthehighestdebtratiosandtheslowestexpectedgrowthrates.ThestressedsouthernEuropeannationsareinadamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tposition.Iflittleactionistakenondebtrisingdebtcostswillchokeofanalreadyweakrecovery.Ifaggressiveactionistakentheblowtoaggregatedemandwilllikewiseunderminegrowth. Aroundtheworldtradeandproductionhaverecoveredstronglybutemploymentremainswellbelowprerecessionlevelsinmostcountries.Labourmarketweaknessishelpingtokeepinflationexpectationsincheck;theIMFforecastsconsumerpriceincreasesindevelopednationsof1.5%in2010and1.4%in2011.Butthereturntostronggrowthisboostingcommoditypricesoncemore.Oilpricesmayincreaseby30%in2010saidtheIMFarise7%largerthanprojectedinJanuary. Theoverallpictureisofaremarkableturnaroundinglobalfortunesgiventhedepthoftherecession.Theyear’sperformanceismuchbetterthanmanywouldhavedaredtohopeearlylastyear.ButinpartsofEuropethefutureissomewhatlesscertainandbecausethatuncertainfuturecouldleadtosovereigndebtcrisesthatcouldpotentiallyrattlefinancialmarketsworldleadersshouldremainvigilant. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsworldeconomyis
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 4
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 2
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Theauthormentionselectricaltechnologyinparagraph3mostprobablyto
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Intheauthor’sviewtheGreekswhostudiedconicsections
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 12
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. AccordingtothetextwhichoneaboutQualysisTRUE
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 18
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. Therehavenotbeenmanygenuinescientificrevolutionsinthepastfewdecadesbecause
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 10
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Describethepicture 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
WhatdoyouthinkofAmericanhealthcaresystemMostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Totheproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—alargenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandoistopay17.Twothirdsofthepopulationare18bymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent—abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. 18
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 8
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 16
GloballyrecoveryisgoingslightlybetterthanexpectedaccordingtotheIMFwhichreleaseditslatestWorldEconomicOutlooktoday.Aftershrinkingby0.6%lastyeartheglobaleconomyislikelytoexpandby4.2%in20100.3%fasterthantheIMFprojectedinJanuary.Buteconomicperformanceswillcontinuetovarywidelyaroundtheworld.MuchoftheupwardrevisiontoglobalgrowthcanbeattributedtoabetteroutlookfortheAmericaneconomy.TheIMFreviseditsforecastforAmericaneconomicexpansionin2010up0.4%to3.1%.Therewasnochangebycontrastfortheeuroareawhichalreadyfacedapoorergrowthoutlook.TheEuroareaeconomymayonlygrowby1%in2010and1.5%in2011.AndmuchofthejobofexpansionwillbehandledbyGermanyandFrancewhilesouthernEuropeangrowthcontinuestolag.Spain’seconomywillcontinuetoshrinkin2010. ButtheoutlookisbrighteningformanyemergingeconomiesincludingthoseincentralandeasternEuropeforwhichgrowthforecastswererevisedupby0.8%.DevelopingAsiaisenjoyingastrongrecoveryandtheIMFindicatedthatbothIndiaandBrazilarelikelytoperformmuchbetterthisyearthaninitiallyanticipatednotching赢得growthratesof8.8%and5.5%respectively. Thereportsuggestedthatplannedstimulusmeasuresfor2010shouldbefullyimplementedgiventhefragilityofrecoverybutitalsonotedthatsovereigndebtworrieswillbecomemoresevereastheyearprogresses.DebtissuesarelikelytoproveespeciallyproblematicinEuropewhichhasthehighestdebtratiosandtheslowestexpectedgrowthrates.ThestressedsouthernEuropeannationsareinadamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tposition.Iflittleactionistakenondebtrisingdebtcostswillchokeofanalreadyweakrecovery.Ifaggressiveactionistakentheblowtoaggregatedemandwilllikewiseunderminegrowth. Aroundtheworldtradeandproductionhaverecoveredstronglybutemploymentremainswellbelowprerecessionlevelsinmostcountries.Labourmarketweaknessishelpingtokeepinflationexpectationsincheck;theIMFforecastsconsumerpriceincreasesindevelopednationsof1.5%in2010and1.4%in2011.Butthereturntostronggrowthisboostingcommoditypricesoncemore.Oilpricesmayincreaseby30%in2010saidtheIMFarise7%largerthanprojectedinJanuary. Theoverallpictureisofaremarkableturnaroundinglobalfortunesgiventhedepthoftherecession.Theyear’sperformanceismuchbetterthanmanywouldhavedaredtohopeearlylastyear.ButinpartsofEuropethefutureissomewhatlesscertainandbecausethatuncertainfuturecouldleadtosovereigndebtcrisesthatcouldpotentiallyrattlefinancialmarketsworldleadersshouldremainvigilant. ThemaineconomicproblemofSouthernEuropeannationsis
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