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Text 2 Every spring migrating salmon return to British Columbia’s rivers to spawn. And every sp...
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TheinternationalKiteFestiralisholdinWeifangeverys
ManyfamiliesliketravellingtoSanyaeverySpringFesti
IreturnhomebeforetheSpringFestivaleveryyear.
Shelooksforwardeveryspringtothegardenwhereflowersl
walk in
walking
pay a visit to
visiting
1分Treesplantinspringeveryyear.
TheinternationalWeifangKiteFestiralisholdinWeifang
Shelooksforwardeveryspringtowalkintheflower-linedg
Everyyearpeoplemanytreesinspring.
EveryyeartheSpringFestivalGala春晚iscoveredl___onthe
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1分EveryspringvisitorsdrivetoJiangxitoseeflowersbe
HowmanysalmonwerethereeveryspringinBritishColumbia
1.3 million.
About 524,000.
About 1,824,000.
Above 2,000,000.
在这个地区春季的每一天几乎都下雨因此春季是一年中最潮湿的季节Inthisareaitalmostra
TheSpringFestivalisveryinterestandalltheChineseen
1分Amy种植manytreeseveryspring.
We manytreesinspringeveryyear.
Everyspringmanytrees_______alongtheriver.
were planted
is planted
will be planted
are planted
Weplantyoungtreesonthehilleveryspring.改为被动语态Youngt
.5分Myhometownisgreenernow.Moreandmoretreesplantev
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About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance. Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies. Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylife Developastudyplan Onceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork. 41.Chooseajobthatisflexible Youmayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant. YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:"Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff." 42.Chooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypattern Workingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks. 43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemanding Thetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork. 44.Beindustriousinyoursearchforwork Theremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms. 45.Knowyourlimits Thereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent. HoweverBrianStainessays:"AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours." Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface. "Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegree"addsBrian. [A]"Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouwork"saysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool. [B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudy"onthejob"perhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework. [C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob."AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetime"saysCary. [D]"Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplined"heexplains"Alsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant." [E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant. [F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends."Althoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayround"saysProfessorCooper. 45
IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationovertheageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhavethedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutestokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection.ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse.Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheorywhicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed.Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecordyearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrecttherateshouldhavefallen.Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge.AccordingtothefirstfourparagraphswhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect
FormillionsofyearsbeforetheappearanceoftheelectriclightshiftworkallnightcableTVandtheInternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanetwithpredictableandreassuring24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksaresetforthisdailycycle.Simplyputourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawakeduringtheday.Mostwomenandmenneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhoursofsleepanighttofunctionproperlythroughouttheirlives.Contrarytopopularbeliefhumansdon’tneedlesssleepastheyage.ButonaverageAmericanssleeponlyaboutsevenandahalfhourspernightamarkeddropfromtheninehourstheyaveragedin1910.What’sworsenearlyonethirdofallAmericansgetlessthansixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight.Formostpeoplethat’snotnearlyenough.FindingwaystogetmoreandbetterSleepcanbeachallenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan80differentsleepdisorders.Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmanyproblemsarecausedbystayinguplateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequentlybetweentimezonesorbyworkingnights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewishMedicalandResearchCenterinDenversaysthatsleepdisordersareoftendiagnosedasotherdiscomforts.Aboutonethirdofthepatientsreferredtohimwithpossiblechronicfatiguesyndromeactuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders.BeforewedoanythingelsewelookattheirsleepJonessays.Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeoplewouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheirsleeppatterns.Mymottois’Sleepdefensively’saysMaryCarskadonofBrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedtocarveoutsufficienttimetosleepevenifitmeansgivingupotherthings.Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedandgettingupatthesametimeeveryday—areimportant.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalsomakeadifference.AswithElanerwhousedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafewlifestylechanges—avoidingstimulantsandlatemealsexercisinghoursbeforebedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yieldbettersleep.Forourbodiestofunctionproperlyweshould______.
IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationovertheageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhavethedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutestokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection.ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse.Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheorywhicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed.Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecordyearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrecttherateshouldhavefallen.Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat______.
