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Text4Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity.Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds.Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers.ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill.Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Accordingtothefirstparagraphthegrandfatherresented
Text3QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield.Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale.OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay.ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. PeopleSoftclaimsthattheoracle'stakeoverofPeopleSoft
Text2Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics.Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology.Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Accordingtoparagraph4
材料一刺史大守多不平均或优绕豪右侵刻羸弱百姓嗟怨遮道号呼 ——后汉书刘隆传 材料二郡国大姓及兵长群盗处处并起攻劫在所害杀长吏 ——后汉书·光武帝纪下 请回答 1材料一二反映的是什么事件 2从材料一二分析这一事件出现的原因及反映的问题
分析楚汉战争中刘项胜负原因
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.WhyisthissoFewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised.ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. ThewordcustomizedLines3～4Paragraph5canbestbesubstitutedby
汉武帝采取了哪些措施来增加国家的财政收入
Text2Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics.Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology.Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Accordingtotheauthorapplyingbiotechnologytoindustry
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics.Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology.Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. TheworddepletedLine2Paragraph3canbesubstitutedby
合市
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.WhyisthissoFewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised.ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. Dr.Vink'sresultsmustbeinterpretedwithcarebecause
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity.Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds.Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers.ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill.Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Theauthormentionshisfamilystoryinparagraph4toshowthat
试析东汉豪强地主田庄经济的特点及其历史地位
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text4Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity.Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds.Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers.ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill.Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Ifapersondrinkssilverteaduringhisgoldenyearswecansaythat
怎样看待秦始皇的焚书坑儒
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield.Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale.OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay.ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. oracle'scurrentdifficultytotakeoverPeopleSoftisthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible.DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative.Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census.JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad.41._______________AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds.42._______________Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent.SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences.43._______________SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999.OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization:—Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999;—Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent;—Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent.44.______________ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid.Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999.45.______________"Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRiche. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 42
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