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Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy. "Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepieces"notedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago."ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime." InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices."Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60s"Dr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere."They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations." Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupied"hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheother"Dr.Cohlerwenton."Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport." Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife. Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
单项选择 Text2Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists'CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior."Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers'policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans'saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents'inquisitiveness"hesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn'tdenythattherehasn'tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair'srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon'tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers'association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 Accordingtothetextanimalwelfaregroupshavesucceededin
单项选择 Text3AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry'sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan'seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry'suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatsoonaftertheSecondWorldWar
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 42
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
单项选择 Text2Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists'CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior."Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers'policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans'saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents'inquisitiveness"hesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn'tdenythattherehasn'tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair'srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon'tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers'association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthattheteachersbanharmfulexperimentstoanimalsinorderto
Youslipthekeyintotheignitionandcranktheenginetolife.Butbeforeyouputthecarintogearyoutapakeyonthekeyboardmountedbythesteeringwheelandyourneweste-mailflashesuponthewindscreen. Thisseductivesatyriswhatyougetwhenyoucrossacarandacomputer.Dubbedthe"networkvehicle"ornet-mobileitmaysooncometoadrivewaynearyouprobablytheonebelongingtoyourrichneighbor.Inanet-mobileamotoristcouldtapintoaregionalroadsystembutalsotomapoutaroutearoundrush-hourtrafficsnags.Driversandpassengerswillbeabletosendandreceivee-mailtrackthelatestsportsscoresorstockquotessurftheWebandevenplayvideogames.Orsoatleastsayanumberofcomputer-industryfirmssuchasMicrosoftSunIBMandNetscape. Themoderncarisalreadyanelectronicshowcaseonwheels.On-boardmicrocomputersimprovefueleconomyandreduceemissions.Theyoperateanti-lockbrakesystemsandonsomecarsevenregulatethefirmnessoftheshockabsorbers.Butmuchofthetechnologyneededtoaddextraisavailablenow.AprototypenetworkvehicleproducedbyaconsortiumofNetscapeSunIBMandDelcoanautomotive-electronicsfirmbasedinMichiganwasintroducedattherecentannualcomputer-industryshowinLasVegas. Itnotonlyofferedsuchdesktop-computer-likeservicesase-mailbutallowedadrivertousethemwithoutlookingawayfromtheroad.Itwasoperatedbyvoicecommandsandprojecteditsdataontothewindscreenusingthesamesortofhead-updisplaysystemfoundinmodernfighterjets.Membersoftheconsortiumthinkareal-worldnetworkvehiclecouldbeinproductioninaslittleasfouryears. Carmakershavealreadybegunrollingoutsomeofthefeaturesfoundontheseprototypenet-mobiles.IfthedriverofaGeneralMotorscarequippedwithitsOn-Starsystemlockshiskeyinthecarforexampleanemergencycentrecantransmitadigitalsignaltounlockthedoors.On-Staralsocallsautomaticallyforhelpifanaccidenttriggerstheairbags.ToyotaandGeneralMotorsareamongagrowinglistoffirmsofferingin-carnavigationsystems.AndinEuropeBMWandMercedes-Benzrecentlyintroducednavigationhardwarethatcannotonlyplotoutaroutebutalertadrivertotrafficjams. "Anelectronicshowcaseonwheels"probablymeans
单项选择 Text4Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia."YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger"Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarketbasedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome."Othersfeelthatglobalization'sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld'sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We'repavingtheworldwithMcDonald'sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs."WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It'ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry."Notes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂中心suckaway减少 Accordingtoparagraph5theresponsesofdifferentcountriestoglobalizationmaybelookedonas
