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马克思认为任何真正的哲学都是自己时代的精神上的精华这是因为它①正确地反映了时代的任务和要求②牢牢地把
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职业道德教育的一个重要任务就是要增强职业荣誉感是会计人员能充分认识到本职工作的重要社 会地位和真正的
权力
使命
责任
价值
马克思主义经典作家认为任何真正的哲学都是时代精神的精华文明的活的灵魂这是因为真正的哲学①正确地反映了
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客户对于价格的异议真正的原因往往是因为客户没有真正认识到产品
感性认识和理性认识是辩证统一的因为
感性认识是理性认识的基础，没有感性认识，理性认识就成了无源之水，无本之木
理性认识就是感性认识的不断积累
认识的真正任务在于从感性认识上升为理性认识，把握事物发展的规律性
感性认识是不可靠的，理性认识才是可靠的
纵观哲学发展史各种哲学思想异彩纷呈其中不乏很多真正给人智慧的哲学思想这些哲学才真正是自己时代的精神上
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认识的真正任务在于达到理性认识
真正的哲学是①自己时代精神上的精华②反映了时代的任务和要求③把握了时代的脉搏④总结和概括了时代的实践
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真正的哲学之所以说是时代精神的精华是因为它
正确反映了时代的任务和要求
牢牢地把握了时代的脉搏
正确地总结和概括了时代的实践经验和认识成果
彻底否定了旧时代的哲学
真正的哲学反映了时代的任务和要求把握了时代的脉搏总结和概括了时代的实践经验和认识成果因而哲学家是真理
正确地反映了哲学和哲学家在认识社会中的作用
对哲学的认识是正确的，对哲学家的认识是片面的
准确而深刻地把握了真正的哲学的本质，是正确的
肯定了哲学认识世界的作用，否认了哲学改造世界的作用
认识的真正任务在于达到理性认识
马克思说认识的真正任务就是把可以看见的仅仅是表面的运动归结为内部的现实的运动这说明认识的真正任务在于
实现主观和客观的统一
回归实践、指导实践
反映事物的本质和规律
实现认识世界和改造世界的统一
马克思说哲学家的成长并不像雨后春笋他们是自己时代自己人民的产物人民最精致最珍贵最看不见的精髓都集中在
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真正的哲学之所以是自己时代的精神上的精华是因为它①正确地反映了时代的任务和要求②牢牢地把握住了时代的
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马克思认为真正的哲学都是自己时代的精神上的精华这是因为真正的哲学①正确总结了时代的实践经验和认识成果
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任何真正的哲学都是自己时代的精神上的精华这是因为它①正确地反映了时代的任务和要求②牢牢地把握了时代的
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真正的哲学之所以是自己时代的精神上的精华是因为①它正确地反映了时代的任务和要求②哲学都是科学的世界观
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感性认识有待于上升到理性认识因为
感性认识有直接性
感性认识有片面性、表面性
认识的真正任务是认识事物的本质
感性认识不可靠
认识的真正任务在于
实现主观和客观的统一
取得规律性的认识
取得真理性的认识
达到对事物的本质的认识
认识的真正任务在于获得感性经验
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ThisyearthecombinedadvertisingrevenuesofGoogleandYahoo!willrivalthecombinedprime-timeadrevenuesofAmerica’sthreebigtelevisionnetworksABCCBSandNBCpredictsAdvertisingAge.41.______.Andthisweekonlineadvertisingmadeanotherleapforward.ThelatestinnovationcomesfromGooglewhichhasbeguntestinganewauction-basedservicefordisplayadvertising.ItalreadyprovidesaservicecalledAdSense.Itworksratherlikeanadvertisingagencyautomaticallyplacingsponsoredlinksandotheradsonthird-partywebsites.Googlethensplitstherevenuewiththeownersofthosewebsiteswhocanrangefrommultinationalstoindividualspublishingblogsasonlinejournalsareknown.Google’snewservicesextendAdSenseinthreeways.42.______ThisprovidesbothmoreflexibilityandcontrolsaysPatrickKeaneGoogle’sheadofsalesstrategy.Companiestryingtoraiseawarenessofabrandoftenwantahighlevelofcontroloverwheretheiradsappear.Thesecondchangeinvolvespricing.43.______.Click-throughmarketingtendstobeaimedatpeoplewhoalreadyknowtheywanttobuysomethingandaresearchingforproductandpriceinformationwhereasdisplayadvertisingismoreoftenusedtopersuadepeopletobuythingsinthefirstinstance.ThethirdchangeisthatGooglewillnowofferanimatedads--butnothingtooflashyorannoyinginsistsMr.Keane.Googlehaslongbeenextremelyconservativeabouttheuseofadvertising;itstillplanstouseonlysmalltext-basedadsonitsownsearchsites.44.______.Thiscouldfuelonlinead-growthevenfurther.Worldwideadrevenueontheinternetgrewby21%in2004anditisexpectedtocontinueatthatpaceforthenextfewyearssaysZenithOptimediaaresearchfirm.AsGoogleandYahoo!aretwoofthemostwidelyvisitedsitesthisgreatlybenefitsthem.45.______.TerrySemelYahoo!’schiefexecutivebelievesthereisalotmoregrowthtocomeascompaniesbecomemorefamiliarwithonlineadvertising.Otherinnovationsinonlinemarketingaresaidtobeinthepipeline.Localsearchanditsassociatedadvertisingopportunitiesareonehugegrowtharea.ThisweekYahoo!appointedanothertopexecutivetoitsmediagroupfuellingindustryspeculationthatthewebsitemaystarttoproduceitsownentertainmentcontent.Televisionstationswouldthenhavealotmoretoworryaboutthanjustlosingadrevenuetotheinternet. [A]InsteadofGoogle’ssoftwareanalyzingthird-partywebsitestodeterminefromtheircontentwhatrelevantadstoplaceonthemadvertiserswillinsteadbeabletoselectthespecificsiteswheretheywanttheiradstoappear. [B]Googlerecentlyannouncedanetprofitof$369minitsfirstquarterfromrevenuethatsoaredto$1.3billionup93%comparedwiththesameperiodayearearlier.Yahoo!’sfirst-quarternetprofitsmorethandoubledto$205monrevenueof$1.2billionup55%fromayearearlier. [C]Manybigfirmsstillallocateonly2-4%oftheirmarketingbudgetstotheinternetalthoughitrepresentsabout15%ofconsumers’mediaconsumption--asharethatisgrowing.ManyyoungpeoplealreadyspendmoretimeonlinethantheydowatchingTV. [D]Itwillsaysthetrademagazinerepresenta"watershedmoment"intheevolutionoftheinternetasanadvertisingmedium.A30-secondprime-timeTVadwasonceconsideredthemosteffective--andthemostexpensive--formofadvertising.Butthatwasbeforetheinternetgotgoing. [E]ButmanyofitsAdSensepartnersmightwellbetemptedbytheprospectofearningashareofrevenuefromdisplayandanimatedadstooespeciallyassuchadsarelikelytobemoreappealingtosomeofthebig-brandadvertisers [F]SitessuchaseBaytheleadingonlineauctioneerandCraigslistwhichhostslocalsitesaresoakinguplargeamountsofspendingthatmightotherwisehavegoneonclassifiedadvertising-andforeverythingfromusedcarstojobvacancies.Yahoo!isexpandingheavilyintoentertainmentwithfilmandvideoclipsprovidinganotheravenueforadvertisers. [G]Potentialinternetadvertisersmustbidfortheiradtoappearona"cost-per-thousand"knownasCPMbasis.CPMbidswillhavetocompeteagainstrivalbidsforthesameadspacefromthosewantingtopayona"cost-per-click"basisthewaysearchtermsarepresentlysold. 43
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This"quiettime"helpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.InadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflameorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingortaiji. Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwavesitalsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites’allowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.Thefactisthatwhetheronlineatyogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Inthisnewerameditationischaracterizedby
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46.Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. 47.Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandinuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywiserandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchatreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. 48.Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajoritycaninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.49.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.50.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelection Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandinuseoftheirownfaculties
Lowlevelsofliteracyandnumeracyhaveadamagingimpactonalmosteveryaspectofadultsaccordingtoasurveypublishedyesterdaywhichoffers1ofadevelopingunderclass.Testsand2withhundredsofpeopleborninaweekin1958graphicallyillustratedfile3ofeducationalunderachievement.Theeffectscanbeseeninunemploymentfamily4lowincomesdepressionandsocialinactivity. Thosewholeftschoolat16withpoorbasicskillshadbeenemployedforUPtofouryearslessthangoodreaders5theyreached37.ProfessorJohnBynnerofCityUniversitywhocarriedtheresearchsaidthattoday’s6teenagerswouldevenencountergreaterproblemsbecausethesupplyof7jobshadshrunk. Almostonefifthofthe1700peopleinterviewedforyesterday’sreporthadpoorliteracyandalmosthalf8withinnumeracyaproportion9othersurveysfortheBasicSkillsAgency.Somecouldnotreadachild’sbookandmostfounddifficult10writteninstruction. Poorreadersweretwiceaslikelytobealowwageandfourtimeslikelytoliveinahouseholdwherepartnersworked.Womeninthis11werefivetimesaslikelytobe12depressed13bothtendedtofeeltheyhadnocontrolovertheirlivesandtotrustothers14. Thosewhohadlowliteracyandnumeracywereseldom15inanycommunityorganizationandlesslikelythanothersto16inageneralelection.Therehadbeenno17intheliterarylevelof18. AlanWellstheagency’sdirectorsaid:"Theresultsemphasizethedangersofdevelopinganunderclasspeoplewhowereoutofwork19depressedandoftenlabeledthemselvesas20.Thereisacircleofmarginalizationwiththediceagainstthesepeopleandtheirfamilies." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This"quiettime"helpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.InadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflameorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingortaiji. Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwavesitalsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites’allowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.Thefactisthatwhetheronlineatyogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Theincreasingpopularityofmeditationresultsfrompeople’sneedfor
Lowlevelsofliteracyandnumeracyhaveadamagingimpactonalmosteveryaspectofadultsaccordingtoasurveypublishedyesterdaywhichoffers1ofadevelopingunderclass.Testsand2withhundredsofpeopleborninaweekin1958graphicallyillustratedfile3ofeducationalunderachievement.Theeffectscanbeseeninunemploymentfamily4lowincomesdepressionandsocialinactivity. Thosewholeftschoolat16withpoorbasicskillshadbeenemployedforUPtofouryearslessthangoodreaders5theyreached37.ProfessorJohnBynnerofCityUniversitywhocarriedtheresearchsaidthattoday’s6teenagerswouldevenencountergreaterproblemsbecausethesupplyof7jobshadshrunk. Almostonefifthofthe1700peopleinterviewedforyesterday’sreporthadpoorliteracyandalmosthalf8withinnumeracyaproportion9othersurveysfortheBasicSkillsAgency.Somecouldnotreadachild’sbookandmostfounddifficult10writteninstruction. Poorreadersweretwiceaslikelytobealowwageandfourtimeslikelytoliveinahouseholdwherepartnersworked.Womeninthis11werefivetimesaslikelytobe12depressed13bothtendedtofeeltheyhadnocontrolovertheirlivesandtotrustothers14. Thosewhohadlowliteracyandnumeracywereseldom15inanycommunityorganizationandlesslikelythanothersto16inageneralelection.Therehadbeenno17intheliterarylevelof18. AlanWellstheagency’sdirectorsaid:"Theresultsemphasizethedangersofdevelopinganunderclasspeoplewhowereoutofwork19depressedandoftenlabeledthemselvesas20.Thereisacircleofmarginalizationwiththediceagainstthesepeopleandtheirfamilies." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ThisyearthecombinedadvertisingrevenuesofGoogleandYahoo!willrivalthecombinedprime-timeadrevenuesofAmerica’sthreebigtelevisionnetworksABCCBSandNBCpredictsAdvertisingAge.41.______.Andthisweekonlineadvertisingmadeanotherleapforward.ThelatestinnovationcomesfromGooglewhichhasbeguntestinganewauction-basedservicefordisplayadvertising.ItalreadyprovidesaservicecalledAdSense.Itworksratherlikeanadvertisingagencyautomaticallyplacingsponsoredlinksandotheradsonthird-partywebsites.Googlethensplitstherevenuewiththeownersofthosewebsiteswhocanrangefrommultinationalstoindividualspublishingblogsasonlinejournalsareknown.Google’snewservicesextendAdSenseinthreeways.42.______ThisprovidesbothmoreflexibilityandcontrolsaysPatrickKeaneGoogle’sheadofsalesstrategy.Companiestryingtoraiseawarenessofabrandoftenwantahighlevelofcontroloverwheretheiradsappear.Thesecondchangeinvolvespricing.43.______.Click-throughmarketingtendstobeaimedatpeoplewhoalreadyknowtheywanttobuysomethingandaresearchingforproductandpriceinformationwhereasdisplayadvertisingismoreoftenusedtopersuadepeopletobuythingsinthefirstinstance.ThethirdchangeisthatGooglewillnowofferanimatedads--butnothingtooflashyorannoyinginsistsMr.Keane.Googlehaslongbeenextremelyconservativeabouttheuseofadvertising;itstillplanstouseonlysmalltext-basedadsonitsownsearchsites.44.______.Thiscouldfuelonlinead-growthevenfurther.Worldwideadrevenueontheinternetgrewby21%in2004anditisexpectedtocontinueatthatpaceforthenextfewyearssaysZenithOptimediaaresearchfirm.AsGoogleandYahoo!aretwoofthemostwidelyvisitedsitesthisgreatlybenefitsthem.45.