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在图4-8所示的系统中，员工小郭要上Internet需要三层交换机、防火墙、路由器3台设备(每种设备赋予相同的可靠度)均正常运行。若要求整个系统可靠度为0.98，那么每一种设备的可靠度至少为_____...
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上海卷9分图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2—4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答[]内填图中标
图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2—4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答[]内填图中标号上填适当
为保证WebServer能正常对外提供服务还需要在图7-24所示的服务和端口选项卡中勾选7选项若要让
图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2—4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答[]内填图中标号上填适当
[说明] 某集团公司拥有多个大型连锁商场公司需要构建一个数据库系统便于管理其业务运作活动
图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2～4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答[]内填写图中标号___
09上海卷33.9分图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2—4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答[]
图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2－4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答［］内填图中标号____
[说明] 某集团公司拥有多个大型连锁商场公司需要构建一个数据库系统便于管理其业务运作活动
[说明] 某集团公司拥有多个大型连锁商场公司需要构建一个数据库系统便于管理其业务运作活动
【问题3】在图2-8所示的网络拓扑图中交换机Switch01Switch02与三层交换机之间A空缺处
【说明】电子商务公司AB的网络互联的拓扑结构图如图1-11所示其中各接入层交换机均为可远程web管理
某小商品城地上三层总建筑面积约79000m2在对其自动喷水灭火系统验收时拍下了图2所示的照片请分析
在图3-1所示的系统中员工小郭要上Internet需要三层交换机防火墙路由器3台设备每种设备赋予相
0.27
0.73
0.98
0.99
某公司设置VPN服务器允许外地的公司员工通过Internet连接到公司内部网络如图4-1所示[*]V
图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2—4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答[]内填图中标号上填适当
在图3-1所示的系统中员工小郭要上Internet需要三层交换机防火墙路由器3台设备每种设备赋予相
0.27
0.73
0.98
0.99
【问题4】 该图书馆无线阅览室的WLAN网搭建完成后读者小郭需要在该阅览室公告栏上查看无线网卡的相
【问题3】 在图2-8所示的网络拓扑图中交换机Switch01Switch02与三层交换机之间A空
图1是两种高等生物细胞亚显微结构模式图图2－4是图1中部分结构的放大据图回答［］内填图中标号____
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PriortotheUMLtherewasnoclearleading111language.Usershadtochoosefromamongmanysimilarmodelinglanguageswithminordifferencesinoverall112power.Mostofthemodelinglanguagessharedasetofcommonlyacceptedconceptsthatareexpressedslightlydifferentlyinvariouslanguages.Thislackof113discouragednewusersfromenteringtheOOmarketandfromdoingOOmodelingwithoutgreatlyexpandingthepowerofmodeling.Userslongedfortheindustrytoadoptoneoraveryfewbroadlysupportedmodelinglanguagessuitablefor114usage.SomevendorswerediscouragedfromenteringtheOOmodelingareabecauseoftheneedtosupportmanysimilarbutslightlydifferentmodelinglanguages.Inparticularthesupplyofadd-ontoolshasbeendepressedbecausesmallvendorscannotaffordtosupportmanydifferentformatsfrommanydifferent115modelingtools.ItisimportanttotheentireO0industrytoencouragebroadlybasedtoolsandvendorsaswellasnicheproductsthatcatertotheneedsofspecializedgroups.
Whenthesystemuponwhichatransportentityisrunningfailsandsubsequentlyrestartsthe136informationofallactiveconnectionsislost.Theaffectedconnectionsbecomehalf-openasthesidethatdidnotfaildoesnotyetrealizetheproblem.Thestillactivesideofahalf-openconnectionscanclosetheconnectionusinga137timer.Thistimermeasuresthetimethetransportmachinewillcontinuetoawaitan138ofatransmittedsegmentafterthesegmenthasbeenretransmittedthemaximumnumberoftimes.Whenthetimer139thetransportentityassumesthateithertheothertransportentityortheinterveningnetworkhasfailed.AsaresultthetimerclosestheconnectionandsignalsanabnormalclosetotheTSuser.Intheeventthatatransportentityfailsandquicklyrestartshalf-openconnectionscanbeterminatedmorequicklybytheuseoftheRSTsegmentthefailedsidereturnsanRSTitoeverysegmentithatitreceiveswhentheRSTireachestheothersideitmustbecheckedforvaliditybasedonthe140numberiastheRSTcouldbeinresponsetoanoldsegmentiftheresetisvalidthetransportentityperformsanabnormaltermination.
