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Directions: AprofessorfromAustraliawilldeliveralectureonAustraliansocietyandcultureandyouareaskedtowriteanoticeonbehalfoftheStudents’Union.Yournoticeshouldinclude: 1briefintroductionofthelecturer; 2outlineofthelecture; 3timeandplace.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Astechnologycontinuestoadvancecountriesmustdecidehowtheywill dealwiththeissueofhumancloningforreproductionorresearch.Sofar severalnationshaveplacedstrongrestrictionsonhealingcloning;othersare movingtowardssuchrestrictionsandafewhavestakedoutpositionsinfavor ofcurativecloning.AftermonthsofbitterdebatetheUniteStatesmustdecide whatitwilldo.Alllegislatorscanagreethatitwouldbe wrongnowtomakeawalkingtalkingreallifehumanclone.TheNationalAcademy ofSciencesalsosupportsthatposition.ButitsinstituteofMedicinehas rightlysaidthatitsobjectionstothesafetyofreproductivecloningdonot applytoresearchcloning.Indeed’somescientistssaythatresearchcloning couldyieldstemcellsthatcouldbeusedtogrowhealingtissuesforpatients withdiseasessuchasParkinson’s.47Theyalsosaythatstudyingstemcells madefromthecellsofdiseasedpatientscouldhelpusunderstandwhypeople withthesamegeneticmake-upgetsickorstaywell. Opponentsofresearchcloningsaythereisnoproofthatitwillyieldany cures.Theyalsosaythatadultstemcellsaremorepromisingandless controversial.TheyhavegainedCongressionalandpublicsupportbybeatinginto widespreadfearsaboutbiotechnologywhichsomeworryiswindingquicklydowna slipperyslopetowardsthecommodificationofthehumanspecies.48But suchfearsdonotrepresentasensiblebasisforabanonresearchcloning whichislikelytogiveinsightsintotheprocessesthatcauseahostof devastatingdiseases.TheSenateisnowmovingtowardsa slowdownontheissue.Twobillshavebeenintroduced.SenatorSam Brownbackintroducedabillthatwouldbancloningforanypurpose.Hisrivals ledbySenatorDianneFeinsteinhaveintroducedcompetinglegislationthat wouldalllowscientiststocloseembryosforresearch.Andsenatorseagerto airtheirviewsontheissueforavoteonthematterinthenextfewweeks. 49Brownbackissaidtohavenearly50supportersbutfortechnical reasonsabillisunlikelytobepassedunless60senatorssupport it.Advocatesofhealingcloninghaveoutlinedsituations thatwouldmaketheSenatemorelikelytopassabillthatwouldallowresearch cloningsuchasamendingtheBrownbackbilltoallowresearch.Inthisway senatorscouldsavefacebysimultaneouslyvotingforBrownbackandfor research.HoweveranybillthatdoespasstheSenatemustbe reconciledwiththeHousebillinaconferenceTheBrownbackbillisvirtually identicaltoaHousecloningbanthatwaspassedlastJuly.Soitwouldspeed throughtheconferencecommittee.ButSenateandHousenegotiatorsare unlikelytocompromiseiftheSenatevotestoallowhealingcloning50So theresultofthismonth’sSenatedebateislikelytobeeitherthat PresidentBushsignsabillthatbanscloningforanypurposeorthathedoes notsignanycloningbillatall.Theissuecouldalsospilloverintothe appropriationsprocessthisautumnwhensenatorstrytoforcerulesthroughthe Congressbyattachingthemtothenecessaryspendingbills.The CongresshasstronglysupportedtheNationalInstituteofHealthinrecentyears becauseitwantstheUnitedStatestobeaworldleaderinbiomedical research.TheSenateshouldcontinueitsstrongsupportofbiomedicalscience andactinthenationalinterestbyrefusingtopassabanonresearch cloning.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThat questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherat theUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnota physicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidence ofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban mythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat. DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceofthe BritishSociologicalAssociation.Mobilephonesstartedto becomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleof aconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.Thiswasinlargepartaresponse tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononan oilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41.______Sonobodyquestionedthe precautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywas thatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42.______Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfires increasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.Richard CoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthat occurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwere indeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselveswere theresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswill haveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.It iscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendup electricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicle theresultissometimesaspark.43.______44. ______Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohave happenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShell founditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwas treatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfires quiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.Official denialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracy theorists.45.______Warningsigns.aboundinBritain AmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBraziliatroduceda banlastyearAndearnertinsmonthamemberofConnecticut’s.senate proposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstate punishablebya$250fine.[A]Thesafetydrivedidnot applymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-company officesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsfor example.[B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahuge amountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerning thosefiresseemedtobeendless.[C]Afurther complicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingto originatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesin petrolstations.