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可降低双香豆素抗凝作用的药物是
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抗凝作用最强最快的药物是
肝素
双香豆素
苄丙酮香豆素
噻氯匹啶
链激酶
可降低双香豆素抗凝作用的药物是
乙酰水杨酸（阿司匹林）
保泰松
广谱抗生素
苯巴比妥
链激酶
下列药物中可增强双香豆素类抗凝剂抗凝作用的是
保泰松
甲硝唑
西咪替丁
广谱抗生素
巴比妥类药物
抗凝作用最强最快的药物是
肝素
双香豆素
醋硝香豆素
噻氯匹啶
链激酶
可降低香豆素类抗凝作用的药物是
阿司匹林
保泰松
广谱抗生素
甲磺丁脲
苯妥英钠
抗凝作用最强最快的药物是
肝素
双香豆素
苄丙酮香豆素
噻氯匹啶
新抗凝
可降低双香豆素抗凝作用的药物是
保泰松
广谱抗生素
乙酰水杨酸
苯巴比妥
链激酶
可降低双香豆素抗凝作用的药物是
广谱抗生素
阿司匹林
苯巴比妥
氯贝丁酯
保泰松
可降低香豆素类抗凝作用的药物是
阿司匹林
保泰松
氯贝丁酯
甲硝唑
苯妥英钠
可降低双香豆素抗凝作用的药物是
保泰松
广谱抗生素
阿司匹林
苯巴比妥
链激酶
可降低香豆素类抗凝作用的药物是
阿司匹林
保泰松
广谱抗生素
甲磺丁脲
苯妥英钠
可降低双香豆素抗凝作用的药物是
广谱抗生素
阿司匹林
苯巴比妥
水合氯醛
保泰松
可降低双香豆素抗凝作用的药物是
广谱抗生素
阿司匹林
苯巴比妥
氯贝丁酯
保泰松
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Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofnuclearfusionfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsScientistssaytheyhaveachievedsmall-scalenuclearfusioninatabletopexperimentusingtriedandtruetechniquesthatareexpectedtogeneratefarlesscontroversythanpastsuchclaims.Thislatestexperimentreliedonatinycrystaltogenerateastrongelectricfield.WhiletheenergycreatedwastoosmalltoharnesscheapfusionpowerthetechniquecouldhavepotentialusesinmedicinespacecraftpropulsiontheoildrillingindustryandhomelandsecuritysaidSethPuttermanaphysicistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.PuttermanandhiscolleaguesatUCLABrianNaranjoandJimGimzewskireporttheirresultsinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.41.HelduptoridiculePreviousclaimsoftabletopfusionhavebeenmetwithskepticismandevenderisionbyphysicists.42.SoundtheoreticalbasisFusionexpertssaidtheUCLAexperimentwillfacefarlessskepticismbecauseitconformstowell-knownprinciplesofphysics.43.EnergyinwaitingFusionpowerhasbeentoutedastheultimateenergysourceandacleaneralternativetofossilfuelslikecoalandoil.Fossilfuelsareexpectedtorunshortinabout50years.44.ProcessoffusionIntheUCLAexperimentscientistsplacedatinycrystalthatcangenerateastrongelectricfieldintoavacuumchamberfilledwithdeuteriumgasaformofhydrogencapableoffusion.Thentheresearchersactivatedthecrystalbyheatingit.45.CommercialusesUCLA’sPuttermansaidfutureexperimentswillfocusonrefiningthetechniqueforpotentialcommercialusesincludingdesigningportableneutrongeneratorsthatcouldbeusedforoilwelldrillingorscanningluggageandcargoatairports.IntheNaturereportPuttermanandhiscolleaguessaidthecrystal-basedmethodcouldbeusedin"microthrustersforminiaturespacecraft."InsuchanapplicationthemethodwouldnotrelyonnuclearfusionforpowergenerationbutratheronionpropulsionPuttermansaid."Aswildasitisthatsaconservativeapplication"hesaid. [A]Infusionlightatomsarejoinedinahigh-temperatureprocessthatfreeslargeamountsofenergy.Itisconsideredenvironmentallyfriendlybecauseitproducesvirtuallynoairpollutionanddoesnotposethesafetyandlong-termradioactivewasteconcernsassociatedwithmodernnuclearpowerplantswhereheavyuraniumatomsaresplittocreateenergyinaprocessknownasfission. [B]Theresultingelectricfieldcreatedabeamofchargeddeuteriumatomsthatstruckanearbytargetwhichwasembeddedwithyetmoredeuterium.Whensomeofthedeuteriumatomsinthebeamcollidedwiththeircounterpartsinthetargettheyfused.Thereactiongaveoffanisotopeofheliumalongwithsubatomicparticlesknounasneutronsacharacteristicoffusion.Theexperimentdidnothoweverproducemoreenergythantheamountputin--anachievementthatwouldbeahugebreakthrough. [C]Anothertechniqueknownassonoluminescencegeneratesheatthroughthecollapseoftinybubblesinaliquid.Somescientistsclaimthatnuclearfusionoccursduringthereactionbutthoseclaimshavesparkedsharpdebate. [D]InaNaturecommentaryMichaelSaltmarshoftheOakRidgeNationalLaboratorysaidtheprocesswasinsomeways"remarkablylow-tech"drawinguponprinciplesthatwerefirstrecordedbytheGreekphilosopherTheophrastusin314B.C.."Thisdoesn’thaveanycontroversyinitbecausethey’reusingatriedandtruemethod"DavidRuzicprofessorofnuclearandplasmaengineeringattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaigntoldTheAssociatedPress."There’snomysteryintermsofthephysics." [E]InoneofthemostnotablecasesDr.B.StanleyPonsoftheUniversityofUtahandMartinFleischmannofSouthamptonUniversityinEnglandshockedtheworldin1989whentheyannouncedthattheyhadachievedso-calledcoldfusionatroomtemperature.Theirworkwasdiscreditedafterrepeatedattemptstoreproduceitfailed. [F]Thetechnologyalsocouldconceivablygiverisetoimplantableradiationsourceswhichcouldtargetcancercellswhileminimizingdamagetohealthytissue."Youcouldbringatinycrystalintothebodyplaceitnexttoatumorturnontheradiationandblastthetumor"PuttermantoldMSNBC.com. 45
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrancewaningprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.InaprosperouscommunityontheotherhandpolitesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrichandinEnglandtherehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemannersappropriatetotheirnewwayoflife.Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements=basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificialoptionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentstosaywomenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationforweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzaniatheyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEnglanduntilaboutacenturyagoyoungchildrendidnotsitintheirparents’presencewithoutaskingpermission.Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociallifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesofotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionoftheforketiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossiblebeforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuseetiquettesuggestedthatafterspittingapersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuouslyunderfoot.Extremelyrefinedbehaviorhowevercultivatedasanartofgraciouslivinghasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisurewhichadmittedwomenasthesocialequalsofmen.AfterthefallofRomethefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivateliftinaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvenceinFrance.Provencehadbecomewealthy.Theloadshadreturnedtotheircastlesfromthecrusadesandtheretheidealsofchivalrygrewupwhichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenanddemandedthataknightshouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisvaliantdeedsthoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionoftheconceptofromanticlovewhichwastoinfluenceliteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninadebasedforminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnovelstoday. Theidealsofchivalrydemandedthat
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Text4InapplyingtheOptimumCurrencyAreaOCAframeworktheconsensusthatEastAsiapresentsasgoodacandidateformonetaryintegrationasEuropeisgenerallyarrivedat.HoweveritcanbeobservedthatOCAframeworkhadonlyaninsignificantparttoplayinthedecisiontopasstheEuropeMonetaryUnionEMUittendstobeovershadowedbypoliticalsentiments.ThusthecentralquestiononthepossibilityofanAsianMonetaryUnionliesnotinitssatisfactionoftheOCAcriteriabutwhetherthepoliticalresolvetoachievesuchaunionisexistent.UnfortunatelyitappearsthatthepoliticalclimateofEastAsiaisnotfavorabletowardssuchaunionatpresentandisunlikelytoundergomuchpositivealterationinthenearfuture.ThusthemanifestationofanAsianMonetaryUnionisunlikelyintheforeseeablefutureasthepoliticalresolvetobringthisaboutisevidentlylacking.HowevertodismissoutrightthepossibilityofcreationofanEastAsianmonetaryunionwouldbepresumptuous.EventhoughthepoliticalclimateinEastAsiadoesnotappeartobereadyforsuchanundertakingasyetitcannotbedeniedthatintegrativeandcooperativeinitiativeshaveindeedmademuchpositiveprogress.Althoughthestateofpan-AsianinstitutionsisnowherecomparablewithneededtoengineertheEMUhoweverEastAsiaistakingdefinitestepstowardsregionalcooperation.Thusitwouldbehastytosimplywriteofftheprospectsofsuchaunion.TheroadtoEastAsiamaybelongandfraughtwithobstaclesbutitisnotimpossible.Onlywithvisionaryleadershipwhichlooksbeyondregionalpoliticalsensitivitiesandrivalriestorecognizetheeconomicimperativeandpromiseofsuchamonetaryunioncanithavehopesofmaterialization.EastAsianleadersunwillingtoundertakemonetaryunificationduetofearsofthelossofpoliticalsovereigntywhichitwouldentailshouldbemorefarsightedandrecognizethatinthepresentagesovereigntyisnolongerabsoluteasglobalizationacceleratesandincreasinglyblursthelinesofnationalboundaries.Sovereigntyisnotcompletelylostasnationswillstillbeabletoinfluencedecision-makingthroughtheunionbutasonevoiceamongstallothermembers.FurthermoremisgivingsabouttheprospectsofAsianmonetaryunificationbasedonthegroundsthatEastAsiannationsareatverydifferentstagesofeconomicdevelopmentwithdiversestructureofeconomyshouldlooktowardsthemonetaryunionbetweenSingaporeandBruneiwhichhasendureddespiteitsmembers’vastdissimilarity.ThuscurrenteconomicdisparitiesshouldnotproveinsurmountabletoanEastAsianmonetaryunionprovidedregulatoryandfiscalreformscriticaltosoundandsustainableeconomicgrowtharedevelopedalongsidemonetaryunification.IntheprevioussectionaproposalwhichsuggestsgradualstepstowardsAsianmonetaryunificationismappedoutbyfirstachievingsmallermonetaryunionsinsteadofanAsian-widemonetaryunion.InthiswaythevasteconomicdisparityacrossAsiaisbreachedgraduallyasopposedtotacklingitinitsentiretywiththeultimateaimofanEastAsianwidemonetaryunion. Theunderlinedwordbreachedinthelastsentenceofthetextcouldbestbereplacedby
Text3ItisbecauseofhisplaysthatShakespeareisnowconsideredthegreatestEnglishwriterinhistory.TheerainwhichhelivedElizabethanEnglandwasatimeinwhichbroadinterestsandcreativitycouldflourish.Elizabeththequeenwasbelovedbyhersubjectsandprovedtobeapowerfulandableruler.UnderthereignofElizabethEnglandchangedfromanislandkingdomtoanexpandingempire.Englandgrewrichthroughtrade.Sixteenth-centuryEnglishmentraveledtotheNewWorldandtoAfrica.Musicdancepoetrypaintingandarchitectureflourished;buttheartforminwhichElizabethanEnglanddistinguishedtherestofEuropewasthetheater.ThetheaterwhichhadpracticallydisappearedfromEuropewasatthistimereceivedasapartofthechurchservice.Laternolongerasapartoftheservicethe"mysteryplays"respondedtopopulartastebyaddingmoreandmorecomicelements.InEnglandtheyweresponsoredbyvarioustradeguildsandpresentedonstagewagonsthatwentfromplacetoplace.Whenthemysteryplaysbegantolosetheirappealtheywerereplacedby"morality"playswhichalwaystaughtamoral.InRenaissanceEnglandwriterswereparticularlyinterestedinclassicaltextssuchasLatinandGreekplays.SchoolsanduniversitiesbegantoproducecomediesandtragediesbyPlatusTerenceandSeneca.Shakespearewaswellacquaintedwithclassicalhumanitiesandclassicaltragediesandcomediesoftenservedasmodelsinhisowndrama.ARenaissancemanShakespeare’sinterestwentbeyondbooklearningtopracticalknowledgeofmilitarystrategyseafaringbusinessaffairsandthenewgeographicaldiscoveriesallevidentinhisplays.Companiesofstrollingplayswhichhadspecializedinmoralityplaysrespondedtothechangebystagingnewplays.ProfessionalactorswhohadbeenviewedbyEnglishsocietyaslittlebetterthanvagrantsorcriminalsgraduallycameundertheprotectionofthenobility.Licensedtheatercompanieswereformed;Shakespearebelongedtooneofthosewhereinadditiontohiswritingheacquiredawideexperienceinactingandtheatermanagement.Thetheatergrewinpopularityandpublictheaterswerebuiltnotinsidethecitylimitsbutjustoutsidealongwithotherplacesofentertainment.TheatersinElizabethanEnglandwerepatronizedbyallsocialclasses.TheGlobeTheaterbuiltin1599wheremanyofShakespeare’splayswereperformedhadaplatformstagejuttingoutintoacentralcourtyard.Theaudiencestayaroundthreesidesofthisplatformthelower-classwhoeachpaidapennyinthepitandthewealthierspectatorsinthegalleriesabove.Theorchestrawasonstageasmusicwasusuallyasignificantpartoftheproduction.Indeedthecostumesscenerysingingplayinganddancingaswellasactingwasessentialtothetotalshow.Therewasnolightinghoweverplayswereperformedintheafternoon.Shakespeareknewhisaudience:histheaterisaddressednotjusttotheeducatedbuttoallclassesofsociety. Shakespeare'splayswere
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text4InapplyingtheOptimumCurrencyAreaOCAframeworktheconsensusthatEastAsiapresentsasgoodacandidateformonetaryintegrationasEuropeisgenerallyarrivedat.HoweveritcanbeobservedthatOCAframeworkhadonlyaninsignificantparttoplayinthedecisiontopasstheEuropeMonetaryUnionEMUittendstobeovershadowedbypoliticalsentiments.ThusthecentralquestiononthepossibilityofanAsianMonetaryUnionliesnotinitssatisfactionoftheOCAcriteriabutwhetherthepoliticalresolvetoachievesuchaunionisexistent.UnfortunatelyitappearsthatthepoliticalclimateofEastAsiaisnotfavorabletowardssuchaunionatpresentandisunlikelytoundergomuchpositivealterationinthenearfuture.ThusthemanifestationofanAsianMonetaryUnionisunlikelyintheforeseeablefutureasthepoliticalresolvetobringthisaboutisevidentlylacking.HowevertodismissoutrightthepossibilityofcreationofanEastAsianmonetaryunionwouldbepresumptuous.EventhoughthepoliticalclimateinEastAsiadoesnotappeartobereadyforsuchanundertakingasyetitcannotbedeniedthatintegrativeandcooperativeinitiativeshaveindeedmademuchpositiveprogress.Althoughthestateofpan-AsianinstitutionsisnowherecomparablewithneededtoengineertheEMUhoweverEastAsiaistakingdefinitestepstowardsregionalcooperation.Thusitwouldbehastytosimplywriteofftheprospectsofsuchaunion.TheroadtoEastAsiamaybelongandfraughtwithobstaclesbutitisnotimpossible.Onlywithvisionaryleadershipwhichlooksbeyondregionalpoliticalsensitivitiesandrivalriestorecognizetheeconomicimperativeandpromiseofsuchamonetaryunioncanithavehopesofmaterialization.EastAsianleadersunwillingtoundertakemonetaryunificationduetofearsofthelossofpoliticalsovereigntywhichitwouldentailshouldbemorefarsightedandrecognizethatinthepresentagesovereigntyisnolongerabsoluteasglobalizationacceleratesandincreasinglyblursthelinesofnationalboundaries.Sovereigntyisnotcompletelylostasnationswillstillbeabletoinfluencedecision-makingthroughtheunionbutasonevoiceamongstallothermembers.FurthermoremisgivingsabouttheprospectsofAsianmonetaryunificationbasedonthegroundsthatEastAsiannationsareatverydifferentstagesofeconomicdevelopmentwithdiversestructureofeconomyshouldlooktowardsthemonetaryunionbetweenSingaporeandBruneiwhichhasendureddespiteitsmembers’vastdissimilarity.ThuscurrenteconomicdisparitiesshouldnotproveinsurmountabletoanEastAsianmonetaryunionprovidedregulatoryandfiscalreformscriticaltosoundandsustainableeconomicgrowtharedevelopedalongsidemonetaryunification.IntheprevioussectionaproposalwhichsuggestsgradualstepstowardsAsianmonetaryunificationismappedoutbyfirstachievingsmallermonetaryunionsinsteadofanAsian-widemonetaryunion.InthiswaythevasteconomicdisparityacrossAsiaisbreachedgraduallyasopposedtotacklingitinitsentiretywiththeultimateaimofanEastAsianwidemonetaryunion. Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestindicatetheauthor'sattitude
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsThroughnecessityJapanhasadoptedthebicycleasanessentialcomponentoftransportation.Theislandnation’slimitedgeographyhighdensityandlackofpetroleummakesitanideallocationforsmallefficientbicycles.46ThedestructionofJapan’sinfrastructureduringthesecondworldwarforcedcitizenstoemploynon-motorizedmeansoftransportationuntilthenation’shighspeedrailwaysweredevelopedinthe1950s.WithrenewedinfrastructureinplacetheJapanesewerequicktorejectbicyclinganditspost-warreconstructionconnotationsandtooktoridingcollectorbusestoandfromrailwaystations.Thebussystembegantobeoverburdenedinthelate1960sandridersbegantofindthesystemslowexpensiveandinconvenient.47Thedisincentivesofbustravelandsurgingenvironmentalconcernsassociatedwithmotorizedtravelinitiatedashiftinpublicopinioninfavorofbicyclingandbikeownershipbegantogrowat10%annually.BicyclesinundatedrailwaystationsandcausedabikepollutionproblemincitingtheMinistryofTransportationandMinistryofConstructiontotakeactionandbuild22000bicycleparkingspacesin1973.Japanesebikeownershipdoubledbetween1975and1977demandingadditionalconstructionprojectsin1978.TheJapanesegovernmentrecognizedthatbiketravelwasfavorabletoothermodesoftransportformanyreasons.Bikingrequiresnopetroleumandcyclistsconsumeonly32caloriespermilecomparedtoautomobiles’1800cal/mdemand.Cyclists’respirationcontributeascant2gramsofcarbondioxideperpassengermilewhilesingle-occupancyautomobileemits85Co2gramspermile.48Ontheroadeightcyclistscanoccupythespaceneededforoneautomobileandwhenstoppedtwentybikescanbeparkedwherethereisspaceforjustoneautomobile.Theseadvantagespromptedthegovernmenttoconsiderotherwaystopromotebiketravelincludingconsiderableurbandesignchangesandtheadditionof37000milesofbike/pedestrianpathwaysduringthe1970s.Fromanenergypollutionanddensitystandpointthebicycleismoreefficientthatanyothermodeofshort-triptravel.49Becausecommutersarereluctanttopedalmorethanaboutfourmilesrailwaystationsarelocatednearresidentialareastothatcommuterswillbewillingtopedaltothenearesttrainstop;innovationsinhigh-densitybicycleparkingofferstravelersinthebusieststationssafefullyautomatedmechanicalstoragefacilities.Constructionofthemostexpensivefacilitiescost$2000perbikecomparedto$4000to$18000forasingleautomobileparkingspaceintheUnitedStates.50Japaneseinvestmentsinbicycleinfrastructureareoffsetbysavingsinsubsidizedbussystemsasbicyclegrowthhassurpassedbusridershipgrowth;atsomerailwaystationsmorethan50%ofcommutersarrivebybike. Becausecommutersarereluctanttopedalmorethanaboutfourmilesrailwaystationsarelocatednearresidentialareastothatcommuterswillbewillingtopedaltothenearesttrainstop;innovationsinhigh-densitybicycleparkingofferstravelersinthebusieststationssafefullyautomatedmechanicalstoragefacilities.
Text3ItisbecauseofhisplaysthatShakespeareisnowconsideredthegreatestEnglishwriterinhistory.TheerainwhichhelivedElizabethanEnglandwasatimeinwhichbroadinterestsandcreativitycouldflourish.Elizabeththequeenwasbelovedbyhersubjectsandprovedtobeapowerfulandableruler.UnderthereignofElizabethEnglandchangedfromanislandkingdomtoanexpandingempire.Englandgrewrichthroughtrade.Sixteenth-centuryEnglishmentraveledtotheNewWorldandtoAfrica.Musicdancepoetrypaintingandarchitectureflourished;buttheartforminwhichElizabethanEnglanddistinguishedtherestofEuropewasthetheater.ThetheaterwhichhadpracticallydisappearedfromEuropewasatthistimereceivedasapartofthechurchservice.Laternolongerasapartoftheservicethe"mysteryplays"respondedtopopulartastebyaddingmoreandmorecomicelements.InEnglandtheyweresponsoredbyvarioustradeguildsandpresentedonstagewagonsthatwentfromplacetoplace.Whenthemysteryplaysbegantolosetheirappealtheywerereplacedby"morality"playswhichalwaystaughtamoral.InRenaissanceEnglandwriterswereparticularlyinterestedinclassicaltextssuchasLatinandGreekplays.SchoolsanduniversitiesbegantoproducecomediesandtragediesbyPlatusTerenceandSeneca.Shakespearewaswellacquaintedwithclassicalhumanitiesandclassicaltragediesandcomediesoftenservedasmodelsinhisowndrama.ARenaissancemanShakespeare’sinterestwentbeyondbooklearningtopracticalknowledgeofmilitarystrategyseafaringbusinessaffairsandthenewgeographicaldiscoveriesallevidentinhisplays.Companiesofstrollingplayswhichhadspecializedinmoralityplaysrespondedtothechangebystagingnewplays.ProfessionalactorswhohadbeenviewedbyEnglishsocietyaslittlebetterthanvagrantsorcriminalsgraduallycameundertheprotectionofthenobility.Licensedtheatercompanieswereformed;Shakespearebelongedtooneofthosewhereinadditiontohiswritingheacquiredawideexperienceinactingandtheatermanagement.Thetheatergrewinpopularityandpublictheaterswerebuiltnotinsidethecitylimitsbutjustoutsidealongwithotherplacesofentertainment.TheatersinElizabethanEnglandwerepatronizedbyallsocialclasses.TheGlobeTheaterbuiltin1599wheremanyofShakespeare’splayswereperformedhadaplatformstagejuttingoutintoacentralcourtyard.Theaudiencestayaroundthreesidesofthisplatformthelower-classwhoeachpaidapennyinthepitandthewealthierspectatorsinthegalleriesabove.Theorchestrawasonstageasmusicwasusuallyasignificantpartoftheproduction.Indeedthecostumesscenerysingingplayinganddancingaswellasactingwasessentialtothetotalshow.Therewasnolightinghoweverplayswereperformedintheafternoon.Shakespeareknewhisaudience:histheaterisaddressednotjusttotheeducatedbuttoallclassesofsociety. WhichofthefollowingisnottrueabouttheElizabethanEngland
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text2OncefreeofEtruscandominationtheRomansdevelopedaRepublicanformofgovernmentwhichlasteduntilthefirstcenturyBCandprovidedimportantcontinuityforRomaninstitutions.Themotto"S.P.Q.R."--SenatusPopulusgueRomanus"TheRomanSenateandPeople"reflectedthephilosophyoftheearlyRomanpoliticalandsocialorderandremainedthewatchwordofRomansocietyuntilImperialtimes.Itmeantthatsovereigntyrestedinthepeoplethemselvesandnotinanyparticulargovernmentalform.YetinmanywaystheRomanRepublicfunctionedasademocracy.Decisionsaffectingsocietyweremadeataseriesofassemblieswhichallcitizensattendedtoexpresstheirwill.TheSenateontheotherhandconductedthebusinessofgovernmentincludingthepassageoflegislationandthesupervisionofelectedmagistrates.OverthecenturiesthegreatestissuesaffectingRomansocietywereplayedoutasdramascreatedbytensionsbetweenpeopleandSenate.TheSenateitselfwasanhereditaryinstitutioncomprisinganassemblyofheads-patres-ofoldpatricianfamiliesandlaterwealthymembersofthecitizenry-plebs.Thethreehundredmembersthereforerepresentedoldandnewmoneypowerandsocialinterest.Itwasaself-renewingoligarchy.Thetwomostimportantofficerswhoruledthestateweretheconsulselectedbytherepresentativeassembliesforone-yeartermsattheendofwhichtheybecamemembersoftheSenate.InRometherichruledviatheSenate.Thegeneralcitizenrywerelittlemorethanpeasants.BythethirdcenturyBCthedivisionbetweenaristocratandpeasanthadwidenedappreciably-theformergrowinginrichesandthelattersinkingfurtherandfurtherintopoverty.Yettheconstitutionalframe-workoftheRepublicheldthesmallRomansocialordertogetherwardingoffrevolutionpermittingchangeandprovidingthebodypoliticwithreasonablywell-trainedleaderswhoknewhowaboveallelsetokeeptheRepublicfunctioningandalive.ItwasinfacttheinternalstabilityoftheRepublicwhichmadeexpansionpossiblebringingaboutthenextphaseofRomanhistory.Romanexpansionwasbasedonmilitaryconquest.VerylittlecommerceandindustryexistedinRomeunlikeAthensandthequalityoflifeinRomecametodependdirectlyuponthewealthofconqueredregionsbroughtbacktoRomeasspoilsofmilitaryvictory.BythemiddleofthesecondcenturyBCRomehadconqueredCarthageinNorthAfricaandCorinthinAsiaMinorandhadthusassumedapositionofpoliticaldominanceintheHellenisticworld.TheinternationalizationofcultureevidentinHellenictimesincreasedfurtherundertheRomans.LaterRomewouldextenditscontrolthroughoutEuropeandeventuallytotheBritishIsles. Whatdoesthewordpatricianmeaninthesecondsentenceofthesecondparagraph