astuteserviceprovidersrealizethatthecontinuedsupportoflegacyX.25andasynchronousnetworkelementusingseparateoperationsnetworkiscost141.Forexamplethemaintenanceofmultiplenetworkscanrequireadditionalstaff.Oftenthisstaffmustbetrainedonmultiplevendortechnologiessometimesrequiringparallelgroupsspecializingineach142.Henceadditionalmaintenanceproceduresmustbemaintainedandadministrativerecordsare143.Theduplicationoftransportfacilitiestocarry144networktrafficisaninefficientuseofresources.Andnotsurprisinglymoretechnologiesinstalledinacentralofficemeansthenecessityformorephysicalspaceandanincreaseinpowerconnectionsandpowerconsumptionmigrationofthese145networkelementstoIP-basedDCnsisalogicalstrategy.
Duringthepastyearsintelligenttechnologyhasevolved116threegenerations.ThefirstwascharacterizedbytoolssuchasprologandOPS.prologisasimplebackward-chainingenvironmentandOPSisasimpleforward-chainingenvironment.Thisledtothesecondgenerationofknowledge-engineeringenvironments.Itsgoalwastomodelprototypeandconstruct117systems.Allthreegenerationswereorientedtowardgeneric118andrepresentedgeneralizedimplementationenvironmentsfortheconstructionofexpertsystems.knowledgebasesandAIapplications.Someofthesolution-orientedproductsarealsoseamlesslyintegratedwithgenericknowledge-engineeringenvironmentspermittingenduserstoadd119rulesandobjectsaswellaspredefinedknowledge-basedlogictoaddressproblemsinmanufacturingsimulation.Marketplaceorientationisrapidly120towardsolution-orientedintelligentproductenvironments.thefourthgenerationrepresentsanewlineofthinkingand’develop-meritbycommercialfu-ms.willreducethecostriskanddevelopmenttimeassociatedwithproblemsolving.
Withhundredsofmillionsofelectronic161takingplacedailybusinessesandorganizationshaveastrongincentivetoprotectthe162ofthedataexchangedinthismannerandtopositivelyensurethe163ofthoseinvolvedinthetransactions.Thishasledtoanindustry-widequestforbettermoresecuremethodsforcontrollingIToperationsandfordeployingstrongsecuritymechanismsdeeplyandbroadlythroughoutnetworkedinfrastructuresandclientdevices.Oneofthemoresuccessfulconceptstoengagetheimaginationsofthesecuritycommunityhasbeenthedevelopmentofstandards-basedsecurity164thatcanbeincorporatedinthehardwaredesignofclientcomputers.Theprincipleofencapsulatingcoresecuritycapabilitiesin165andintegratingsecurityprovisionsatthedeepestlevelsofthemachineoperationhassignificantbenefitsforbothusersandthoseresponsibleforsecuringIToperations.
Developingreliablesoftwareontimeandwithin106representsadifficultendeavorformanyorganizations.Usuallybusinesssolutionshavethreemainaspects:people107andtechnology.Themainreasonforfailingsoftwareprojectshaslittletodowith.technologyandtoolsandmuchtodowithlackofprocess108.Experiencehasshownthatintroducingnewtechnologyandtoolsinanimmatureorundisciplinedenvironmentislikelytoincreasethechaos.CASEtoolsarenotenough.Afoolwithatoolisstillafool!Structuredmethodwasthefirstwaveofthesoftwareindustry.Thiswasthebeginningoftransformingsoftwaredevelopmentfroma109industrytomassproduction.Softwareprocessmovementifthesecondwaveinthesoftwareindustry.Theprocessmaturitymovementpreparesthewayforthethirdwaveofthesoftwareindustry:softwareindustrialization.Softwaredevelopmentwillbecomelikeanassemblyandmanufacturingprocess.Acriticalenablingfactorisadisciplinedsoftwareengineeringprocesswithpredictablequality110andfunctionality.