[D]Thisisparticularlynoticeablein Britain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrol stationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyof mobile-phoneusebychildren.[E]Despitethelackof evidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearound theworldthoughtherulesvarywidely.[F]Bythelate 1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthat therewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgenerate therequiredsparks.[G]Thisseemstohavebecomemore commonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoes haveproliferated.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Text3 Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmost oftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgenerals andsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardare oftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegor launchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanureda field;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreat dealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesof theworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.And Ithinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathave beateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemas conquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthe wayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Even beinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodo itmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshave done—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.’Fightingmeans killingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettling theirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumber oftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthasworn Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthat iswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourown agehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeople werekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfight andkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywehavegottothe stageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindaily life—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelike savages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceof menhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsare veryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientists reckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformof jellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;but therehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilized menforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficult tograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastof livingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofman worksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeen civilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeen littletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearn better.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemay estimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthe sungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutone hundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilized lifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthe wholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorging andgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohave donethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedone somethingelse.Thefirstsentenceoftheopeningparagraphindicatesthat
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfor nuclearreactorshadaspillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonths lastyearandbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2006seriousenoughfor theNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannualreporttoCongress. Afteraninvestigationthecommissionchangedthetermsofthefactory’s licenseandsaidthepublichad20daystorequestahearingonthe changes.Butnomemberofthepubliceverdid.Infactno memberofthepubliccouldfindoutaboutthechanges.Thedocumentdescribing themincludingthenoticeofhearingrightsforanyonewhofeltadversely affectedwasstampedofficialuseonlymeaningthatitwasnotpublicly accessible.TheagencywouldnotevenhavetoldCongresswhich factorywasinvolvedwereitnotfortheeffortsofGregoryB.Jaczkooneof thefivecommissioners.Mr.JaczkoidentifiedthecompanyNuclearFuelServices ofErwinTenninamemorandumthatbecamepartofthepublicrecord.His memorandumsaidotherpublicdocumentswouldallowaninformedpersontodeduce thatthefactorybelongedtoNuclearFuelServices.Suchsecrecy bytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionisnowcomingunderattackbyinfluential membersofCongress.Theselawmakersarguethattheagencyiswithholding numerousdocumentsaboutnuclearfacilitiesinthenameofnationalsecurity butthatmanywithhelddocumentsarenotsensitive.Thelawmakerssaytheagency mustrebalanceitspenchantforsecrecywiththepublic’srighttoparticipate inthelicensingprocessanditsrighttoknowaboutpotentialhazards.The agencythecongressmensaidhasremovedhundredsofinnocuousdocuments relatingtotheN.F.S.plantfrompublicview.Witha resurgenceofnuclearplantconstructionexpectedaftera30-yearhiatusagency officialssayfrequentlythattheyaretryingtostrikeabalancebetween winningpublicconfidencebyregulatingopenlyandprotectingsensitive information.AcommissionspokesmanScottBurnellsaidtheofficialuseonly designationwasunderreview.Aslaidoutbythecommission’s reporttoCongressandothersourcestheeventattheNuclearFuelService factorywasdiscoveredwhenasupervisorsawayellowliquiddribblingundera doorandintoahallway.Workershadpreviouslydescribedayellowliquidina gloveboxasealedcontainerwithglovesbuiltintothesidestoallowa techniciantomanipulateobjectsinsidebutmanagershaddecideditwas ordinaryuranium.Infactitwashighlyenricheduraniumthathadbeen declaredsurplusfromtheweaponsinventoryoftheEnergyDepartmentand senttotheplanttobedilutedtoastrengthappropriateforacivilian reactor.Ifthematerialhadgonecriticalitislikelythatatleastone workerwouldhavereceivedanexposurehighenoughtocauseacutehealtheffects ordeaththecommissionsaid.GenerallytheNuclear RegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribenuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses. Butin2004accordingtothecommittee’slettertheOfficeofNavalReactors partoftheEnergyDepartmentreachedanagreementwiththecommissionthatany correspondencewithNuclearFuelServiceswouldbemarkedofficialuse only.NRCiscriticizedbyCongressmemberschieflybecause