Sincethe1930stheideathatcreaturesmightadvertisetheir"fitness"asmatesthroughsymmetryhasbeenaround.Itrestsonthenotionthatfactorsrangingfrombadgenestocomingoffworseintoomanyfightswillleadtoasymmetriesotherscansee.Andoverthepastfewyearsexperimentswithanimalsandhumansseemedtosupporttheideathatsymmetryinfeaturessuchasplumageandfacialcharacteristicsinfluencesmateselection. Butnoonehadactuallycheckedthattheanimalsintheseexperimentscanactuallyseethesubtledifferencesinsymmetrytypicallyofbetween1and2percent.Nowthefirstsuchexperimenthasbeencarriedout.Theresultsareworryingforadvocatesofsymmetrydetectionasapowerfulfactorinmateselection. JohnSwaddleanethnologistattheUniversityofBristolperformedtheexperimentusingwildstarlingswhichhaveexcellenteyesight.Hetrainedthemtohitkeysmarkedwithbarpatternswithvaryinglevelsofasymmetryinordertoreceivefoodrewards.Thisshowedthestarlingscouldeasilydetectasymmetriesofbetween5and10percent.Butatbetween1and2percenttheirperformanceplummetedtonobetterthanrandomguessing. "Thissuggeststhatthelevelsofasymmetrythatbirdsencounterinnaturewilloftenbejusttoosmalltobedetected"saysSwaddle.Hesaysexperimentsthatlinkedsmallasymmetriestofitnessmayhaveproducedmisleadingcorrelationsandsaystheonlydirectevidencethatbirdsuseasymmetryasacuetomatefitnessinvolveslevelsofasymmetryofatleast10percent."Ithinksignalingbyasymmetrywillprobablyonlyoccurwhenspeciesshowsuchverylargeasymmetries—andthisdoesn’toccurthatoften." Thisraisesquestionsaboutresearchsuggestingthathumansareinfluencedbyvisualasymmetryintheirchoiceofpartner.MichaelButtofthePerceptionLaboratoryattheUniversityofSt.Andrewswhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsconcedesthatnoonehasevercheckedifhumanshaveathresholdtoasymmetrydetection.Hethinksaconclusivetestofthiswouldprobablyinvolvemanipulatingcomplexthree-dimensionalimages:"Itwouldbeaverydifficultexperimenttodo" Burtaddsthattheabilitiesofanimalstodetectasymmetryinbarpatternsmaynotreflecttheirtalentforspottingasymmetriesinbodyshape."Thevisibilityofanasymmetrymaywelldependonitstype"hesays.Swaddleagreesandisplanningfurtherexperiments."ButIsuspectthatasymmetryisusedasavisualcuelessoftenthanmostpeopleappeartopresume"hewarns. JohnSwaddle’sexperimentsuggeststhat
单项选择 Text4Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia."YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger"Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarketbasedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome."Othersfeelthatglobalization'sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld'sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We'repavingtheworldwithMcDonald'sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs."WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It'ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry."Notes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂中心suckaway减少 WhenmentioningJaniceYaweetheauthoristalkingabout
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnited’Statesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 44
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnited’Statesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.
单项选择 Text4Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia."YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger"Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarketbasedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome."Othersfeelthatglobalization'sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld'sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We'repavingtheworldwithMcDonald'sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs."WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It'ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry."Notes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂中心suckaway减少 AsforglobalizationMichaelTenet'sattitudetoitismostprobablyoneof
Sincethe1930stheideathatcreaturesmightadvertisetheir"fitness"asmatesthroughsymmetryhasbeenaround.Itrestsonthenotionthatfactorsrangingfrombadgenestocomingoffworseintoomanyfightswillleadtoasymmetriesotherscansee.Andoverthepastfewyearsexperimentswithanimalsandhumansseemedtosupporttheideathatsymmetryinfeaturessuchasplumageandfacialcharacteristicsinfluencesmateselection. Butnoonehadactuallycheckedthattheanimalsintheseexperimentscanactuallyseethesubtledifferencesinsymmetrytypicallyofbetween1and2percent.Nowthefirstsuchexperimenthasbeencarriedout.Theresultsareworryingforadvocatesofsymmetrydetectionasapowerfulfactorinmateselection. JohnSwaddleanethnologistattheUniversityofBristolperformedtheexperimentusingwildstarlingswhichhaveexcellenteyesight.Hetrainedthemtohitkeysmarkedwithbarpatternswithvaryinglevelsofasymmetryinordertoreceivefoodrewards.Thisshowedthestarlingscouldeasilydetectasymmetriesofbetween5and10percent.Butatbetween1and2percenttheirperformanceplummetedtonobetterthanrandomguessing. "Thissuggeststhatthelevelsofasymmetrythatbirdsencounterinnaturewilloftenbejusttoosmalltobedetected"saysSwaddle.Hesaysexperimentsthatlinkedsmallasymmetriestofitnessmayhaveproducedmisleadingcorrelationsandsaystheonlydirectevidencethatbirdsuseasymmetryasacuetomatefitnessinvolveslevelsofasymmetryofatleast10percent."Ithinksignalingbyasymmetrywillprobablyonlyoccurwhenspeciesshowsuchverylargeasymmetries—andthisdoesn’toccurthatoften." Thisraisesquestionsaboutresearchsuggestingthathumansareinfluencedbyvisualasymmetryintheirchoiceofpartner.MichaelButtofthePerceptionLaboratoryattheUniversityofSt.Andrewswhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsconcedesthatnoonehasevercheckedifhumanshaveathresholdtoasymmetrydetection.Hethinksaconclusivetestofthiswouldprobablyinvolvemanipulatingcomplexthree-dimensionalimages:"Itwouldbeaverydifficultexperimenttodo" Burtaddsthattheabilitiesofanimalstodetectasymmetryinbarpatternsmaynotreflecttheirtalentforspottingasymmetriesinbodyshape."Thevisibilityofanasymmetrymaywelldependonitstype"hesays.Swaddleagreesandisplanningfurtherexperiments."ButIsuspectthatasymmetryisusedasavisualcuelessoftenthanmostpeopleappeartopresume"hewarns. Mostpeopleoftenpresumethatinmateselectionscreaturesappealto