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsThroughnecessityJapanhasadoptedthebicycleasanessentialcomponentoftransportation.Theislandnation’slimitedgeographyhighdensityandlackofpetroleummakesitanideallocationforsmallefficientbicycles.46ThedestructionofJapan’sinfrastructureduringthesecondworldwarforcedcitizenstoemploynon-motorizedmeansoftransportationuntilthenation’shighspeedrailwaysweredevelopedinthe1950s.WithrenewedinfrastructureinplacetheJapanesewerequicktorejectbicyclinganditspost-warreconstructionconnotationsandtooktoridingcollectorbusestoandfromrailwaystations.Thebussystembegantobeoverburdenedinthelate1960sandridersbegantofindthesystemslowexpensiveandinconvenient.47Thedisincentivesofbustravelandsurgingenvironmentalconcernsassociatedwithmotorizedtravelinitiatedashiftinpublicopinioninfavorofbicyclingandbikeownershipbegantogrowat10%annually.BicyclesinundatedrailwaystationsandcausedabikepollutionproblemincitingtheMinistryofTransportationandMinistryofConstructiontotakeactionandbuild22000bicycleparkingspacesin1973.Japanesebikeownershipdoubledbetween1975and1977demandingadditionalconstructionprojectsin1978.TheJapanesegovernmentrecognizedthatbiketravelwasfavorabletoothermodesoftransportformanyreasons.Bikingrequiresnopetroleumandcyclistsconsumeonly32caloriespermilecomparedtoautomobiles’1800cal/mdemand.Cyclists’respirationcontributeascant2gramsofcarbondioxideperpassengermilewhilesingle-occupancyautomobileemits85Co2gramspermile.48Ontheroadeightcyclistscanoccupythespaceneededforoneautomobileandwhenstoppedtwentybikescanbeparkedwherethereisspaceforjustoneautomobile.Theseadvantagespromptedthegovernmenttoconsiderotherwaystopromotebiketravelincludingconsiderableurbandesignchangesandtheadditionof37000milesofbike/pedestrianpathwaysduringthe1970s.Fromanenergypollutionanddensitystandpointthebicycleismoreefficientthatanyothermodeofshort-triptravel.49Becausecommutersarereluctanttopedalmorethanaboutfourmilesrailwaystationsarelocatednearresidentialareastothatcommuterswillbewillingtopedaltothenearesttrainstop;innovationsinhigh-densitybicycleparkingofferstravelersinthebusieststationssafefullyautomatedmechanicalstoragefacilities.Constructionofthemostexpensivefacilitiescost$2000perbikecomparedto$4000to$18000forasingleautomobileparkingspaceintheUnitedStates.50Japaneseinvestmentsinbicycleinfrastructureareoffsetbysavingsinsubsidizedbussystemsasbicyclegrowthhassurpassedbusridershipgrowth;atsomerailwaystationsmorethan50%ofcommutersarrivebybike. Thedisincentivesofbustravelandsurgingenvironmentalconcernsassociatedwithmotorizedtravelinitiatedashiftinpublicopinioninfavorofbicyclingandbikeownershipbegantogrowat10%annually.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text2OncefreeofEtruscandominationtheRomansdevelopedaRepublicanformofgovernmentwhichlasteduntilthefirstcenturyBCandprovidedimportantcontinuityforRomaninstitutions.Themotto"S.P.Q.R."--SenatusPopulusgueRomanus"TheRomanSenateandPeople"reflectedthephilosophyoftheearlyRomanpoliticalandsocialorderandremainedthewatchwordofRomansocietyuntilImperialtimes.Itmeantthatsovereigntyrestedinthepeoplethemselvesandnotinanyparticulargovernmentalform.YetinmanywaystheRomanRepublicfunctionedasademocracy.Decisionsaffectingsocietyweremadeataseriesofassemblieswhichallcitizensattendedtoexpresstheirwill.TheSenateontheotherhandconductedthebusinessofgovernmentincludingthepassageoflegislationandthesupervisionofelectedmagistrates.OverthecenturiesthegreatestissuesaffectingRomansocietywereplayedoutasdramascreatedbytensionsbetweenpeopleandSenate.TheSenateitselfwasanhereditaryinstitutioncomprisinganassemblyofheads-patres-ofoldpatricianfamiliesandlaterwealthymembersofthecitizenry-plebs.Thethreehundredmembersthereforerepresentedoldandnewmoneypowerandsocialinterest.Itwasaself-renewingoligarchy.Thetwomostimportantofficerswhoruledthestateweretheconsulselectedbytherepresentativeassembliesforone-yeartermsattheendofwhichtheybecamemembersoftheSenate.InRometherichruledviatheSenate.Thegeneralcitizenrywerelittlemorethanpeasants.BythethirdcenturyBCthedivisionbetweenaristocratandpeasanthadwidenedappreciably-theformergrowinginrichesandthelattersinkingfurtherandfurtherintopoverty.Yettheconstitutionalframe-workoftheRepublicheldthesmallRomansocialordertogetherwardingoffrevolutionpermittingchangeandprovidingthebodypoliticwithreasonablywell-trainedleaderswhoknewhowaboveallelsetokeeptheRepublicfunctioningandalive.ItwasinfacttheinternalstabilityoftheRepublicwhichmadeexpansionpossiblebringingaboutthenextphaseofRomanhistory.Romanexpansionwasbasedonmilitaryconquest.VerylittlecommerceandindustryexistedinRomeunlikeAthensandthequalityoflifeinRomecametodependdirectlyuponthewealthofconqueredregionsbroughtbacktoRomeasspoilsofmilitaryvictory.BythemiddleofthesecondcenturyBCRomehadconqueredCarthageinNorthAfricaandCorinthinAsiaMinorandhadthusassumedapositionofpoliticaldominanceintheHellenisticworld.TheinternationalizationofcultureevidentinHellenictimesincreasedfurtherundertheRomans.LaterRomewouldextenditscontrolthroughoutEuropeandeventuallytotheBritishIsles. WhatdoesS.P.Q.Rsuggestaccordingtothetext