SOXisanalternative156forXML.ItisusefulforreadingandcreatingXMLcontentina157editor.ItistheneasilytransformedintoproperXML.SOXwascreatedbecausedeveloperscanspendagreatdealoftimewithrawXML.FormanyofusthepopularXML158havenotreachedapointwheretheirtreeviewstablesandformscancompletelysubstitutefortheunderlying159language.ThisisnotsurprisingwhenoneconsidersthatdevelopersstilluseatextviewalbeitenhancedforeditingotherlanguagessuchasJava.SOXuses160torepresentthestructureofanXMLdocumentwhicheliminatestheneedforclosingtagsandanumberofquotingdevices.Theresultissurprisinglyclear.
OneofthedifficultiesinbuildinganSQL-likequerylanguagefortheWebistheabsenceofadatabase131forthishugeheterogeneousrepositoryofinformation.HoweverifweareinterestedinHTMLdocumentsonlywecanconstructavirtualschemafromtheimplicitstructureofthesefiles.Thusatthehighestlevelof132everysuchdocumentisidentifiedbyitsUniformResourceLocatorURLanda133andatext.AlsoWebseversprovidesomeadditionalinformationsuchasthetypelengthandthelastmodificationdateofadocument.SofordataminingpurposeswecanconsiderthesetofallHTMLdocumentsasarelation:DocumenturlrifletexttypelengthmodifWhereallthe134arecharacterstrings.Inthisframeworkanindividualdocumentisidentifiedwitha135inthisrelation.OfcourseifsomeoptionalinformationismissingfromtheHTMLdocumenttheassociatefieldswillbeleftblankbutthisisnotuncommoninanydatabase.
ActivityBasedCostingABCisan126techniquethatallowsanorganizationtodeterminetheactual127associatedwitheachproductandserviceproducedbytheorganizationwithoutregardtotheorganizationalstructure.ThischapterexplainssomeoftheusesandbenefitsofActivityBasedCosting.WeuseIDEFO128modelinginconjunctionwithABCtoenablemoreeffectivebusiness129designdecisions.InordertoachievethemajorgoalsofbusinessprocessimprovementprocesssimplificationandimprovementFAAmanagersneedtofullyunderstandthecosttimeandqualityofactivitiesperformedbyemployeesormachinesthroughoutanentireorganization.ABCmethodsenable130tocostoutmeasurementstobusinesssimplificationandprocessimprovement.
ActivityBasedCostingABCisan126techniquethatallowsanorganizationtodeterminetheactual127associatedwitheachproductandserviceproducedbytheorganizationwithoutregardtotheorganizationalstructure.ThischapterexplainssomeoftheusesandbenefitsofActivityBasedCosting.WeuseIDEFO128modelinginconjunctionwithABCtoenablemoreeffectivebusiness129designdecisions.InordertoachievethemajorgoalsofbusinessprocessimprovementprocesssimplificationandimprovementFAAmanagersneedtofullyunderstandthecosttimeandqualityofactivitiesperformedbyemployeesormachinesthroughoutanentireorganization.ABCmethodsenable130tocostoutmeasurementstobusinesssimplificationandprocessimprovement.
SOXisanalternative156forXML.ItisusefulforreadingandcreatingXMLcontentina157editor.ItistheneasilytransformedintoproperXML.SOXwascreatedbecausedeveloperscanspendagreatdealoftimewithrawXML.FormanyofusthepopularXML158havenotreachedapointwheretheirtreeviewstablesandformscancompletelysubstitutefortheunderlying159language.ThisisnotsurprisingwhenoneconsidersthatdevelopersstilluseatextviewalbeitenhancedforeditingotherlanguagessuchasJava.SOXuses160torepresentthestructureofanXMLdocumentwhicheliminatestheneedforclosingtagsandanumberofquotingdevices.Theresultissurprisinglyclear.
Duringthepastyearsintelligenttechnologyhasevolved116threegenerations.ThefirstwascharacterizedbytoolssuchasprologandOPS.prologisasimplebackward-chainingenvironmentandOPSisasimpleforward-chainingenvironment.Thisledtothesecondgenerationofknowledge-engineeringenvironments.Itsgoalwastomodelprototypeandconstruct117systems.Allthreegenerationswereorientedtowardgeneric118andrepresentedgeneralizedimplementationenvironmentsfortheconstructionofexpertsystems.knowledgebasesandAIapplications.Someofthesolution-orientedproductsarealsoseamlesslyintegratedwithgenericknowledge-engineeringenvironmentspermittingenduserstoadd119rulesandobjectsaswellaspredefinedknowledge-basedlogictoaddressproblemsinmanufacturingsimulation.Marketplaceorientationisrapidly120towardsolution-orientedintelligentproductenvironments.thefourthgenerationrepresentsanewlineofthinkingand’develop-meritbycommercialfu-ms.willreducethecostriskanddevelopmenttimeassociatedwithproblemsolving.
