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Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is (...
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______parentslovetheirchildren.
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Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway. 47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad. 48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose. Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—not"Beperfect"not"Don’tevenmakeamistake"but"Bewhole." 49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.
Thisbookiswrittenexpresslyforstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefulandinterestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryfortheunderstandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschoolchemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenablethemtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow. Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasanimproperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthemajorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeentodeveloptheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistryiscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespreadapplicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyalteredthesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepracticalchemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothestudent.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhasalwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiodallottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicandbiochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthestudyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganicandorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectiononbiochemistry. ThefundamentalpointssuggestedintheCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthebiochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitaminsnutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthefundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse. Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovariouscoursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscoveredinthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhereminimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseissixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage.WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsofNursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredtotakebutonecourseinchemistry. Theapatheticattitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymaywellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistry. Intheauthor’sexperiencethestudentsaremostinterestedin
Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Coffeeisworthapproximately$50-60bneachyearintermsofworldsales.Itisatrulyinternationalcommodityandtodaymorethan50countriesintheworldgrowcoffeebeans.ThismakesthecoffeeindustryfairlyuniversalaccordingtoPabloDuboisheadoftheInternationalCoffeeOrganisationICObasedinLondon.ICOorganizationhelpscoffeeproducersandpromotescoffeeconsumptionworldwide. ICOestimatesthatworldproductionnextyearwillreach97.5millionbags11.3millionbagshigherthanthecurrentyear.ThemainreasonforthisishigherBrazilianoutputasproductionrecoversfromweatherdamagetocrops.41．______In1994Brazilwasresponsiblefor25%ofworldproductionColombiawasnextwith13.4%Indonesiahad7.5%Mexico4.7%Guatemala3.8%andEthiopiaandVietnamwereequalwith3.4%. Coffeeisatoughcropandcanbegrowninareaswhereitisdifficultorimpossibletogrowothercrops.Itiscultivatedinmountainregionswhichcanonlybereachedbyanimaltransportandinotherdifficultareaswheremodernagriculturalequipmentcannotbeused.42．______ICOisactiveineducatingfarmersaboutavoidingdiseaseanddealingwithproblemswhentheyoccur. ThedistributionchainvariesfromcountrytocountryexplainsPabloDubois.Inmostcountriesthesmallerfarmersselltheircroptoalocaltraderwhothensellsitontoexporters.43．______Largercoffeegrowersforexamplefrequentlyexportdirectly.SomecountrieslikeVietnamhavespecialgovernmentmarketingorganizationsforcoffee. Coffeepricesoftenvarygreatlyfromoneyeartothenext.In1997forexampletherewasalargeriseintheworldpricewhichwasimmediatelyfeltbytheconsumer.44．______Insomeofthesecountriesthiscanamounttoasmuchas50%ofallexportearnings. IntheopinionofPabloDuboisthebiggestproblemforhisorganisationistocreategreaterconsumerawarenessofthedifferentvarietiesofcoffeeanddifferentwaysofpreparingit.InNorthAmericamostconsumersalreadyhaveaboveaverageknowledgeOftherangeavailable.45．______Itisalsoencouragingenvironmentallyfriendlycoffeeproductionandlastyear’sseminaroncoffeeandtheenvironmentcreatedalotofinterest. Thefuturelooksbrightforthecoffeeindustry.Itisestimatedthatconsumptionoverthenextfewyearswillcontinuetorisesteadily.NewmarketslikeEasternEuropeandChinaareexpectedtodevelopfast. [A]HoweverdiseaseisalwaysproblemforcoffeeproductionaswecanseeinsomepartsofSouthAmericaatthemoment. [B]Becausetheamountofcoffeedemandisonahighrise. [C]ICOisthereforeconcentratingitspromotionalactivitiesonRussiaandChina. [D]AsthelargestproducingcountryBrazilisparticularlyimportantinthecoffeeworld. [E]Risingpricesalwaysresultinadropinsaleswhichwillhaveabadeffectonthosedevelopingcountrieswhicharehighlydependentonforeignexchangefromcoffeeexports. [F]Therearehoweverotherdistributionsystems. [G]Almostallthecoffeegrowerssharethesamedistributionchannel. 43