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrancewaningprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.InaprosperouscommunityontheotherhandpolitesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrichandinEnglandtherehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemannersappropriatetotheirnewwayoflife.Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements=basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificialoptionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentstosaywomenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationforweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzaniatheyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEnglanduntilaboutacenturyagoyoungchildrendidnotsitintheirparents’presencewithoutaskingpermission.Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociallifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesofotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionoftheforketiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossiblebeforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuseetiquettesuggestedthatafterspittingapersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuouslyunderfoot.Extremelyrefinedbehaviorhowevercultivatedasanartofgraciouslivinghasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisurewhichadmittedwomenasthesocialequalsofmen.AfterthefallofRomethefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivateliftinaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvenceinFrance.Provencehadbecomewealthy.Theloadshadreturnedtotheircastlesfromthecrusadesandtheretheidealsofchivalrygrewupwhichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenanddemandedthataknightshouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisvaliantdeedsthoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionoftheconceptofromanticlovewhichwastoinfluenceliteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninadebasedforminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnovelstoday. Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrancetherulingfamilies
Text3ItisbecauseofhisplaysthatShakespeareisnowconsideredthegreatestEnglishwriterinhistory.TheerainwhichhelivedElizabethanEnglandwasatimeinwhichbroadinterestsandcreativitycouldflourish.Elizabeththequeenwasbelovedbyhersubjectsandprovedtobeapowerfulandableruler.UnderthereignofElizabethEnglandchangedfromanislandkingdomtoanexpandingempire.Englandgrewrichthroughtrade.Sixteenth-centuryEnglishmentraveledtotheNewWorldandtoAfrica.Musicdancepoetrypaintingandarchitectureflourished;buttheartforminwhichElizabethanEnglanddistinguishedtherestofEuropewasthetheater.ThetheaterwhichhadpracticallydisappearedfromEuropewasatthistimereceivedasapartofthechurchservice.Laternolongerasapartoftheservicethe"mysteryplays"respondedtopopulartastebyaddingmoreandmorecomicelements.InEnglandtheyweresponsoredbyvarioustradeguildsandpresentedonstagewagonsthatwentfromplacetoplace.Whenthemysteryplaysbegantolosetheirappealtheywerereplacedby"morality"playswhichalwaystaughtamoral.InRenaissanceEnglandwriterswereparticularlyinterestedinclassicaltextssuchasLatinandGreekplays.SchoolsanduniversitiesbegantoproducecomediesandtragediesbyPlatusTerenceandSeneca.Shakespearewaswellacquaintedwithclassicalhumanitiesandclassicaltragediesandcomediesoftenservedasmodelsinhisowndrama.ARenaissancemanShakespeare’sinterestwentbeyondbooklearningtopracticalknowledgeofmilitarystrategyseafaringbusinessaffairsandthenewgeographicaldiscoveriesallevidentinhisplays.Companiesofstrollingplayswhichhadspecializedinmoralityplaysrespondedtothechangebystagingnewplays.ProfessionalactorswhohadbeenviewedbyEnglishsocietyaslittlebetterthanvagrantsorcriminalsgraduallycameundertheprotectionofthenobility.Licensedtheatercompanieswereformed;Shakespearebelongedtooneofthosewhereinadditiontohiswritingheacquiredawideexperienceinactingandtheatermanagement.Thetheatergrewinpopularityandpublictheaterswerebuiltnotinsidethecitylimitsbutjustoutsidealongwithotherplacesofentertainment.TheatersinElizabethanEnglandwerepatronizedbyallsocialclasses.TheGlobeTheaterbuiltin1599wheremanyofShakespeare’splayswereperformedhadaplatformstagejuttingoutintoacentralcourtyard.Theaudiencestayaroundthreesidesofthisplatformthelower-classwhoeachpaidapennyinthepitandthewealthierspectatorsinthegalleriesabove.Theorchestrawasonstageasmusicwasusuallyasignificantpartoftheproduction.Indeedthecostumesscenerysingingplayinganddancingaswellasactingwasessentialtothetotalshow.Therewasnolightinghoweverplayswereperformedintheafternoon.Shakespeareknewhisaudience:histheaterisaddressednotjusttotheeducatedbuttoallclassesofsociety. WhichofthefollowingstatementsmaynotbethereasonforShakespeare'ssuccess