PriortotheUMLtherewasnoclearleading111language.Usershadtochoosefromamongmanysimilarmodelinglanguageswithminordifferencesinoverall112power.Mostofthemodelinglanguagessharedasetofcommonlyacceptedconceptsthatareexpressedslightlydifferentlyinvariouslanguages.Thislackof113discouragednewusersfromenteringtheOOmarketandfromdoingOOmodelingwithoutgreatlyexpandingthepowerofmodeling.Userslongedfortheindustrytoadoptoneoraveryfewbroadlysupportedmodelinglanguagessuitablefor114usage.SomevendorswerediscouragedfromenteringtheOOmodelingareabecauseoftheneedtosupportmanysimilarbutslightlydifferentmodelinglanguages.Inparticularthesupplyofadd-ontoolshasbeendepressedbecausesmallvendorscannotaffordtosupportmanydifferentformatsfrommanydifferent115modelingtools.ItisimportanttotheentireO0industrytoencouragebroadlybasedtoolsandvendorsaswellasnicheproductsthatcatertotheneedsofspecializedgroups.
OneofthedifficultiesinbuildinganSQL-likequerylanguagefortheWebistheabsenceofadatabase131forthishugeheterogeneousrepositoryofinformation.HoweverifweareinterestedinHTMLdocumentsonlywecanconstructavirtualschemafromtheimplicitstructureofthesefiles.Thusatthehighestlevelof132everysuchdocumentisidentifiedbyitsUniformResourceLocatorURLanda133andatext.AlsoWebseversprovidesomeadditionalinformationsuchasthetypelengthandthelastmodificationdateofadocument.SofordataminingpurposeswecanconsiderthesetofallHTMLdocumentsasarelation:DocumenturlrifletexttypelengthmodifWhereallthe134arecharacterstrings.Inthisframeworkanindividualdocumentisidentifiedwitha135inthisrelation.OfcourseifsomeoptionalinformationismissingfromtheHTMLdocumenttheassociatefieldswillbeleftblankbutthisisnotuncommoninanydatabase.
ActivityBasedCostingABCisan126techniquethatallowsanorganizationtodeterminetheactual127associatedwitheachproductandserviceproducedbytheorganizationwithoutregardtotheorganizationalstructure.ThischapterexplainssomeoftheusesandbenefitsofActivityBasedCosting.WeuseIDEFO128modelinginconjunctionwithABCtoenablemoreeffectivebusiness129designdecisions.InordertoachievethemajorgoalsofbusinessprocessimprovementprocesssimplificationandimprovementFAAmanagersneedtofullyunderstandthecosttimeandqualityofactivitiesperformedbyemployeesormachinesthroughoutanentireorganization.ABCmethodsenable130tocostoutmeasurementstobusinesssimplificationandprocessimprovement.
Whenthesystemuponwhichatransportentityisrunningfailsandsubsequentlyrestartsthe136informationofallactiveconnectionsislost.Theaffectedconnectionsbecomehalf-openasthesidethatdidnotfaildoesnotyetrealizetheproblem.Thestillactivesideofahalf-openconnectionscanclosetheconnectionusinga137timer.Thistimermeasuresthetimethetransportmachinewillcontinuetoawaitan138ofatransmittedsegmentafterthesegmenthasbeenretransmittedthemaximumnumberoftimes.Whenthetimer139thetransportentityassumesthateithertheothertransportentityortheinterveningnetworkhasfailed.AsaresultthetimerclosestheconnectionandsignalsanabnormalclosetotheTSuser.Intheeventthatatransportentityfailsandquicklyrestartshalf-openconnectionscanbeterminatedmorequicklybytheuseoftheRSTsegmentthefailedsidereturnsanRSTitoeverysegmentithatitreceiveswhentheRSTireachestheothersideitmustbecheckedforvaliditybasedonthe140numberiastheRSTcouldbeinresponsetoanoldsegmentiftheresetisvalidthetransportentityperformsanabnormaltermination.