______.TerrySemelYahoo!’schiefexecutivebelievesthereisalotmoregrowthtocomeascompaniesbecomemorefamiliarwithonlineadvertising.Otherinnovationsinonlinemarketingaresaidtobeinthepipeline.Localsearchanditsassociatedadvertisingopportunitiesareonehugegrowtharea.ThisweekYahoo!appointedanothertopexecutivetoitsmediagroupfuellingindustryspeculationthatthewebsitemaystarttoproduceitsownentertainmentcontent.Televisionstationswouldthenhavealotmoretoworryaboutthanjustlosingadrevenuetotheinternet. [A]InsteadofGoogle’ssoftwareanalyzingthird-partywebsitestodeterminefromtheircontentwhatrelevantadstoplaceonthemadvertiserswillinsteadbeabletoselectthespecificsiteswheretheywanttheiradstoappear. [B]Googlerecentlyannouncedanetprofitof$369minitsfirstquarterfromrevenuethatsoaredto$1.3billionup93%comparedwiththesameperiodayearearlier.Yahoo!’sfirst-quarternetprofitsmorethandoubledto$205monrevenueof$1.2billionup55%fromayearearlier. [C]Manybigfirmsstillallocateonly2-4%oftheirmarketingbudgetstotheinternetalthoughitrepresentsabout15%ofconsumers’mediaconsumption--asharethatisgrowing.ManyyoungpeoplealreadyspendmoretimeonlinethantheydowatchingTV. [D]Itwillsaysthetrademagazinerepresenta"watershedmoment"intheevolutionoftheinternetasanadvertisingmedium.A30-secondprime-timeTVadwasonceconsideredthemosteffective--andthemostexpensive--formofadvertising.Butthatwasbeforetheinternetgotgoing. [E]ButmanyofitsAdSensepartnersmightwellbetemptedbytheprospectofearningashareofrevenuefromdisplayandanimatedadstooespeciallyassuchadsarelikelytobemoreappealingtosomeofthebig-brandadvertisers [F]SitessuchaseBaytheleadingonlineauctioneerandCraigslistwhichhostslocalsitesaresoakinguplargeamountsofspendingthatmightotherwisehavegoneonclassifiedadvertising-andforeverythingfromusedcarstojobvacancies.Yahoo!isexpandingheavilyintoentertainmentwithfilmandvideoclipsprovidinganotheravenueforadvertisers. [G]Potentialinternetadvertisersmustbidfortheiradtoappearona"cost-per-thousand"knownasCPMbasis.CPMbidswillhavetocompeteagainstrivalbidsforthesameadspacefromthosewantingtopayona"cost-per-click"basisthewaysearchtermsarepresentlysold. 45
实践活动区别于意识活动的本质是实践活动具有
OnSeptember30thstudentsattheUniversityofMassachusettsthrewatogaaceremonialgownparty.Thecopsshowedupuninvited.TheychargedthehostJamesConnollywithunderagedrinkingmakingtoomuchnoiseandhavingakegwithoutalicence.Forpunishmenthehadtoputonhistogaagainandstandinfrontofthepolicestationforanhour. DanMarkelofFloridaStateUniversityreckonsthatsuch"shamingpunishments"areontherise.In2003acoupleofteenagerswhodefacedanativitysceneinOhiohadtoparadethroughtownwithadonkey. "Thepunishmentmustfitthecrime"explainedthejudgeMichaelCicconetti.Severalcitieshaveairedthenamesofmencaughtsolicitingprostituteson"JohnTV".In2004afederalappealscourtagreedthatamailthiefcouldbemadetostandoutsideaCaliforniapostofficewearingasandwichboard."Istolemail"itread."Thisismypunishment."InVirginiaifyoufailtopaychildsupportyoumayfindyourcarwheel-clamped:pinkifyouareneglectingagirlblueforaboy. Manysupportshamingpunishments.AmitaiEtzioniofGeorgeWashingtonUniversityhasarguedthattheyareagoodwaytoexpresscommunalvalues.Finesincontrastimplythatyoucanbuyaclearconscience.Andshameseemstobeapowerfuldeterrent.MrCicconettisaysheseesfewrepeatoffenders.CheerfulHobbesiantypeswanteveryonetoknowwhothebadguysaresothatdecentcitizenscanavoidthem. Othersaredoubtful.AccordingtoMrMarkelshamingpunishmentsunderminehumandignity.Hesuggestsalternativepunishmentsthatomitthepublic-humiliationfactor.Alandlordwhofloutsthehealthcodeforexamplecouldbemadetostayinoneofhisownslums.Anditistruethatthereissomethingunpleasantaboutthedesiretoseeotherpeoplehumiliated.RememberthematronwhoobjectstoHesterPrynne’sscarletletter:"Whylookyoushemaycoveritwithabroochorsuchlikeheathenishadornmentandsowalkthestreetsasbraveasever!" Butvotersappeartobecomfortableonthehighhorse.TedPoeaformerdistrictjudgefromTexasmadehisreputationbyissuingastringofembarrassingsentences.Hecalledthis"Poeticjustice."OncehesentencedamanwhostolepistolsfromtheLoneRangertoshovelmanureintheHoustonpolicestables.In2004MrPoewaselectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesathisfirstattempt. Alotofpeopleapproveshamingpunishmentsbecause