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfor nuclearreactorshadaspillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonths lastyearandbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2006seriousenoughfor theNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannualreporttoCongress. Afteraninvestigationthecommissionchangedthetermsofthefactory’s licenseandsaidthepublichad20daystorequestahearingonthe changes.Butnomemberofthepubliceverdid.Infactno memberofthepubliccouldfindoutaboutthechanges.Thedocumentdescribing themincludingthenoticeofhearingrightsforanyonewhofeltadversely affectedwasstampedofficialuseonlymeaningthatitwasnotpublicly accessible.TheagencywouldnotevenhavetoldCongresswhich factorywasinvolvedwereitnotfortheeffortsofGregoryB.Jaczkooneof thefivecommissioners.Mr.JaczkoidentifiedthecompanyNuclearFuelServices ofErwinTenninamemorandumthatbecamepartofthepublicrecord.His memorandumsaidotherpublicdocumentswouldallowaninformedpersontodeduce thatthefactorybelongedtoNuclearFuelServices.Suchsecrecy bytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionisnowcomingunderattackbyinfluential membersofCongress.Theselawmakersarguethattheagencyiswithholding numerousdocumentsaboutnuclearfacilitiesinthenameofnationalsecurity butthatmanywithhelddocumentsarenotsensitive.Thelawmakerssaytheagency mustrebalanceitspenchantforsecrecywiththepublic’srighttoparticipate inthelicensingprocessanditsrighttoknowaboutpotentialhazards.The agencythecongressmensaidhasremovedhundredsofinnocuousdocuments relatingtotheN.F.S.plantfrompublicview.Witha resurgenceofnuclearplantconstructionexpectedaftera30-yearhiatusagency officialssayfrequentlythattheyaretryingtostrikeabalancebetween winningpublicconfidencebyregulatingopenlyandprotectingsensitive information.AcommissionspokesmanScottBurnellsaidtheofficialuseonly designationwasunderreview.Aslaidoutbythecommission’s reporttoCongressandothersourcestheeventattheNuclearFuelService factorywasdiscoveredwhenasupervisorsawayellowliquiddribblingundera doorandintoahallway.Workershadpreviouslydescribedayellowliquidina gloveboxasealedcontainerwithglovesbuiltintothesidestoallowa techniciantomanipulateobjectsinsidebutmanagershaddecideditwas ordinaryuranium.Infactitwashighlyenricheduraniumthathadbeen declaredsurplusfromtheweaponsinventoryoftheEnergyDepartmentand senttotheplanttobedilutedtoastrengthappropriateforacivilian reactor.Ifthematerialhadgonecriticalitislikelythatatleastone workerwouldhavereceivedanexposurehighenoughtocauseacutehealtheffects ordeaththecommissionsaid.GenerallytheNuclear RegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribenuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses. Butin2004accordingtothecommittee’slettertheOfficeofNavalReactors partoftheEnergyDepartmentreachedanagreementwiththecommissionthatany correspondencewithNuclearFuelServiceswouldbemarkedofficialuse only.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Astechnologycontinuestoadvancecountriesmustdecidehowtheywill dealwiththeissueofhumancloningforreproductionorresearch.Sofar severalnationshaveplacedstrongrestrictionsonhealingcloning;othersare movingtowardssuchrestrictionsandafewhavestakedoutpositionsinfavor ofcurativecloning.AftermonthsofbitterdebatetheUniteStatesmustdecide whatitwilldo.Alllegislatorscanagreethatitwouldbe wrongnowtomakeawalkingtalkingreallifehumanclone.TheNationalAcademy ofSciencesalsosupportsthatposition.ButitsinstituteofMedicinehas rightlysaidthatitsobjectionstothesafetyofreproductivecloningdonot applytoresearchcloning.Indeed’somescientistssaythatresearchcloning couldyieldstemcellsthatcouldbeusedtogrowhealingtissuesforpatients withdiseasessuchasParkinson’s.47Theyalsosaythatstudyingstemcells madefromthecellsofdiseasedpatientscouldhelpusunderstandwhypeople withthesamegeneticmake-upgetsickorstaywell. Opponentsofresearchcloningsaythereisnoproofthatitwillyieldany cures.Theyalsosaythatadultstemcellsaremorepromisingandless controversial.TheyhavegainedCongressionalandpublicsupportbybeatinginto widespreadfearsaboutbiotechnologywhichsomeworryiswindingquicklydowna slipperyslopetowardsthecommodificationofthehumanspecies.48But suchfearsdonotrepresentasensiblebasisforabanonresearchcloning whichislikelytogiveinsightsintotheprocessesthatcauseahostof devastatingdiseases.TheSenateisnowmovingtowardsa slowdownontheissue.Twobillshavebeenintroduced.SenatorSam Brownbackintroducedabillthatwouldbancloningforanypurpose.Hisrivals ledbySenatorDianneFeinsteinhaveintroducedcompetinglegislationthat wouldalllowscientiststocloseembryosforresearch.Andsenatorseagerto airtheirviewsontheissueforavoteonthematterinthenextfewweeks. 49Brownbackissaidtohavenearly50supportersbutfortechnical reasonsabillisunlikelytobepassedunless60senatorssupport it.Advocatesofhealingcloninghaveoutlinedsituations thatwouldmaketheSenatemorelikelytopassabillthatwouldallowresearch cloningsuchasamendingtheBrownbackbilltoallowresearch.Inthisway senatorscouldsavefacebysimultaneouslyvotingforBrownbackandfor research.HoweveranybillthatdoespasstheSenatemustbe reconciledwiththeHousebillinaconferenceTheBrownbackbillisvirtually identicaltoaHousecloningbanthatwaspassedlastJuly.Soitwouldspeed throughtheconferencecommittee.ButSenateandHousenegotiatorsare unlikelytocompromiseiftheSenatevotestoallowhealingcloning50So theresultofthismonth’sSenatedebateislikelytobeeitherthat PresidentBushsignsabillthatbanscloningforanypurposeorthathedoes notsignanycloningbillatall.Theissuecouldalsospilloverintothe appropriationsprocessthisautumnwhensenatorstrytoforcerulesthroughthe Congressbyattachingthemtothenecessaryspendingbills.The CongresshasstronglysupportedtheNationalInstituteofHealthinrecentyears becauseitwantstheUnitedStatestobeaworldleaderinbiomedical research.TheSenateshouldcontinueitsstrongsupportofbiomedicalscience andactinthenationalinterestbyrefusingtopassabanonresearch cloning.
