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Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatareyoucomplainingabout.9askedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedhackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertycluetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandaii-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplefromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.Whohaverecentlylistenedtothestoryinthefirstparagraphofthetext
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.AsoneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise--thesteepestincorporatehistory--fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate--theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions--andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition--toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb--isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrightening.BeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting--forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.TheworkbyJohnBattellewouldbeperfectedifappropriateconsiderationisgivento______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologybuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauction-houseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor$2.6billionplusanadditional$1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly$60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoicecallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Accordingtothetextmanyanalysts~attitudetowardthepossessionofSkypebyeBayis______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
I’matotalgeekallaroundsaysAngelaByrona27-year-oldcomputerprogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfromNovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhadtheconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunitiesontheinternet-distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuildsoftwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-sourcesoftwareMs.ByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-sourceprojectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshesays.Ms.Byronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoa’ppliedwhowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikeahyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusinMountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participatingopen-sourceprojectshappenedtohelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasamatchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived$500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived$4500$500rightawayand$4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt.AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswhowasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear.Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummerbecausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheircodingskillsdegrade.WewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummersaysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthusindirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopen-sourcesoftwarebehindthescenes.PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting.ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesiannetworktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’maprettybigfanofGooglehesays.HehasaninterviewscheduledwithMicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays.Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunityandit’salotlessintimidating./TheideaofChrisDiBonaaccordingtothetextisenrichedby______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Directions:WritealettertoMr.TerryThompsonrecommendingaChineseuniversityforhimtostudyinChina.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.AsoneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise--thesteepestincorporatehistory--fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate--theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions--andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition--toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb--isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrightening.BeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting--forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Thetextseemstobe______.
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
I’matotalgeekallaroundsaysAngelaByrona27-year-oldcomputerprogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfromNovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhadtheconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunitiesontheinternet-distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuildsoftwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-sourcesoftwareMs.ByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-sourceprojectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshesays.Ms.Byronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoa’ppliedwhowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikeahyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusinMountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participatingopen-sourceprojectshappenedtohelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasamatchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived$500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived$4500$500rightawayand$4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt.AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswhowasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear.Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummerbecausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheircodingskillsdegrade.WewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummersaysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthusindirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopen-sourcesoftwarebehindthescenes.PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting.ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesiannetworktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’maprettybigfanofGooglehesays.HehasaninterviewscheduledwithMicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays.Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunityandit’salotlessintimidating./ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthattheparticipantsofGoogle’ssummerofcodehave______.
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatareyoucomplainingabout.9askedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedhackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertycluetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandaii-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplefromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.AccordingtothelastparagraphtheGeneralAssembly______.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.AsoneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise--thesteepestincorporatehistory--fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate--theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions--andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition--toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb--isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrightening.BeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting--forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Thephrasewarmtointhelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[ F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPlotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanogellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.______ Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.______ WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.______ AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask:CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.______ Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.______ Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 45
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologybuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauction-houseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor$2.6billionplusanadditional$1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly$60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoicecallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Thephrasebrought...toitskneesinthefirstparagraphmostprobablydenotes______.
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachinesthattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46Theywerecalled"Luddites"afteroneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistancetonewteclmologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolvingnanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirttheywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andasawarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcoversarangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskandothersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecomemorenuancedintheircomplaints. Nanotechnologyhasthepotentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime.48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplicationsthatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scriticsfear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare. Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffersbothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolitsexploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsforallowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannotflourish. Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthattheinventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhapsarevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittlehindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheirstudy--howeverlargeorsmall. Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomoandLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[ F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPlotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanogellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.______ Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.______ WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.______ AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask:CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.______ Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.______ Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 41
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[ F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPlotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanogellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.______ Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.______ WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.______ AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask:CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.______ Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.______ Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 43
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachinesthattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46Theywerecalled"Luddites"afteroneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistancetonewteclmologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolvingnanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirttheywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andasawarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcoversarangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskandothersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecomemorenuancedintheircomplaints. Nanotechnologyhasthepotentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime.48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplicationsthatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scriticsfear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare. Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffersbothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolitsexploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsforallowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannotflourish. Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthattheinventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhapsarevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittlehindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheirstudy--howeverlargeorsmall. Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare.
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatareyoucomplainingabout.9askedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedhackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertycluetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandaii-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplefromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheUNfinaldocumentis______.
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
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