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofnuclearfusionfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsScientistssaytheyhaveachievedsmall-scalenuclearfusioninatabletopexperimentusingtriedandtruetechniquesthatareexpectedtogeneratefarlesscontroversythanpastsuchclaims.Thislatestexperimentreliedonatinycrystaltogenerateastrongelectricfield.WhiletheenergycreatedwastoosmalltoharnesscheapfusionpowerthetechniquecouldhavepotentialusesinmedicinespacecraftpropulsiontheoildrillingindustryandhomelandsecuritysaidSethPuttermanaphysicistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.PuttermanandhiscolleaguesatUCLABrianNaranjoandJimGimzewskireporttheirresultsinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.41.HelduptoridiculePreviousclaimsoftabletopfusionhavebeenmetwithskepticismandevenderisionbyphysicists.42.SoundtheoreticalbasisFusionexpertssaidtheUCLAexperimentwillfacefarlessskepticismbecauseitconformstowell-knownprinciplesofphysics.43.EnergyinwaitingFusionpowerhasbeentoutedastheultimateenergysourceandacleaneralternativetofossilfuelslikecoalandoil.Fossilfuelsareexpectedtorunshortinabout50years.44.ProcessoffusionIntheUCLAexperimentscientistsplacedatinycrystalthatcangenerateastrongelectricfieldintoavacuumchamberfilledwithdeuteriumgasaformofhydrogencapableoffusion.Thentheresearchersactivatedthecrystalbyheatingit.45.CommercialusesUCLA’sPuttermansaidfutureexperimentswillfocusonrefiningthetechniqueforpotentialcommercialusesincludingdesigningportableneutrongeneratorsthatcouldbeusedforoilwelldrillingorscanningluggageandcargoatairports.IntheNaturereportPuttermanandhiscolleaguessaidthecrystal-basedmethodcouldbeusedin"microthrustersforminiaturespacecraft."InsuchanapplicationthemethodwouldnotrelyonnuclearfusionforpowergenerationbutratheronionpropulsionPuttermansaid."Aswildasitisthatsaconservativeapplication"hesaid. [A]Infusionlightatomsarejoinedinahigh-temperatureprocessthatfreeslargeamountsofenergy.Itisconsideredenvironmentallyfriendlybecauseitproducesvirtuallynoairpollutionanddoesnotposethesafetyandlong-termradioactivewasteconcernsassociatedwithmodernnuclearpowerplantswhereheavyuraniumatomsaresplittocreateenergyinaprocessknownasfission. [B]Theresultingelectricfieldcreatedabeamofchargeddeuteriumatomsthatstruckanearbytargetwhichwasembeddedwithyetmoredeuterium.Whensomeofthedeuteriumatomsinthebeamcollidedwiththeircounterpartsinthetargettheyfused.Thereactiongaveoffanisotopeofheliumalongwithsubatomicparticlesknounasneutronsacharacteristicoffusion.Theexperimentdidnothoweverproducemoreenergythantheamountputin--anachievementthatwouldbeahugebreakthrough. [C]Anothertechniqueknownassonoluminescencegeneratesheatthroughthecollapseoftinybubblesinaliquid.Somescientistsclaimthatnuclearfusionoccursduringthereactionbutthoseclaimshavesparkedsharpdebate. [D]InaNaturecommentaryMichaelSaltmarshoftheOakRidgeNationalLaboratorysaidtheprocesswasinsomeways"remarkablylow-tech"drawinguponprinciplesthatwerefirstrecordedbytheGreekphilosopherTheophrastusin314B.C.."Thisdoesn’thaveanycontroversyinitbecausethey’reusingatriedandtruemethod"DavidRuzicprofessorofnuclearandplasmaengineeringattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaigntoldTheAssociatedPress."There’snomysteryintermsofthephysics." [E]InoneofthemostnotablecasesDr.B.StanleyPonsoftheUniversityofUtahandMartinFleischmannofSouthamptonUniversityinEnglandshockedtheworldin1989whentheyannouncedthattheyhadachievedso-calledcoldfusionatroomtemperature.Theirworkwasdiscreditedafterrepeatedattemptstoreproduceitfailed. [F]Thetechnologyalsocouldconceivablygiverisetoimplantableradiationsourceswhichcouldtargetcancercellswhileminimizingdamagetohealthytissue."Youcouldbringatinycrystalintothebodyplaceitnexttoatumorturnontheradiationandblastthetumor"PuttermantoldMSNBC.com. 43
YouhavereceivedaninvitationtothebirthdaypartyofyourfriendTom.Butyoucan’tattendit.WriteanotetoTomto 1thankhimfortheinvitation 2givereasonswhyyoucan’tgoand 3apologizeandexpressyourwishes. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofnuclearfusionfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsScientistssaytheyhaveachievedsmall-scalenuclearfusioninatabletopexperimentusingtriedandtruetechniquesthatareexpectedtogeneratefarlesscontroversythanpastsuchclaims.Thislatestexperimentreliedonatinycrystaltogenerateastrongelectricfield.WhiletheenergycreatedwastoosmalltoharnesscheapfusionpowerthetechniquecouldhavepotentialusesinmedicinespacecraftpropulsiontheoildrillingindustryandhomelandsecuritysaidSethPuttermanaphysicistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.PuttermanandhiscolleaguesatUCLABrianNaranjoandJimGimzewskireporttheirresultsinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.41.HelduptoridiculePreviousclaimsoftabletopfusionhavebeenmetwithskepticismandevenderisionbyphysicists.42.SoundtheoreticalbasisFusionexpertssaidtheUCLAexperimentwillfacefarlessskepticismbecauseitconformstowell-knownprinciplesofphysics.43.EnergyinwaitingFusionpowerhasbeentoutedastheultimateenergysourceandacleaneralternativetofossilfuelslikecoalandoil.Fossilfuelsareexpectedtorunshortinabout50years.44.ProcessoffusionIntheUCLAexperimentscientistsplacedatinycrystalthatcangenerateastrongelectricfieldintoavacuumchamberfilledwithdeuteriumgasaformofhydrogencapableoffusion.Thentheresearchersactivatedthecrystalbyheatingit.45.CommercialusesUCLA’sPuttermansaidfutureexperimentswillfocusonrefiningthetechniqueforpotentialcommercialusesincludingdesigningportableneutrongeneratorsthatcouldbeusedforoilwelldrillingorscanningluggageandcargoatairports.IntheNaturereportPuttermanandhiscolleaguessaidthecrystal-basedmethodcouldbeusedin"microthrustersforminiaturespacecraft."InsuchanapplicationthemethodwouldnotrelyonnuclearfusionforpowergenerationbutratheronionpropulsionPuttermansaid."Aswildasitisthatsaconservativeapplication"hesaid. [A]Infusionlightatomsarejoinedinahigh-temperatureprocessthatfreeslargeamountsofenergy.Itisconsideredenvironmentallyfriendlybecauseitproducesvirtuallynoairpollutionanddoesnotposethesafetyandlong-termradioactivewasteconcernsassociatedwithmodernnuclearpowerplantswhereheavyuraniumatomsaresplittocreateenergyinaprocessknownasfission. [B]Theresultingelectricfieldcreatedabeamofchargeddeuteriumatomsthatstruckanearbytargetwhichwasembeddedwithyetmoredeuterium.Whensomeofthedeuteriumatomsinthebeamcollidedwiththeircounterpartsinthetargettheyfused.Thereactiongaveoffanisotopeofheliumalongwithsubatomicparticlesknounasneutronsacharacteristicoffusion.Theexperimentdidnothoweverproducemoreenergythantheamountputin--anachievementthatwouldbeahugebreakthrough. [C]Anothertechniqueknownassonoluminescencegeneratesheatthroughthecollapseoftinybubblesinaliquid.Somescientistsclaimthatnuclearfusionoccursduringthereactionbutthoseclaimshavesparkedsharpdebate. [D]InaNaturecommentaryMichaelSaltmarshoftheOakRidgeNationalLaboratorysaidtheprocesswasinsomeways"remarkablylow-tech"drawinguponprinciplesthatwerefirstrecordedbytheGreekphilosopherTheophrastusin314B.C.."Thisdoesn’thaveanycontroversyinitbecausethey’reusingatriedandtruemethod"DavidRuzicprofessorofnuclearandplasmaengineeringattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaigntoldTheAssociatedPress."There’snomysteryintermsofthephysics." [E]InoneofthemostnotablecasesDr.B.StanleyPonsoftheUniversityofUtahandMartinFleischmannofSouthamptonUniversityinEnglandshockedtheworldin1989whentheyannouncedthattheyhadachievedso-calledcoldfusionatroomtemperature.Theirworkwasdiscreditedafterrepeatedattemptstoreproduceitfailed. [F]Thetechnologyalsocouldconceivablygiverisetoimplantableradiationsourceswhichcouldtargetcancercellswhileminimizingdamagetohealthytissue."Youcouldbringatinycrystalintothebodyplaceitnexttoatumorturnontheradiationandblastthetumor"PuttermantoldMSNBC.com. 41
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheAmericanideathathardworkwastobeesteemeddistinguishesusfromEuropeanswho1theirgentlemenofleisure.Forushardwork2idlenesswastheway3distinction.Now4likemanyothertraditionalvalueshardworkiscomingunder5.Inacademicjournalsconferencesandclassroomstheideaofhardworkisconsideredtobeanotherofthosenotionsthatthedominantforcesofoursociety6ontherestofUs.It7advanceswhite-maleinterests8anywomanorminorityfoolishenoughtobuyintothedominantvaluesystemwillfindout.Inarecentsurveyhigh-schoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesandJapanwereaskedto9factorsthat10tosuccessintheclassroom.OftheJapanese72percentlistedhardworkfirst11only27percentofAmericansagreed.Manyfactorscontributetothedevaluingofhardwork.Thinkingthatself-esteemiscrucialmanyparentsandteachers12topointoutthestudent’sfailingevenlaziness.Tomakematters13Americansplaceanunusuallyhighvalueontheideaofinnateability.And14inevitablydeemphasizestherolethathardworkplaysinsuccess.15ifourstudentsfailtoseethathardwork16itisbecausewearetellingthemtimeandagainthatit17.IfwewantyoungpeopletoesteemhardworkitisUPtoustoshowthemitsworthitsstrengthanditssignificanceineverydaylife.Andwhileweareatitweshouldmakesuretheyknowtherearemanyideastowhichwecanall18.Thenotionthatthesevaluescannot19classracemorethantheideaofhardwork.Itcancallintoquestion20therecanbeanAmericancreed—apublicphilosophyforusall. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrancewaningprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.InaprosperouscommunityontheotherhandpolitesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrichandinEnglandtherehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemannersappropriatetotheirnewwayoflife.Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements=basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificialoptionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentstosaywomenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationforweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzaniatheyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEnglanduntilaboutacenturyagoyoungchildrendidnotsitintheirparents’presencewithoutaskingpermission.Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociallifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesofotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionoftheforketiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossiblebeforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuseetiquettesuggestedthatafterspittingapersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuouslyunderfoot.Extremelyrefinedbehaviorhowevercultivatedasanartofgraciouslivinghasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisurewhichadmittedwomenasthesocialequalsofmen.AfterthefallofRomethefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivateliftinaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvenceinFrance.Provencehadbecomewealthy.Theloadshadreturnedtotheircastlesfromthecrusadesandtheretheidealsofchivalrygrewupwhichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenanddemandedthataknightshouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisvaliantdeedsthoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionoftheconceptofromanticlovewhichwastoinfluenceliteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninadebasedforminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnovelstoday. Etiquettecultivatedasartofgraciousliving
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