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance. Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies. Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylife Developastudyplan Onceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork. 41.Chooseajobthatisflexible Youmayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant. YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:"Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff." 42.Chooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypattern Workingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks. 43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemanding Thetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork. 44.Beindustriousinyoursearchforwork Theremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms. 45.Knowyourlimits Thereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent. HoweverBrianStainessays:"AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours." Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface. "Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegree"addsBrian. [A]"Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouwork"saysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool. [B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudy"onthejob"perhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework. [C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob."AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetime"saysCary. [D]"Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplined"heexplains"Alsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant." [E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant. [F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends."Althoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayround"saysProfessorCooper. 41
IsitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwarWarisanancientinstitutionwhichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwayswickedandusuallyfoolishbutinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderningenuityhaschangedthis.EitherManwillabolishwarorwarwillabolishMan.Forthepresentitisnuclearweaponsthatcausethegravestdangerbutbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmaybeforelongofferanevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweaponsourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.Todothisweneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewwaynotascontestsofforceinwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskilfulinmassacrebutbyarbitrationinaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.Itisnoteasytochangeage-oldmentalhabitsbutthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeaprofounderror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmaticassertions主张whichareatbestdoubtfulandatworsttotallyfalse.Theiradherentsbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepasttwoyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheinternationalspherebutthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.Ithasbeguntobethoughtevenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordiethatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.IthasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweenEastandWestbutbetweenManandtheH-bomb.Accordingtotheauthor______.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Advertisingsellsitsproductsbyofferingseductivepromisesofyouthbeautyhealthmoneyeaseromancebetterlifestyleeventime.There’snologicalconnectionbetweenacarandacougarbuttheimageispowerfulandpresentedwithsophistication.Webuyitandwemaywellbuytheproduct.Whenitcomestoadvertisingletthebuyerbeware.Thereareseveralless-than-candidtechniqueswhichadvertisersusetogetourattention.Aproductmaybefilmedorphotographedinsuchawaytomakeitappearbiggerbetterormoreluscious.Aproductmaybepresentedasbeinguniqueone-of-a-kindorsupremewheninfactit’sidenticaltootherproductsonthemarket.Aproductmayclaimtobeneworimprovedwhenonlyaninsignificantchangehasbeenmade.Finallyanadvertisermayofferdistortedtruthsoreventelloutrightlies.Ittakesawhileforthegovernmentorthecompetitiontocatchupwithfalseclaimsinadvertising.Meanwhilethepublichasbeenledtobelievethatamouthwashcancurethecommoncoldorthatbeepollenretardsaginginhumanskin.Theconsumer’sbestdefenseisawareness.Hecanlistentobutnotlearntheemotionalmessagebroadcastbythead.Hecandistinguishbetweenwhattheadpretendstoofferandwhatitisreallyselling.Afacecreamforexamplecanonlydosomuch.Itcanreducedrynessandprovidetemporarysmoothnessandmoisturetotheskin.Butitismadeinafactorynotinamagician’sstudy.Itcannotturnbacktheclock.AccordingtothepassagewhichtechniqueisNOTusedbyadvertiserstogetourattention
46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11morecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain. Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage.
Youknowyoushoulddoitotherpeopledoitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfyingandyou’dliketolearntodoitbetter.I’mtalkingofcourseabouthavingabusinesslunch.Don’tfeelembarrassedifyouareuncomfortablewiththeideaofsittingoveragrilledchickenbreasttalkingtoaprospectiveclient.Mostinexperiencedovereagerlaunchersbelievethemainpurposeofabusinesslunchistoeitheraconductbusinessorbeatlunchandthey’reunsurehowtomixthetwo.Don’tworry!Businesslunchesaren’tabouteitherbusinessorlunchthey’reaboutbuildingrelationships.OneofmybusinessrulesisPeopledobusinesswithpeopletheylike.Oftenit’snotproductspricesorthecompanythatmakesthesale—it’sthepersonBusinesslunchesaretheperfecttimeforyouandyourclientsupplieroremployeetogettoknoweachotheraspeople.Thishelpsestablishcommoninterestsandmakesworkingtogethereasier.Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucandoatabusinesslunch—evenmoreimportantthanpickingupthetab—islisten.Youdon’tneedaparticularreasontoasksomeonetolunchsodon’twaituntilforacertainoccasionorissue.Don’tmakeitseemlikelunchisgoingtobeasalescall.InsteadtrythestraightforwardapproachWe’vebeendoingbusinesstogetherforalmostayear.I’dliketotakeyoutolunchandgettoknowyoualittlebetter.OralittlelessstraightforwardI’mofteninyourareahowabouthavinglunchsometimeHavetheotherpersonsuggestaplacetoeat—Istherearestaurantyou’vebeenwantingtotryOrifyouhavealimitedbudgetyouchooseanicemidpricedrestaurant.ForgetMcDonald’s.Ifyou’rethankingsomeoneforanimportantordertakethemtoareallyspecialpossiblynewrestaurant.IfyoudidtheinvitingyoupickupthetabevenifyourguestsaysIcanputthisonmycompany’screditcard.Butdon’thaveascenearguingoverthecheck.YoucanjustsayYoucangetthenextone.Somecompanieshavepoliciesthatdon’tpermitemployeestobetreated;inthatcasesplitthetab.Duringabusinesslunchit’simportantto______.