Lowlevelsofliteracyandnumeracyhaveadamagingimpactonalmosteveryaspectofadultsaccordingtoasurveypublishedyesterdaywhichoffers1ofadevelopingunderclass.Testsand2withhundredsofpeopleborninaweekin1958graphicallyillustratedfile3ofeducationalunderachievement.Theeffectscanbeseeninunemploymentfamily4lowincomesdepressionandsocialinactivity. Thosewholeftschoolat16withpoorbasicskillshadbeenemployedforUPtofouryearslessthangoodreaders5theyreached37.ProfessorJohnBynnerofCityUniversitywhocarriedtheresearchsaidthattoday’s6teenagerswouldevenencountergreaterproblemsbecausethesupplyof7jobshadshrunk. Almostonefifthofthe1700peopleinterviewedforyesterday’sreporthadpoorliteracyandalmosthalf8withinnumeracyaproportion9othersurveysfortheBasicSkillsAgency.Somecouldnotreadachild’sbookandmostfounddifficult10writteninstruction. Poorreadersweretwiceaslikelytobealowwageandfourtimeslikelytoliveinahouseholdwherepartnersworked.Womeninthis11werefivetimesaslikelytobe12depressed13bothtendedtofeeltheyhadnocontrolovertheirlivesandtotrustothers14. Thosewhohadlowliteracyandnumeracywereseldom15inanycommunityorganizationandlesslikelythanothersto16inageneralelection.Therehadbeenno17intheliterarylevelof18. AlanWellstheagency’sdirectorsaid:"Theresultsemphasizethedangersofdevelopinganunderclasspeoplewhowereoutofwork19depressedandoftenlabeledthemselvesas20.Thereisacircleofmarginalizationwiththediceagainstthesepeopleandtheirfamilies." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Wehavetorealizehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedas"aged"whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeath.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. If"revolution"isarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheraboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Butthisiswhatelementarydemographymakesclear.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathasprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengtheningexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowthegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults. OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwith"recordable"offences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase. Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal--theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeepconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatworldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue. ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.."EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnow"saysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology. TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencearguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty. Thetextmainlytalksabout
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults. OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwith"recordable"offences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase. Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal--theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeepconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatworldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue. ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.."EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnow"saysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology. TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencearguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph’