WLANsareincreasinglypopularbecausetheyenablecost-effectiveconnectionsamongpeopleapplicationsanddatathatwerenotpossibleornotcost-effectiveinthepast.ForexampleWLAN-basedapplicationscanenablefine-grainedmanagementofsupplyanddistribution166toimprovetheirefficientyandreduce167.WLANscanalsoenableentirelynewbusinessprocesses.TocitebutoneexamplehospitalsareusingWLAN-enabledpoint-of-careapplicationstoreduceerrorsandimproveoverall168care.WLANmanagementsolutionsprovideavarietyofotherbenefitsthatcanbesubstantialbutdifficulttomeasure.Forexampletheycanprotectcorporatedatabypreventing169throughrogueaccesspoints.TheyhelpcontrolsalarycostsbyallowingITstaffstomanagelargernetworkswithoutaddingstaff.Andtheycanimproveoverallnetworkmananementbyintegratingwithcustomers’existingsystemssuchasOpenViewandUniCenter.Fortunatelyitisn’tnecessarytomeasurethesebenefitstojustifyinvestinginWLANmanagementsolutionswhichcanquicklypayforthemselvessimplybyminimizingtime-consuming170andadministrativechores.
Onestudyconductedbyapsychologist121ofinterviewingworkersbeforeandaftertheinstallationofarobot.Therobotwasusedtocontrolamatchingprocessofstampingandassemblingmetalparts.Priortoinstallationmuchoftheworkdonebyskilledmachinists.Afterinstallationtherobotdidtheworkbuttheworkerscontrolledtherobotthroughtherobotthroughacontrolpanel.Theresultsofthestudyindicatedthattheworkerspraisedtherobot122eliminatingthephysicallaborandfatigue123themanualoperationbutcomplainedofmoreandcontinuedstress.Priortoinstallationoftherobottherewastimefortalkingorshortperiodsofrelaxationbetweenjobs.Nowhoweverbecauseofthespeedoftherobottherewasaneedforconstantscanningandmonitoringoftheoperation124performedbytherobothastheinstallationoftherobotcreatedabetterworkenvironmentHasthechangefromphysicallabortomentalstressresultedinanimproved125oflifeMuchadditionalresearchisnecessary.
Microsoft’sCOMisasoftware146thatallowsapplicationstobebuiltfrombinarysoftwarecomponents.COMistheunderlyingarchitecturethatformsthefoundationforhigher-levelsoftwareserviceslikethoseprovidedbyOLE.COMdefinesabinarystandardforfunctioncallingbetweencomponentsawayforcomponentstodynamicallydiscovertheinterfacesimplementedbyothercomponentsandamechanismtoidentifycomponentsandtheirinterfacesuniquely.OLEisacompound147standarddevelopedbyMicrosoft.OLEmakesitpossibletocreate148withoneapplicationandlinkorembedtheminasecondapplication.Embeddedobjectsretaintheiroriginalformatand149totheapplicationthatcreatedthem.SupportforOLEisbuiltintotheWindowsandMacOSOperatingSystems.A150compounddocumentstandarddevelopedmainlybyAppleandIBMiscalledOpenDoc.
Whenthesystemuponwhichatransportentityisrunningfailsandsubsequentlyrestartsthe136informationofallactiveconnectionsislost.Theaffectedconnectionsbecomehalf-openasthesidethatdidnotfaildoesnotyetrealizetheproblem.Thestillactivesideofahalf-openconnectionscanclosetheconnectionusinga137timer.Thistimermeasuresthetimethetransportmachinewillcontinuetoawaitan138ofatransmittedsegmentafterthesegmenthasbeenretransmittedthemaximumnumberoftimes.Whenthetimer139thetransportentityassumesthateithertheothertransportentityortheinterveningnetworkhasfailed.AsaresultthetimerclosestheconnectionandsignalsanabnormalclosetotheTSuser.Intheeventthatatransportentityfailsandquicklyrestartshalf-openconnectionscanbeterminatedmorequicklybytheuseoftheRSTsegmentthefailedsidereturnsanRSTitoeverysegmentithatitreceiveswhentheRSTireachestheothersideitmustbecheckedforvaliditybasedonthe140numberiastheRSTcouldbeinresponsetoanoldsegmentiftheresetisvalidthetransportentityperformsanabnormaltermination.
