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Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform.SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepoliticstowardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans."ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." WhichofthefollowingcanbestapplytothecurrentpoliticalsystemsinJapa
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Theauthorcriticizesthosewhoarebarkingupthewrongtreefortheir
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcess.riskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. ByterroristriskbecamethepariahofperilsParagraph1theauthormeans
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
"Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeelthereNasbeenmorethanenough. BesidesdealingwithbordersecuritytheINSalso
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcess.riskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. ThewordvehiclePara.5denotes
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcess.riskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatairlines’warandterroristrisk
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform.SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepoliticstowardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans."ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence
"Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeelthereNasbeenmorethanenough. ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheINS
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform.SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepoliticstowardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans."ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." AsregardsthepoliticalreformsinJapantheauthorfocusesonits
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Whatisrealists’attitudetowardsthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower
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