首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
浮滑脉的主病为
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选题》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
浮滑脉的主病为
饮食停滞
痰热互结
湿热内阻
风痰
风热袭表
浮滑脉的主病为
饮食停滞
痰热互结
湿热内阻
风痰
风热袭表
主病为痰热食积化热与湿热的脉为
洪数脉
浮滑脉
弦数脉
滑数脉
沉缓脉
小结胸病正在心下按之则痛脉浮滑者小陷胸汤主之
浮滑脉主病常为
痰热互结
饮食停滞
湿热内蕴
表证夹痰
主病为痰热食积与内热的脉为
弦数脉
洪数脉
滑数脉
浮滑脉
沉缓脉
浮滑脉的主病为
饮食停滞
痰热互结
湿热内阻
风痰
热门试题
更多
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueonMTVNetworks’newbenefitsplanforfreelancers
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshortterminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001shortterminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrent"accommodative"monetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshortterminterestratesofaround4%. Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Certainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrong:unemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. HowdoeseveryonefeelaboutthemessagegivenbyAmerica’scentralbank
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. 42
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. WhitefolksinU.S.areatagreateradvantageinthat
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing; 2interpretitsmeaning; 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatly.
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
"Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfear"saysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230cmtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry." Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth. DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93460km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunter"isliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup." AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelongdistancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens. Manypeopleincludingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamos"thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart." Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There’sthisthingcalledthe’gigglefactor’inCongress"hesays."peopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence." TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds. Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. TheexpressionracialscapegoatingPara.4bestdenotes
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos. Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious. Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities. Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened. HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstruggles"allthenoondaybrightnessofhumangenius"asheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse. OnthepossibilitiesoflifebeyondEarthastronomers’andancientphilosophers’viewsare
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
"Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfear"saysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230cmtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry." Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth. DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93460km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunter"isliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup." AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelongdistancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens. Manypeopleincludingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamos"thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart." Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There’sthisthingcalledthe’gigglefactor’inCongress"hesays."peopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence." TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds. ThedescriptionofCongress’sgigglefactorPara.6showsthewriter’s
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshortterminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001shortterminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrent"accommodative"monetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshortterminterestratesofaround4%. Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Certainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrong:unemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. DespitesignsOfstrongeconomicrecoveryAmericancompaniesarestillpressedfor
"Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfear"saysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230cmtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry." Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth. DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93460km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunter"isliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup." AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelongdistancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens. Manypeopleincludingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamos"thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart." Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There’sthisthingcalledthe’gigglefactor’inCongress"hesays."peopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence." TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds. Itseemsthatthewriteris
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. Thefunctionofthelastparagraphis
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos. Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious. Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities. Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened. HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstruggles"allthenoondaybrightnessofhumangenius"asheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse. Underthelawofthermodynamicstheuniverseissupposed
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhatdoesthewordreinstateLine6Paragraph3mostprobablymean
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
湘公网安备 43130202000226号