Text4 PlatoaskedWhatismanandSt AugustineaskedWhoamI’Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iam you!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcost ofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyand itistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecostto businesseswasalmost$50billionandtoconsumers$5billionin2002the mostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollected figures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleand politiciansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalarge data-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000Americansthat ithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocial Securitynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity. AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthat containpersonalinformationonoverlmgovernmentemployeesincludingsome Senators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttake precautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidents stateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingover companiesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythe firms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargely unregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfounded in1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billion recordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpolice agencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiring companiestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeen compromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafterit wasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislation tomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreover lawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedical companiesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongside legislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedfor failingtosafeguardindividuals’data.Yetthelegalremedies wouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenace thoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirective implementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformationchange inaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthe costofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals. WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadfor business.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsidering itAccordingtoparagraph2whichofthefollowingistrue
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThat questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherat theUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnota physicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidence ofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban mythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat. DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceofthe BritishSociologicalAssociation.Mobilephonesstartedto becomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleof aconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.Thiswasinlargepartaresponse tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononan oilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41.______Sonobodyquestionedthe precautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywas thatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42.______Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfires increasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.Richard CoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthat occurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwere indeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselveswere theresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswill haveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.It iscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendup electricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicle theresultissometimesaspark.43.______44. ______Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohave happenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShell founditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwas treatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfires quiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.Official denialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracy theorists.45.______Warningsigns.aboundinBritain AmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBraziliatroduceda banlastyearAndearnertinsmonthamemberofConnecticut’s.senate proposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstate punishablebya$250fine.[A]Thesafetydrivedidnot applymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-company officesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsfor example.[B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahuge amountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerning thosefiresseemedtobeendless.[C]Afurther complicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingto originatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesin petrolstations.[D]Thisisparticularlynoticeablein Britain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrol stationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyof mobile-phoneusebychildren.[E]Despitethelackof evidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearound theworldthoughtherulesvarywidely.[F]Bythelate 1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthat therewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgenerate therequiredsparks.[G]Thisseemstohavebecomemore commonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoes haveproliferated.