Microsoft’sCOMisasoftware146thatallowsapplicationstobebuiltfrombinarysoftwarecomponents.COMistheunderlyingarchitecturethatformsthefoundationforhigher-levelsoftwareserviceslikethoseprovidedbyOLE.COMdefinesabinarystandardforfunctioncallingbetweencomponentsawayforcomponentstodynamicallydiscovertheinterfacesimplementedbyothercomponentsandamechanismtoidentifycomponentsandtheirinterfacesuniquely.OLEisacompound147standarddevelopedbyMicrosoft.OLEmakesitpossibletocreate148withoneapplicationandlinkorembedtheminasecondapplication.Embeddedobjectsretaintheiroriginalformatand149totheapplicationthatcreatedthem.SupportforOLEisbuiltintotheWindowsandMacOSOperatingSystems.A150compounddocumentstandarddevelopedmainlybyAppleandIBMiscalledOpenDoc.
astuteserviceprovidersrealizethatthecontinuedsupportoflegacyX.25andasynchronousnetworkelementusingseparateoperationsnetworkiscost141.Forexamplethemaintenanceofmultiplenetworkscanrequireadditionalstaff.Oftenthisstaffmustbetrainedonmultiplevendortechnologiessometimesrequiringparallelgroupsspecializingineach142.Henceadditionalmaintenanceproceduresmustbemaintainedandadministrativerecordsare143.Theduplicationoftransportfacilitiestocarry144networktrafficisaninefficientuseofresources.Andnotsurprisinglymoretechnologiesinstalledinacentralofficemeansthenecessityformorephysicalspaceandanincreaseinpowerconnectionsandpowerconsumptionmigrationofthese145networkelementstoIP-basedDCnsisalogicalstrategy.
Onestudyconductedbyapsychologist121ofinterviewingworkersbeforeandaftertheinstallationofarobot.Therobotwasusedtocontrolamatchingprocessofstampingandassemblingmetalparts.Priortoinstallationmuchoftheworkdonebyskilledmachinists.Afterinstallationtherobotdidtheworkbuttheworkerscontrolledtherobotthroughtherobotthroughacontrolpanel.Theresultsofthestudyindicatedthattheworkerspraisedtherobot122eliminatingthephysicallaborandfatigue123themanualoperationbutcomplainedofmoreandcontinuedstress.Priortoinstallationoftherobottherewastimefortalkingorshortperiodsofrelaxationbetweenjobs.Nowhoweverbecauseofthespeedoftherobottherewasaneedforconstantscanningandmonitoringoftheoperation124performedbytherobothastheinstallationoftherobotcreatedabetterworkenvironmentHasthechangefromphysicallabortomentalstressresultedinanimproved125oflifeMuchadditionalresearchisnecessary.
Microsoft’sCOMisasoftware146thatallowsapplicationstobebuiltfrombinarysoftwarecomponents.COMistheunderlyingarchitecturethatformsthefoundationforhigher-levelsoftwareserviceslikethoseprovidedbyOLE.COMdefinesabinarystandardforfunctioncallingbetweencomponentsawayforcomponentstodynamicallydiscovertheinterfacesimplementedbyothercomponentsandamechanismtoidentifycomponentsandtheirinterfacesuniquely.OLEisacompound147standarddevelopedbyMicrosoft.OLEmakesitpossibletocreate148withoneapplicationandlinkorembedtheminasecondapplication.Embeddedobjectsretaintheiroriginalformatand149totheapplicationthatcreatedthem.SupportforOLEisbuiltintotheWindowsandMacOSOperatingSystems.A150compounddocumentstandarddevelopedmainlybyAppleandIBMiscalledOpenDoc.
Withhundredsofmillionsofelectronic161takingplacedailybusinessesandorganizationshaveastrongincentivetoprotectthe162ofthedataexchangedinthismannerandtopositivelyensurethe163ofthoseinvolvedinthetransactions.Thishasledtoanindustry-widequestforbettermoresecuremethodsforcontrollingIToperationsandfordeployingstrongsecuritymechanismsdeeplyandbroadlythroughoutnetworkedinfrastructuresandclientdevices.Oneofthemoresuccessfulconceptstoengagetheimaginationsofthesecuritycommunityhasbeenthedevelopmentofstandards-basedsecurity164thatcanbeincorporatedinthehardwaredesignofclientcomputers.Theprincipleofencapsulatingcoresecuritycapabilitiesin165andintegratingsecurityprovisionsatthedeepestlevelsofthemachineoperationhassignificantbenefitsforbothusersandthoseresponsibleforsecuringIToperations.
