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Write a letter to apply for a position in a local English training school. In the description you s...
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[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem.[B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClareIneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing.Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves.[C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience.[D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewilyI’velovedyouallmylife.She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion.[E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose.[F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning.[G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever.Order:[*]
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 19
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 17
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. What’sCourtot’scontributiontocc:Mail
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006. HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130. Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable. Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendfor"good-enoughcomputing"wherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers. ThecreationOfthecheaplaptopmentionedinthetextrelieson
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 13
Manywillknowthattheword"muscle"comesfromtheLatinfor"mouse"ripplingundertheskinsotospeak.Butwhatabout"chagrin"derivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscalysharkskin.Or"lens"whichcomesfromtheLatin"lentil"or"window"meaning"eyeofwind"inoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartinimageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables. NotthatHenryHitchings’sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardanddownwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnewsurroundingsorlyinginwaitlike"duvet"whichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnsonfortheirmoment. Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesof"saffron""crimson"and"sugar"speakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehave"cheque"and"tariff"fromthissourcetooplus"arithmetic"and"algorithm"-justaswehave"etch"and"sketch"fromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasionrefugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers. Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuchmorethana"gong"ora"moccasin".Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-"carp"and"zest"included.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim. EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeign"corruption".Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveits"manly"pre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:"wheel-saddle"forbicycle"painlore"forpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’s"Globish"nowthelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot. WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethereasonoflanguageintegrationaccordingtothetext
[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem.[B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClareIneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing.Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves.[C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience.[D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewilyI’velovedyouallmylife.She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion.[E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose.[F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning.[G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever.Order:[*]
Manywillknowthattheword"muscle"comesfromtheLatinfor"mouse"ripplingundertheskinsotospeak.Butwhatabout"chagrin"derivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscalysharkskin.Or"lens"whichcomesfromtheLatin"lentil"or"window"meaning"eyeofwind"inoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartinimageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables. NotthatHenryHitchings’sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardanddownwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnewsurroundingsorlyinginwaitlike"duvet"whichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnsonfortheirmoment. Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesof"saffron""crimson"and"sugar"speakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehave"cheque"and"tariff"fromthissourcetooplus"arithmetic"and"algorithm"-justaswehave"etch"and"sketch"fromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasionrefugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers. Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuchmorethana"gong"ora"moccasin".Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-"carp"and"zest"included.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim. EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeign"corruption".Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveits"manly"pre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:"wheel-saddle"forbicycle"painlore"forpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’s"Globish"nowthelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot. WhatisthetrendintheEnglishlanguagethatthisbookemphasizes
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 5
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Thepassageismostlikelyapartof
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 1
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 9
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 11
[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem.[B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClareIneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing.Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves.[C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience.[D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewilyI’velovedyouallmylife.She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion.[E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose.[F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning.[G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever.Order:[*]
Directions:Youwereknockeddownbyataxitheotherday;apasser-bysentyoutothehospital.Writealettertothepersontoexpressyourgratitude.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctivelySouthern—thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic.WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences.49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod.
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Thetraditionalwaytoensuredatasecurityisby
Directions: YouhavetroublewithreadingandareinneedofsomeadvicefromProfessorWang. Writealettertohimto 1givehimyourpersonalinformation 2stateyourproblemsand 3askforaninterviewwithhim. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006. HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130. Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable. Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendfor"good-enoughcomputing"wherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers. MittRomneyismentionedinthetextsoasto
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 7
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctivelySouthern—thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic.WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences.49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod.
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown. 50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 1
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 15
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 3
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown. 50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage.
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthePCIstandardis
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