Text2 Thehistoryofmodempollutionproblems showsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehavean appallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossible consequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceand distributeradioactivesubstancessyntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotent compoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Our educationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthe purposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritorytoexploreandto discover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbeforeandthat theserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.These argumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepastriskstakeninthenameof scientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime. Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednor brief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeen discoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadover hugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesand yearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiospherefor generations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththe expandingpowerofmodernscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthe hazardsofmodempollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwith otherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmogfalloutor chemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbefore beingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesin thefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonatural processes.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewill encounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingour responsibilitytoenvironment.Asusedinthesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraphthephraseindepthmeans
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThat questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherat theUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnota physicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidence ofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban mythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat. DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceofthe BritishSociologicalAssociation.Mobilephonesstartedto becomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleof aconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.Thiswasinlargepartaresponse tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononan oilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41.______Sonobodyquestionedthe precautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywas thatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42.______Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfires increasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.Richard CoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthat occurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwere indeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselveswere theresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswill haveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.It iscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendup electricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicle theresultissometimesaspark.43.______44. ______Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohave happenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShell founditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwas treatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfires quiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.Official denialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracy theorists.45.______Warningsigns.aboundinBritain AmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBraziliatroduceda banlastyearAndearnertinsmonthamemberofConnecticut’s.senate proposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstate punishablebya$250fine.[A]Thesafetydrivedidnot applymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-company officesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsfor example.[B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahuge amountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerning thosefiresseemedtobeendless.[C]Afurther complicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingto originatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesin petrolstations.[D]Thisisparticularlynoticeablein Britain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrol stationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyof mobile-phoneusebychildren.[E]Despitethelackof evidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearound theworldthoughtherulesvarywidely.[F]Bythelate 1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthat therewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgenerate therequiredsparks.[G]Thisseemstohavebecomemore commonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoes haveproliferated.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
Text2 Thehistoryofmodempollutionproblems showsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehavean appallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossible consequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceand distributeradioactivesubstancessyntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotent compoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Our educationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthe purposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritorytoexploreandto discover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbeforeandthat theserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.These argumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepastriskstakeninthenameof scientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime. Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednor brief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeen discoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadover hugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesand yearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiospherefor generations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththe expandingpowerofmodernscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthe hazardsofmodempollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwith otherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmogfalloutor chemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbefore beingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesin thefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonatural processes.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewill encounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingour responsibilitytoenvironment.Thetextismainlyabout.
Text3 Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmost oftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgenerals andsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardare oftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegor launchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanureda field;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreat dealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesof theworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.And Ithinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathave beateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemas conquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthe wayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Even beinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodo itmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshave done—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.’Fightingmeans killingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettling theirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumber oftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthasworn Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthat iswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourown agehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeople werekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfight andkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywehavegottothe stageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindaily life—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelike savages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceof menhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsare veryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientists reckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformof jellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;but therehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilized menforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficult tograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastof livingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofman worksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeen civilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeen littletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearn better.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemay estimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthe sungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutone hundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilized lifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthe wholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorging andgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohave donethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedone somethingelse.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastthreesentencesthat
Text4 PlatoaskedWhatismanandSt AugustineaskedWhoamI’Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iam you!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcost ofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyand itistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecostto businesseswasalmost$50billionandtoconsumers$5billionin2002the mostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollected figures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleand politiciansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalarge data-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000Americansthat ithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocial Securitynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity. AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthat containpersonalinformationonoverlmgovernmentemployeesincludingsome Senators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttake precautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidents stateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingover companiesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythe firms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargely unregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfounded in1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billion recordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpolice agencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiring companiestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeen compromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafterit wasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislation tomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreover lawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedical companiesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongside legislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedfor failingtosafeguardindividuals’data.Yetthelegalremedies wouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenace thoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirective implementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformationchange inaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthe costofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals. WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadfor business.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsidering itChoicePointrevealedthefraudbecause
Text3 Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmost oftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgenerals andsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardare oftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegor launchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanureda field;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreat dealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesof theworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.And Ithinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathave beateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemas conquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthe wayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Even beinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodo itmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshave done—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.’Fightingmeans killingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettling theirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumber oftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthasworn Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthat iswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourown agehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeople werekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfight andkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywehavegottothe stageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindaily life—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelike savages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceof menhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsare veryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientists reckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformof jellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;but therehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilized menforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficult tograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastof livingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofman worksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeen civilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeen littletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearn better.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemay estimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthe sungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutone hundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilized lifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthe wholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorging andgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohave donethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedone somethingelse.Intheauthor’sopinionthecountriesthatruledoveralargenumberofothercountriesare
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfor nuclearreactorshadaspillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonths lastyearandbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2006seriousenoughfor theNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannualreporttoCongress. Afteraninvestigationthecommissionchangedthetermsofthefactory’s licenseandsaidthepublichad20daystorequestahearingonthe changes.Butnomemberofthepubliceverdid.Infactno memberofthepubliccouldfindoutaboutthechanges.Thedocumentdescribing themincludingthenoticeofhearingrightsforanyonewhofeltadversely affectedwasstampedofficialuseonlymeaningthatitwasnotpublicly accessible.TheagencywouldnotevenhavetoldCongresswhich factorywasinvolvedwereitnotfortheeffortsofGregoryB.Jaczkooneof thefivecommissioners.Mr.JaczkoidentifiedthecompanyNuclearFuelServices ofErwinTenninamemorandumthatbecamepartofthepublicrecord.His memorandumsaidotherpublicdocumentswouldallowaninformedpersontodeduce thatthefactorybelongedtoNuclearFuelServices.Suchsecrecy bytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionisnowcomingunderattackbyinfluential membersofCongress.Theselawmakersarguethattheagencyiswithholding numerousdocumentsaboutnuclearfacilitiesinthenameofnationalsecurity butthatmanywithhelddocumentsarenotsensitive.Thelawmakerssaytheagency mustrebalanceitspenchantforsecrecywiththepublic’srighttoparticipate inthelicensingprocessanditsrighttoknowaboutpotentialhazards.The agencythecongressmensaidhasremovedhundredsofinnocuousdocuments relatingtotheN.F.S.plantfrompublicview.Witha resurgenceofnuclearplantconstructionexpectedaftera30-yearhiatusagency officialssayfrequentlythattheyaretryingtostrikeabalancebetween winningpublicconfidencebyregulatingopenlyandprotectingsensitive information.AcommissionspokesmanScottBurnellsaidtheofficialuseonly designationwasunderreview.Aslaidoutbythecommission’s reporttoCongressandothersourcestheeventattheNuclearFuelService factorywasdiscoveredwhenasupervisorsawayellowliquiddribblingundera doorandintoahallway.Workershadpreviouslydescribedayellowliquidina gloveboxasealedcontainerwithglovesbuiltintothesidestoallowa techniciantomanipulateobjectsinsidebutmanagershaddecideditwas ordinaryuranium.Infactitwashighlyenricheduraniumthathadbeen declaredsurplusfromtheweaponsinventoryoftheEnergyDepartmentand senttotheplanttobedilutedtoastrengthappropriateforacivilian reactor.Ifthematerialhadgonecriticalitislikelythatatleastone workerwouldhavereceivedanexposurehighenoughtocauseacutehealtheffects ordeaththecommissionsaid.GenerallytheNuclear RegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribenuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses. Butin2004accordingtothecommittee’slettertheOfficeofNavalReactors partoftheEnergyDepartmentreachedanagreementwiththecommissionthatany correspondencewithNuclearFuelServiceswouldbemarkedofficialuse only.Whydidnomemberofthepublicrequestanyhearing
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Mostplantscanmaketheirownfood fromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisan easierwaytoliveThousandsofplantspeciesgetby2 photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtoliveby pilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.But in4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeen tracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5 are6mycologistMartinBidartondoofthe UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.What theyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso 8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.The presenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9 athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhat manyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedto survive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydrates throughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave 12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13 networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththe forest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbminerals throughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally 16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplants sharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafew cheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18 theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19it intotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas payment.
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