Developingreliablesoftwareontimeandwithin106representsadifficultendeavorformanyorganizations.Usuallybusinesssolutionshavethreemainaspects:people107andtechnology.Themainreasonforfailingsoftwareprojectshaslittletodowith.technologyandtoolsandmuchtodowithlackofprocess108.Experiencehasshownthatintroducingnewtechnologyandtoolsinanimmatureorundisciplinedenvironmentislikelytoincreasethechaos.CASEtoolsarenotenough.Afoolwithatoolisstillafool!Structuredmethodwasthefirstwaveofthesoftwareindustry.Thiswasthebeginningoftransformingsoftwaredevelopmentfroma109industrytomassproduction.Softwareprocessmovementifthesecondwaveinthesoftwareindustry.Theprocessmaturitymovementpreparesthewayforthethirdwaveofthesoftwareindustry:softwareindustrialization.Softwaredevelopmentwillbecomelikeanassemblyandmanufacturingprocess.Acriticalenablingfactorisadisciplinedsoftwareengineeringprocesswithpredictablequality110andfunctionality.
Duringthepastyearsintelligenttechnologyhasevolved116threegenerations.ThefirstwascharacterizedbytoolssuchasprologandOPS.prologisasimplebackward-chainingenvironmentandOPSisasimpleforward-chainingenvironment.Thisledtothesecondgenerationofknowledge-engineeringenvironments.Itsgoalwastomodelprototypeandconstruct117systems.Allthreegenerationswereorientedtowardgeneric118andrepresentedgeneralizedimplementationenvironmentsfortheconstructionofexpertsystems.knowledgebasesandAIapplications.Someofthesolution-orientedproductsarealsoseamlesslyintegratedwithgenericknowledge-engineeringenvironmentspermittingenduserstoadd119rulesandobjectsaswellaspredefinedknowledge-basedlogictoaddressproblemsinmanufacturingsimulation.Marketplaceorientationisrapidly120towardsolution-orientedintelligentproductenvironments.thefourthgenerationrepresentsanewlineofthinkingand’develop-meritbycommercialfu-ms.willreducethecostriskanddevelopmenttimeassociatedwithproblemsolving.
VRMLisa151for3DmultimediaandsharedvirtualworldsontheWWW.IncomparisontoHTMLVRMLaddsthenextlevelofinteractionstructuredgraphicsandextra152zandtimetothepresentationofdocuments.TheapplicationsofVRMLare153rangingfromsimplebusinessgraphicstoentertainingWWWpagegraphicsmanufacturingscientificentertainmentandeducationalapplicationsand3Dsharedvirtualworldsandcommunities.X3DisthenameunderwhichthedevelopmentofVRMLiscontinued.X3DisbasedonXMLandisbackwards154withVRML.FurthermoreitiscomponentizedprofiledandextensiblewhichmakesitpossibletouseX3Dinverydifferent155fromhigh-endvisualizationstolightweightapplications.
SOXisanalternative156forXML.ItisusefulforreadingandcreatingXMLcontentina157editor.ItistheneasilytransformedintoproperXML.SOXwascreatedbecausedeveloperscanspendagreatdealoftimewithrawXML.FormanyofusthepopularXML158havenotreachedapointwheretheirtreeviewstablesandformscancompletelysubstitutefortheunderlying159language.ThisisnotsurprisingwhenoneconsidersthatdevelopersstilluseatextviewalbeitenhancedforeditingotherlanguagessuchasJava.SOXuses160torepresentthestructureofanXMLdocumentwhicheliminatestheneedforclosingtagsandanumberofquotingdevices.Theresultissurprisinglyclear.
VRMLisa151for3DmultimediaandsharedvirtualworldsontheWWW.IncomparisontoHTMLVRMLaddsthenextlevelofinteractionstructuredgraphicsandextra152zandtimetothepresentationofdocuments.TheapplicationsofVRMLare153rangingfromsimplebusinessgraphicstoentertainingWWWpagegraphicsmanufacturingscientificentertainmentandeducationalapplicationsand3Dsharedvirtualworldsandcommunities.X3DisthenameunderwhichthedevelopmentofVRMLiscontinued.X3DisbasedonXMLandisbackwards154withVRML.FurthermoreitiscomponentizedprofiledandextensiblewhichmakesitpossibletouseX3Dinverydifferent155fromhigh-endvisualizationstolightweightapplications.
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