Sincethe1930stheideathatcreaturesmightadvertisetheir"fitness"asmatesthroughsymmetryhasbeenaround.Itrestsonthenotionthatfactorsrangingfrombadgenestocomingoffworseintoomanyfightswillleadtoasymmetriesotherscansee.Andoverthepastfewyearsexperimentswithanimalsandhumansseemedtosupporttheideathatsymmetryinfeaturessuchasplumageandfacialcharacteristicsinfluencesmateselection. Butnoonehadactuallycheckedthattheanimalsintheseexperimentscanactuallyseethesubtledifferencesinsymmetrytypicallyofbetween1and2percent.Nowthefirstsuchexperimenthasbeencarriedout.Theresultsareworryingforadvocatesofsymmetrydetectionasapowerfulfactorinmateselection. JohnSwaddleanethnologistattheUniversityofBristolperformedtheexperimentusingwildstarlingswhichhaveexcellenteyesight.Hetrainedthemtohitkeysmarkedwithbarpatternswithvaryinglevelsofasymmetryinordertoreceivefoodrewards.Thisshowedthestarlingscouldeasilydetectasymmetriesofbetween5and10percent.Butatbetween1and2percenttheirperformanceplummetedtonobetterthanrandomguessing. "Thissuggeststhatthelevelsofasymmetrythatbirdsencounterinnaturewilloftenbejusttoosmalltobedetected"saysSwaddle.Hesaysexperimentsthatlinkedsmallasymmetriestofitnessmayhaveproducedmisleadingcorrelationsandsaystheonlydirectevidencethatbirdsuseasymmetryasacuetomatefitnessinvolveslevelsofasymmetryofatleast10percent."Ithinksignalingbyasymmetrywillprobablyonlyoccurwhenspeciesshowsuchverylargeasymmetries—andthisdoesn’toccurthatoften." Thisraisesquestionsaboutresearchsuggestingthathumansareinfluencedbyvisualasymmetryintheirchoiceofpartner.MichaelButtofthePerceptionLaboratoryattheUniversityofSt.Andrewswhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsconcedesthatnoonehasevercheckedifhumanshaveathresholdtoasymmetrydetection.Hethinksaconclusivetestofthiswouldprobablyinvolvemanipulatingcomplexthree-dimensionalimages:"Itwouldbeaverydifficultexperimenttodo" Burtaddsthattheabilitiesofanimalstodetectasymmetryinbarpatternsmaynotreflecttheirtalentforspottingasymmetriesinbodyshape."Thevisibilityofanasymmetrymaywelldependonitstype"hesays.Swaddleagreesandisplanningfurtherexperiments."ButIsuspectthatasymmetryisusedasavisualcuelessoftenthanmostpeopleappeartopresume"hewarns. ThevisibilityofanasymmetryasMichaelButtthinksdependson
Youslipthekeyintotheignitionandcranktheenginetolife.Butbeforeyouputthecarintogearyoutapakeyonthekeyboardmountedbythesteeringwheelandyourneweste-mailflashesuponthewindscreen. Thisseductivesatyriswhatyougetwhenyoucrossacarandacomputer.Dubbedthe"networkvehicle"ornet-mobileitmaysooncometoadrivewaynearyouprobablytheonebelongingtoyourrichneighbor.Inanet-mobileamotoristcouldtapintoaregionalroadsystembutalsotomapoutaroutearoundrush-hourtrafficsnags.Driversandpassengerswillbeabletosendandreceivee-mailtrackthelatestsportsscoresorstockquotessurftheWebandevenplayvideogames.Orsoatleastsayanumberofcomputer-industryfirmssuchasMicrosoftSunIBMandNetscape. Themoderncarisalreadyanelectronicshowcaseonwheels.On-boardmicrocomputersimprovefueleconomyandreduceemissions.Theyoperateanti-lockbrakesystemsandonsomecarsevenregulatethefirmnessoftheshockabsorbers.Butmuchofthetechnologyneededtoaddextraisavailablenow.AprototypenetworkvehicleproducedbyaconsortiumofNetscapeSunIBMandDelcoanautomotive-electronicsfirmbasedinMichiganwasintroducedattherecentannualcomputer-industryshowinLasVegas. Itnotonlyofferedsuchdesktop-computer-likeservicesase-mailbutallowedadrivertousethemwithoutlookingawayfromtheroad.Itwasoperatedbyvoicecommandsandprojecteditsdataontothewindscreenusingthesamesortofhead-updisplaysystemfoundinmodernfighterjets.Membersoftheconsortiumthinkareal-worldnetworkvehiclecouldbeinproductioninaslittleasfouryears. Carmakershavealreadybegunrollingoutsomeofthefeaturesfoundontheseprototypenet-mobiles.IfthedriverofaGeneralMotorscarequippedwithitsOn-Starsystemlockshiskeyinthecarforexampleanemergencycentrecantransmitadigitalsignaltounlockthedoors.On-Staralsocallsautomaticallyforhelpifanaccidenttriggerstheairbags.ToyotaandGeneralMotorsareamongagrowinglistoffirmsofferingin-carnavigationsystems.AndinEuropeBMWandMercedes-Benzrecentlyintroducednavigationhardwarethatcannotonlyplotoutaroutebutalertadrivertotrafficjams. Thein-carnavigationsystemhasallofthefollowingfunctionsEXCEPT
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy. "Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepieces"notedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago."ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime." InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices."Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60s"Dr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere."They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations." Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupied"hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheother"Dr.Cohlerwenton."Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport." Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife. WhatcanbeinferredfromthesentenceSometimeslifegetstobetoomuchSentence4Paragraph3