Lowlevelsofliteracyandnumeracyhaveadamagingimpactonalmosteveryaspectofadultsaccordingtoasurveypublishedyesterdaywhichoffers1ofadevelopingunderclass.Testsand2withhundredsofpeopleborninaweekin1958graphicallyillustratedfile3ofeducationalunderachievement.Theeffectscanbeseeninunemploymentfamily4lowincomesdepressionandsocialinactivity. Thosewholeftschoolat16withpoorbasicskillshadbeenemployedforUPtofouryearslessthangoodreaders5theyreached37.ProfessorJohnBynnerofCityUniversitywhocarriedtheresearchsaidthattoday’s6teenagerswouldevenencountergreaterproblemsbecausethesupplyof7jobshadshrunk. Almostonefifthofthe1700peopleinterviewedforyesterday’sreporthadpoorliteracyandalmosthalf8withinnumeracyaproportion9othersurveysfortheBasicSkillsAgency.Somecouldnotreadachild’sbookandmostfounddifficult10writteninstruction. Poorreadersweretwiceaslikelytobealowwageandfourtimeslikelytoliveinahouseholdwherepartnersworked.Womeninthis11werefivetimesaslikelytobe12depressed13bothtendedtofeeltheyhadnocontrolovertheirlivesandtotrustothers14. Thosewhohadlowliteracyandnumeracywereseldom15inanycommunityorganizationandlesslikelythanothersto16inageneralelection.Therehadbeenno17intheliterarylevelof18. AlanWellstheagency’sdirectorsaid:"Theresultsemphasizethedangersofdevelopinganunderclasspeoplewhowereoutofwork19depressedandoftenlabeledthemselvesas20.Thereisacircleofmarginalizationwiththediceagainstthesepeopleandtheirfamilies." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
46.Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. 47.Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandinuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywiserandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchatreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. 48.Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajoritycaninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.49.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.50.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelection Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.
1yoursincerecongratulations 2yourbestwishestohimorher. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Lowlevelsofliteracyandnumeracyhaveadamagingimpactonalmosteveryaspectofadultsaccordingtoasurveypublishedyesterdaywhichoffers1ofadevelopingunderclass.Testsand2withhundredsofpeopleborninaweekin1958graphicallyillustratedfile3ofeducationalunderachievement.Theeffectscanbeseeninunemploymentfamily4lowincomesdepressionandsocialinactivity. Thosewholeftschoolat16withpoorbasicskillshadbeenemployedforUPtofouryearslessthangoodreaders5theyreached37.ProfessorJohnBynnerofCityUniversitywhocarriedtheresearchsaidthattoday’s6teenagerswouldevenencountergreaterproblemsbecausethesupplyof7jobshadshrunk. Almostonefifthofthe1700peopleinterviewedforyesterday’sreporthadpoorliteracyandalmosthalf8withinnumeracyaproportion9othersurveysfortheBasicSkillsAgency.Somecouldnotreadachild’sbookandmostfounddifficult10writteninstruction. Poorreadersweretwiceaslikelytobealowwageandfourtimeslikelytoliveinahouseholdwherepartnersworked.Womeninthis11werefivetimesaslikelytobe12depressed13bothtendedtofeeltheyhadnocontrolovertheirlivesandtotrustothers14. Thosewhohadlowliteracyandnumeracywereseldom15inanycommunityorganizationandlesslikelythanothersto16inageneralelection.Therehadbeenno17intheliterarylevelof18. AlanWellstheagency’sdirectorsaid:"Theresultsemphasizethedangersofdevelopinganunderclasspeoplewhowereoutofwork19depressedandoftenlabeledthemselvesas20.Thereisacircleofmarginalizationwiththediceagainstthesepeopleandtheirfamilies." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This"quiettime"helpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.InadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflameorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingortaiji. Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwavesitalsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites’allowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.Thefactisthatwhetheronlineatyogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Variousmeditativetechniquesallrequires
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