Advertisingsellsitsproductsbyofferingseductivepromisesofyouthbeautyhealthmoneyeaseromancebetterlifestyleeventime.There’snologicalconnectionbetweenacarandacougarbuttheimageispowerfulandpresentedwithsophistication.Webuyitandwemaywellbuytheproduct.Whenitcomestoadvertisingletthebuyerbeware.Thereareseveralless-than-candidtechniqueswhichadvertisersusetogetourattention.Aproductmaybefilmedorphotographedinsuchawaytomakeitappearbiggerbetterormoreluscious.Aproductmaybepresentedasbeinguniqueone-of-a-kindorsupremewheninfactit’sidenticaltootherproductsonthemarket.Aproductmayclaimtobeneworimprovedwhenonlyaninsignificantchangehasbeenmade.Finallyanadvertisermayofferdistortedtruthsoreventelloutrightlies.Ittakesawhileforthegovernmentorthecompetitiontocatchupwithfalseclaimsinadvertising.Meanwhilethepublichasbeenledtobelievethatamouthwashcancurethecommoncoldorthatbeepollenretardsaginginhumanskin.Theconsumer’sbestdefenseisawareness.Hecanlistentobutnotlearntheemotionalmessagebroadcastbythead.Hecandistinguishbetweenwhattheadpretendstoofferandwhatitisreallyselling.Afacecreamforexamplecanonlydosomuch.Itcanreducedrynessandprovidetemporarysmoothnessandmoisturetotheskin.Butitismadeinafactorynotinamagician’sstudy.Itcannotturnbacktheclock.Accordingtotheauthorconsumers’bestpolicytowardsadvertisingis______.
Advertisingsellsitsproductsbyofferingseductivepromisesofyouthbeautyhealthmoneyeaseromancebetterlifestyleeventime.There’snologicalconnectionbetweenacarandacougarbuttheimageispowerfulandpresentedwithsophistication.Webuyitandwemaywellbuytheproduct.Whenitcomestoadvertisingletthebuyerbeware.Thereareseveralless-than-candidtechniqueswhichadvertisersusetogetourattention.Aproductmaybefilmedorphotographedinsuchawaytomakeitappearbiggerbetterormoreluscious.Aproductmaybepresentedasbeinguniqueone-of-a-kindorsupremewheninfactit’sidenticaltootherproductsonthemarket.Aproductmayclaimtobeneworimprovedwhenonlyaninsignificantchangehasbeenmade.Finallyanadvertisermayofferdistortedtruthsoreventelloutrightlies.Ittakesawhileforthegovernmentorthecompetitiontocatchupwithfalseclaimsinadvertising.Meanwhilethepublichasbeenledtobelievethatamouthwashcancurethecommoncoldorthatbeepollenretardsaginginhumanskin.Theconsumer’sbestdefenseisawareness.Hecanlistentobutnotlearntheemotionalmessagebroadcastbythead.Hecandistinguishbetweenwhattheadpretendstoofferandwhatitisreallyselling.Afacecreamforexamplecanonlydosomuch.Itcanreducedrynessandprovidetemporarysmoothnessandmoisturetotheskin.Butitismadeinafactorynotinamagician’sstudy.Itcannotturnbacktheclock.Accordingtotheauthormanyofthepromisesmadebytheadvertiserare______.
46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11morecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain. Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.
Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.StatisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsstateandstatisticscomefromthesameLatinrootstatusandagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspringstatisticsisrepresentedbycountingmeasuringdescribingtabulatingorderingandthetakingofcensuses—allofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemodeminferenticalstatisticswhichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulatingdepictinganddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitativesuchasmeasuresofheightintelligenceorgradelevel—variablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuumorthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariablesuchassexcollegemajororpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsistoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexampleaschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforfluorwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatisticsthesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thusthepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.Whichofthefollowingistrueofdescriptivestatistics
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance. Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies. Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylife Developastudyplan Onceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork. 41.Chooseajobthatisflexible Youmayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant. YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:"Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff." 42.Chooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypattern Workingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks. 43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemanding Thetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork. 44.Beindustriousinyoursearchforwork Theremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms. 45.Knowyourlimits Thereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent. HoweverBrianStainessays:"AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours." Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface. "Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegree"addsBrian. [A]"Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouwork"saysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool. [B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudy"onthejob"perhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework. [C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob."AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetime"saysCary. [D]"Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplined"heexplains"Alsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant." [E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant. [F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends."Althoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayround"saysProfessorCooper. 43
Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.StatisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsstateandstatisticscomefromthesameLatinrootstatusandagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspringstatisticsisrepresentedbycountingmeasuringdescribingtabulatingorderingandthetakingofcensuses—allofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemodeminferenticalstatisticswhichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulatingdepictinganddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitativesuchasmeasuresofheightintelligenceorgradelevel—variablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuumorthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariablesuchassexcollegemajororpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsistoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexampleaschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforfluorwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatisticsthesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thusthepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.Whichofthefollowingarecountinganddescribingassociatedwith
Youknowyoushoulddoitotherpeopledoitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfyingandyou’dliketolearntodoitbetter.I’mtalkingofcourseabouthavingabusinesslunch.Don’tfeelembarrassedifyouareuncomfortablewiththeideaofsittingoveragrilledchickenbreasttalkingtoaprospectiveclient.Mostinexperiencedovereagerlaunchersbelievethemainpurposeofabusinesslunchistoeitheraconductbusinessorbeatlunchandthey’reunsurehowtomixthetwo.Don’tworry!Businesslunchesaren’tabouteitherbusinessorlunchthey’reaboutbuildingrelationships.OneofmybusinessrulesisPeopledobusinesswithpeopletheylike.Oftenit’snotproductspricesorthecompanythatmakesthesale—it’sthepersonBusinesslunchesaretheperfecttimeforyouandyourclientsupplieroremployeetogettoknoweachotheraspeople.Thishelpsestablishcommoninterestsandmakesworkingtogethereasier.Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucandoatabusinesslunch—evenmoreimportantthanpickingupthetab—islisten.Youdon’tneedaparticularreasontoasksomeonetolunchsodon’twaituntilforacertainoccasionorissue.Don’tmakeitseemlikelunchisgoingtobeasalescall.InsteadtrythestraightforwardapproachWe’vebeendoingbusinesstogetherforalmostayear.I’dliketotakeyoutolunchandgettoknowyoualittlebetter.OralittlelessstraightforwardI’mofteninyourareahowabouthavinglunchsometimeHavetheotherpersonsuggestaplacetoeat—Istherearestaurantyou’vebeenwantingtotryOrifyouhavealimitedbudgetyouchooseanicemidpricedrestaurant.ForgetMcDonald’s.Ifyou’rethankingsomeoneforanimportantordertakethemtoareallyspecialpossiblynewrestaurant.IfyoudidtheinvitingyoupickupthetabevenifyourguestsaysIcanputthisonmycompany’screditcard.Butdon’thaveascenearguingoverthecheck.YoucanjustsayYoucangetthenextone.Somecompanieshavepoliciesthatdon’tpermitemployeestobetreated;inthatcasesplitthetab.Accordingtothepassageasuccessfulbusinessmanshouldknow______.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.StatisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsstateandstatisticscomefromthesameLatinrootstatusandagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspringstatisticsisrepresentedbycountingmeasuringdescribingtabulatingorderingandthetakingofcensuses—allofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemodeminferenticalstatisticswhichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulatingdepictinganddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitativesuchasmeasuresofheightintelligenceorgradelevel—variablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuumorthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariablesuchassexcollegemajororpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsistoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexampleaschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforfluorwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatisticsthesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thusthepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthispassage
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Directions:Youwanttoapplyforthefollowingjob.WritealettertoMrMooredescribingyourpreviousexperienceandexplainingwhyyouwouldbesuitableforthejob.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
FormillionsofyearsbeforetheappearanceoftheelectriclightshiftworkallnightcableTVandtheInternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanetwithpredictableandreassuring24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksaresetforthisdailycycle.Simplyputourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawakeduringtheday.Mostwomenandmenneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhoursofsleepanighttofunctionproperlythroughouttheirlives.Contrarytopopularbeliefhumansdon’tneedlesssleepastheyage.ButonaverageAmericanssleeponlyaboutsevenandahalfhourspernightamarkeddropfromtheninehourstheyaveragedin1910.What’sworsenearlyonethirdofallAmericansgetlessthansixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight.Formostpeoplethat’snotnearlyenough.FindingwaystogetmoreandbetterSleepcanbeachallenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan80differentsleepdisorders.Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmanyproblemsarecausedbystayinguplateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequentlybetweentimezonesorbyworkingnights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewishMedicalandResearchCenterinDenversaysthatsleepdisordersareoftendiagnosedasotherdiscomforts.Aboutonethirdofthepatientsreferredtohimwithpossiblechronicfatiguesyndromeactuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders.BeforewedoanythingelsewelookattheirsleepJonessays.Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeoplewouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheirsleeppatterns.Mymottois’Sleepdefensively’saysMaryCarskadonofBrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedtocarveoutsufficienttimetosleepevenifitmeansgivingupotherthings.Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedandgettingupatthesametimeeveryday—areimportant.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalsomakeadifference.AswithElanerwhousedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafewlifestylechanges—avoidingstimulantsandlatemealsexercisinghoursbeforebedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yieldbettersleep.Whichofthefollowingmeasurescanhelpyousleepbetter
IsitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwarWarisanancientinstitutionwhichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwayswickedandusuallyfoolishbutinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderningenuityhaschangedthis.EitherManwillabolishwarorwarwillabolishMan.Forthepresentitisnuclearweaponsthatcausethegravestdangerbutbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmaybeforelongofferanevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweaponsourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.Todothisweneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewwaynotascontestsofforceinwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskilfulinmassacrebutbyarbitrationinaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.Itisnoteasytochangeage-oldmentalhabitsbutthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeaprofounderror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmaticassertions主张whichareatbestdoubtfulandatworsttotallyfalse.Theiradherentsbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepasttwoyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheinternationalspherebutthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.Ithasbeguntobethoughtevenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordiethatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.IthasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweenEastandWestbutbetweenManandtheH-bomb.Theauthorbelievesthattheonlywaytoabolishwaristo______.
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
About40percentofAmericansthinkofthemselvesasshywhileonly20percentsaytheyhaveneversufferedfromshynessatsomepointintheirlives.Shynessoccurswhenaperson’sapprehensionsaresogreatthatthey1hismakinganexpectedordesiredsocialresponse.2ofshynesscanbeasminoras3tomakeeyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone4asmajorasavoidingconversationswheneverpossible. "Shypeopletendtobetoo5withthemselves"saidJonathanCheekapsychologistwhoisoneofthoseattheforefrontofcurrentresearchonthetopic."6forasmoothconversationyouneedtopayattentiontotheotherperson’scues7heissayinganddoing.Buttheshypersonisfullof8abouthowheseemstotheotherpersonandsoheoften9cuesheshouldpickup.Theresultisanawkwardlagintheconversation.Shypeopleneedtostopfocusingon10andswitchtheirattentiontotheotherperson." 11shypeoplebyandlargehave12socialabilitiesthantheythinktheydo.13Dr.Cheekvideotapedshypeopletalkingto14andthenhadraters评估者evaluatehowsociallyskilledthepeoplewerehefoundthatinthe15ofotherpeopletheshygrouphadfew16problems.Butwhenheaskedtheshypeoplethemselves17theyhaddonetheywereunanimousinsayingthattheyhadbeensocialflops失败. "Shypeoplearetheirown18critics"Dr.Cheeksaid.19headdedshypeoplefeeltheyarebeingjudgedmore20thantheyactuallyareandoverestimatehowobvioustheirsocialanxietyistoothers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
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