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Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
Thephilosophyofeducationisnotapoorrelationofgeneralphilosophyeventhoughitisoftensotreatedevenbyphilosophers.Itisultimatelythemostsignificantphaseofphilosophy.46Foritisthroughtheprocessesofeducationthatknowledgeisobtainedwhiletheseducationalprocessesdonotterminateinmereacquisitionofknowledgeandrelatedformsofskill.Theyattempttointegratetheknowledgegainedintoenduringdispositionsandattitudes.Itisnottoomuchtosaythateducationistheoutstandingmeansbywhichunionofknowledgeandthevaluesthatactuallyworkinactualconductisbroughtabout.47Thedifferencebetweeneducationalpracticesthatareinfluencedbyawell-thought-outphilosophyandpracticesthatarenotsoinfluencedisthatbetweeneducationconductedwithsomeclearideaoftheendsinthewayofrulingattitudesofdesireandpurposethataretobecreatedandaneducationthatisconductedblindlyunderthecontrolofcustomsandtraditionsthathavenotbeenexaminedorinresponsetoimmediatesocialpressures.48Thisdifferencedoesnotcomeaboutbecauseofanyinherentsacrednessinwhatiscalledphilosophybutbecauseanyefforttoclarifytheendstobeattainedisasfarasitgoesphilosophical. Theneedforsuchsystematicclarificationisespeciallyurgentatthepresenttime.Applicationsofnaturalsciencehavemadeanenormousdifferenceinhumanrelations.Theyhaverevolutionizedthemeansofproductionanddistributionofcommoditiesandservices.Theyhaveeffectedanequallygreatchangeincommunicationandallthemeansforinfluencingthepublicopinionuponwhichpoliticalactiondepends.49Theseapplicationsdecidemorethananyotherforceorsetofforcestheconditionsunderwhichhumanbeingslivetogetherandunderwhichtheyactenjoyandsuffer.Moreovertheyhaveproducedcommunitiesthatareinastateofrapidchange.Wherevertheeffectoftheapplicationsofsciencehasbeenfelthumanrelationshaveceasedtobestatic.Oldformshavebeeninvadedandoftenunderminedinthefamilyinpoliticsandeveninmoralandreligioushabitsaswellasinthenarrowerfieldofeconomicarrangements.Almostallcurrentsocialproblemshavetheirsourcehere.50Finallyendsandvaluesthatwereformedinthepre-scientificperiodandtheinstitutionsofgreatpowerthatwereformedinthesameperiodretaintheirinfluence.Humanlifebothindividuallyandcollectivelyisdisturbedconfusedandconflicting.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatChristopherLaschismostprobably
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Theauthorsuggeststhat
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. Thereportsaysthatiftheuseoffossilfuelswerebanned
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. WhichofthefollowingisincludedintheEPAreport
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. Intheauthor’’sviewthegreatesttroublewiththeU.S.societyliesinthe
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunitsonemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity. Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Neverthelesstheword’’amateur’’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityandinparticularmaynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcenturywithitsconsequentrequirementofalongermorecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.ThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytrainingandcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom. AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearchbutalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thusinthenineteenthcenturylocalgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownfight;butinthetwentiethcenturylocalstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporateandreflectonthewidergeologicalpicture.Amateursontheotherhandhavecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateursaresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofreferringfirstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopmentseparatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocietieswhereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway. AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcenturyitsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerallyhoweverthenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience. Thedirectreasonforspecializationis______.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunitsonemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity. Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Neverthelesstheword’’amateur’’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityandinparticularmaynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcenturywithitsconsequentrequirementofalongermorecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.ThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytrainingandcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom. AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearchbutalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thusinthenineteenthcenturylocalgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownfight;butinthetwentiethcenturylocalstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporateandreflectonthewidergeologicalpicture.Amateursontheotherhandhavecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateursaresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofreferringfirstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopmentseparatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocietieswhereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway. AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcenturyitsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerallyhoweverthenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.
Thephilosophyofeducationisnotapoorrelationofgeneralphilosophyeventhoughitisoftensotreatedevenbyphilosophers.Itisultimatelythemostsignificantphaseofphilosophy.46Foritisthroughtheprocessesofeducationthatknowledgeisobtainedwhiletheseducationalprocessesdonotterminateinmereacquisitionofknowledgeandrelatedformsofskill.Theyattempttointegratetheknowledgegainedintoenduringdispositionsandattitudes.Itisnottoomuchtosaythateducationistheoutstandingmeansbywhichunionofknowledgeandthevaluesthatactuallyworkinactualconductisbroughtabout.47Thedifferencebetweeneducationalpracticesthatareinfluencedbyawell-thought-outphilosophyandpracticesthatarenotsoinfluencedisthatbetweeneducationconductedwithsomeclearideaoftheendsinthewayofrulingattitudesofdesireandpurposethataretobecreatedandaneducationthatisconductedblindlyunderthecontrolofcustomsandtraditionsthathavenotbeenexaminedorinresponsetoimmediatesocialpressures.48Thisdifferencedoesnotcomeaboutbecauseofanyinherentsacrednessinwhatiscalledphilosophybutbecauseanyefforttoclarifytheendstobeattainedisasfarasitgoesphilosophical. Theneedforsuchsystematicclarificationisespeciallyurgentatthepresenttime.Applicationsofnaturalsciencehavemadeanenormousdifferenceinhumanrelations.Theyhaverevolutionizedthemeansofproductionanddistributionofcommoditiesandservices.Theyhaveeffectedanequallygreatchangeincommunicationandallthemeansforinfluencingthepublicopinionuponwhichpoliticalactiondepends.49Theseapplicationsdecidemorethananyotherforceorsetofforcestheconditionsunderwhichhumanbeingslivetogetherandunderwhichtheyactenjoyandsuffer.Moreovertheyhaveproducedcommunitiesthatareinastateofrapidchange.Wherevertheeffectoftheapplicationsofsciencehasbeenfelthumanrelationshaveceasedtobestatic.Oldformshavebeeninvadedandoftenunderminedinthefamilyinpoliticsandeveninmoralandreligioushabitsaswellasinthenarrowerfieldofeconomicarrangements.Almostallcurrentsocialproblemshavetheirsourcehere.50Finallyendsandvaluesthatwereformedinthepre-scientificperiodandtheinstitutionsofgreatpowerthatwereformedinthesameperiodretaintheirinfluence.Humanlifebothindividuallyandcollectivelyisdisturbedconfusedandconflicting.
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicture 2analyzethecausesoftheproblemand 3proposepossiblesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout160―200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Youboughtadressonthewebandfounditfaulty.Writealettertothesellerinwhichyoushould 1statethetimeandwayofyourpurchase 2listitsfaultsand 3askforrefund. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. TheauthorconcludesthatonlysharedmythscanhelpAmericans
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
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