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动作电位去极相的离子基础是 ① 。
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在神经细胞动作电位的去极相通透性最大的离子是
K＋
Na＋
Ca2＋
Cl-
下列生理过程需直接消耗能量的是
维持静息电位的 K+外流
引起动作电位复极相的 K+外流
引起动作电位去极相的 Na+内流
肌质网摄入钙
细胞外液中的钙离子进入细胞
神经和肌肉细胞动作电位去极相的产生是由________离子内流
心室肌细胞动作电位与骨骼肌细胞动作电位的主要区别是
形成去极相的离子流不同
静息电位水平不同
形成复极相离子流不同
阈电位不同
抗心律失常药Ⅲ类的主要作用
抑制动作电位3相K+外流，延长复极过程
抑制动作电位4相K+外流，延长复极过程
抑制动作电位3相Na+外流，延长复极过程
抑制动作电位4相Na+外流，延长复极过程
抑制动作电位4相Na+外流，延长去极过程
心室肌细胞动作电位与骨骼肌细胞动作电位的主要区别是
形成去极相的离子流不同
静息电位水平不同
形成复极相的离子流不同
阈电位不同
在神经细胞动作电位的去极相通透性最大的离子是
K＋
Na＋
Ca2＋
Cl-
平滑肌动作电位的去极相是由__和__内流形成的两种离子各自的 作用与肌肉的类型和部位有关动作电位的复
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Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandintheuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywisersandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchagovernmenttreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajority--caninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelections Intheauthor’’sviewthefailureofnondemocraticgovernmentstorespecthumanindependence
Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandintheuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywisersandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchagovernmenttreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajority--caninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelections Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorconsideressentialforthepreservationofthemoralbasisofdemocracy
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunitsonemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity. Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Neverthelesstheword’’amateur’’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityandinparticularmaynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcenturywithitsconsequentrequirementofalongermorecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.ThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytrainingandcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom. AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearchbutalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thusinthenineteenthcenturylocalgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownfight;butinthetwentiethcenturylocalstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporateandreflectonthewidergeologicalpicture.Amateursontheotherhandhavecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateursaresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofreferringfirstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopmentseparatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocietieswhereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway. AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcenturyitsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerallyhoweverthenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.
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1959年以来西藏的民族区域自治制度得到了不断发展和完善至1999年3月西藏自治区人大已制定了150多个具有鲜明的民族区域自治特点的法规和单行条例这一事实表明
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Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunitsonemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity. Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Neverthelesstheword’’amateur’’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityandinparticularmaynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcenturywithitsconsequentrequirementofalongermorecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.ThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytrainingandcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom. AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearchbutalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thusinthenineteenthcenturylocalgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownfight;butinthetwentiethcenturylocalstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporateandreflectonthewidergeologicalpicture.Amateursontheotherhandhavecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateursaresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofreferringfirstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopmentseparatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocietieswhereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway. AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcenturyitsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerallyhoweverthenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience. Thedirectreasonforspecializationis______.
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卢梭曾说人是生而要自由的但却无处不在枷锁中这说明
Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpression"aneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth."Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.46Tomakerepaymentforthisoffensesocietymustgetequallybalancedwhichcanbedoneonlyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.47Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimeswhichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegelwhobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.48Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.49Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeputintooperationthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemovedprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.50Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsocietyandhisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart. Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimeswhichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegelwhobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted
Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowingscarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworldishowtodividelimitedresourcesamongcountries.Intheinternationaldevelopmentcommunitytheconventionalwisdomhasbeenthatthe2billionpeoplelivinginpoorcountriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardoflivingthatmostofusinNorthAmericaenjoysimplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontainenoughironoreproteinpetroleumandsoon.AtthesametimeweintheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffluenceasthoughtherewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percentoftheworld’’speople;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworld’’sresources. Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfromwithinourownboundariesthiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butasourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworldoutsiders’’’aregoingtohavesomesayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhichweconsume.Wewillnolongerbeabletothinkintermsofourresourcesandtheirresourcesbutonlyofcommonresources. AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld’’sresourceswehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuitofsuperaffluenceinaworldofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepointwherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedlinkbetweenourlevelofwell-beingandthelevelofmaterialgoodsconsumed.Ifyouhaveonlyonecrustofbreadandgetanothercrustofbreadyourwell-beingisgreatlyenhanced.Butifyouhavealoafofbreadthenanadditionalcrustofbreaddoesn’’tmakethatmuchdifference.IntheeyesofmostoftheworldtodayAmericanshavetheirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.Peopleelsewherearebeginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe’’regoingtohavetoanswerwhetherwe’’retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsofoiltousortryingtoconvincethemthatweoughttobepermittedtomaintainourshareoftheworldfishcatch. Theprospectofascarcityofandcompetitionfortheworld’’sresourcesrequiresthatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetotherestoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresourceconsumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofothercountries.Wecannotexpectpeopleinthesecountriestoconcernthemselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswedemonstratesomeconcernforthehungerilliteracyanddiseasethatarediminishinglifeforthem. .Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat
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