Whentheyadviseyourkidsto"getaneducation"ifyouwanttoraiseyourincometheytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursocietybutnottoomuchthatproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety. Gethighschooldiplomaatleast.WithoutthatyouareoccupationallydeadunlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdisonandyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool. Getacollegedegreeifpossible.WithaB.A.youareonthelaunchingpad发射台.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegreemakesureitisaM.B.A.andonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthisthefamouslawofdiminishingreturnsbeginstotakeeffect. Doyouknowforinstancethatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreayearthanfullprofessorsYestheaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas＄24000whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust＄23930. APh.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucangetbutexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistrywherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposesyouarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythaninanyotherpartoftheworldbyfar. IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguageor—worstofall—inphilosophyyouruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneedsmindyoubutforourdemands. ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoesdrivingcabswaitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegethatpaysmuchlessthanthejanitor看门人earns. Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeductiononlysofar.Farenoughthatistomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproductbutnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou. IfyouareasgiftedasBernardShaworEdison
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnited’Statesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy. "Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepieces"notedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago."ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime." InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices."Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60s"Dr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere."They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations." Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupied"hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheother"Dr.Cohlerwenton."Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport." Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife. WhatdoesthephrasepickupthepiecesSentence2Paragraph2probablymean
单项选择 Text2Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists'CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior."Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers'policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans'saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents'inquisitiveness"hesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn'tdenythattherehasn'tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair'srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon'tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers'association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 ThurmanGraftonsuggeststhat
Whentheyadviseyourkidsto"getaneducation"ifyouwanttoraiseyourincometheytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursocietybutnottoomuchthatproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety. Gethighschooldiplomaatleast.WithoutthatyouareoccupationallydeadunlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdisonandyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool. Getacollegedegreeifpossible.WithaB.A.youareonthelaunchingpad发射台.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegreemakesureitisaM.B.A.andonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthisthefamouslawofdiminishingreturnsbeginstotakeeffect. Doyouknowforinstancethatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreayearthanfullprofessorsYestheaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas＄24000whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust＄23930. APh.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucangetbutexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistrywherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposesyouarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythaninanyotherpartoftheworldbyfar. IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguageor—worstofall—inphilosophyyouruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneedsmindyoubutforourdemands. ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoesdrivingcabswaitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegethatpaysmuchlessthanthejanitor看门人earns. Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeductiononlysofar.Farenoughthatistomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproductbutnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
单项选择 Text3AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry'sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan'seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry'suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
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