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 3
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 1
WhoispoorinAmericaThisisahardquestiontoanswer.Despitepoverty’smessinesswe’vemeasuredprogressagainstitbyasinglestatistic:thefederalpovertyline.In2008thepovertythresholdwas$21834forafour-memberfamilywithtwochildrenunder18.By1hismeasurewehaven’tmademuchprogress.Exceptforrecessionswhenthepovertyratecanriseto15percentit’sstayedinanarrowrangefordecades.In2007—thepeakofthelastbusinesscycle—thepovertyratewas12.5percent;oneoutofeightAmericanswas"poor."In1969anotherbusiness-cyclepeakthepovertyratewas12.1percent.Buttheapparentlackofprogressismisleadingfortworeasons. Firstitignoresimmigration.Manyimmigrantsarepoorandlowskilled.Theyaddtothepoor.From1989to2007aboutthreequartersoftheincreaseinthepovertypopulationoccurredamongHispanics—mostlyimmigrantstheirchildrenandgrandchildren.Thepovertyrateforblacksfellduringthisperiodthoughitwasstillmuchtoohigh24.5percentin2007.Poverty"experts"don’tdwellonimmigrationbecauseitimpliesthatmorerestrictivepoliciesmightreduceU.S.poverty. Secondthepoor’smaterialwell-beinghasimproved.Theofficialpovertymeasureobscuresthisbycountingonlypretaxcashincomeandignoringothersourcesofsupport.Theseincludetheearned-incometaxcreditarebatetolow-incomeworkersfoodstampshealthinsuranceMedicaidandhousingsubsidies.Althoughmanypoorlivehandtomouththey’veparticipatedinrisinglivingstandards.In200591percenthadmicrowaves79percentair-conditioningand48percentcellphones. Theexistingpovertylinecouldbeimprovedbyaddingsomeincomesourcesandsubtractingsomeexpensesexample:childcare.Unfortunatelytheadministration’sproposalfora"supplementalpovertymeasure"in2011—tocomplementnotreplacetheexistingpovertyline—goesbeyondthat.Thenewpovertynumberwouldcompoundpublicconfusion.Italsoraisesquestionsaboutwhetherthestatisticistailoredtofavorapoliticalagenda. The"supplementalmeasure"tiesthepovertythresholdtowhatthepoorestthirdofAmericansspendonfoodhousingclothingandutilities.Theactualthresholdnotyetcalculated—willprobablybehigherthantoday’spovertyline.Moreoverthisdefinitionhasstrangeconsequences.SupposethatallAmericansdoubledtheirincometomorrowandsupposethattheirspendingonfoodclothinghousingandutilitiesalsodoubled.Thatwouldseemtosignifylesspoverty—butnotbythenewpovertymeasure.Itwouldn’tdeclinebecausethepovertythresholdwouldgoupasspendingwentup.ManyAmericanswouldfindthisweird.peoplegetricherbut"poverty"staysstuck. Whatproducesthisoutcomeisadifferentviewofpoverty.Thepresentconceptisanabsoluteone:thepovertythresholdreflectstheamountestimatedtomeetbasicneeds.Bycontrastthenewmeasureembracesarelativenotionofpoverty:peopleareautomaticallypoorifthey’reagivendistancefromthetopeveniftheirincomesareincreasing. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewmeasure
AsmallgroupofInternetsecurityspecialistsgatheredinSingaporetostartupaglobalsystemtomakee-mailande-commercemoresecureendtherapidgrowthofpasswordsandraisethebarsignificantlyforInternetfraudspiesandtroublemakers. TheSingaporeeventincludedanelaboratetechnicalceremonytocreateandthensecurelystorenumericalkeysthatwillbekeptinthreehardeneddatacentersthereinZurichandinSanJoseCalif.ThekeysanddatacentersareworkingpartsofatechnologyknownasSecureDNSorDNSSEC.DNSreferstotheDomainNameSystemwhichisadirectorythatconnectsnamestonumericalInternetaddresses.Preliminaryworkonthesecuritysystemhadbeengoingonformorethanayearbutthiswasthefirsttimethesystemwentintooperationeventhoughitisnotquitecomplete. Thethreecentersarefortressesmadeupoffivelayersofphysicalelectronicandcryptographicsecuritymakingitvirtuallyimpossibletodamagethesystem.Fourlayersareactivenow.Thefifthaphysicalbarrierisbeingbuiltinsidethedatacenter. Thetechnologyisviewedbymanycomputersecurityspecialistsasarayofhopeamidtherecentcascadeofdatatheftsattacksdisruptionsandscandalsincludingbreak-insatCitibankSonyLockheedMartinRSASecurityandelsewhere.ItallowsuserstocommunicateviatheInternetwithhighconfidencethattheidentityofthepersonororganizationtheyarecommunicatingwithisnotbeingtrickedorforged. InternetengineerslikeDanKaminskyanindependentnetworksecurityresearcherwhoisoneoftheengineersinvolvedintheprojectwanttocounteractthreemajordeficienciesintoday’sInternet.Thereisnomechanismforensuringtrustthequalityofsoftwareisunevenanditisdifficulttotrackdownbadactors. Onereasonfortheseflawsisthatfromthe1960sthroughthe1980stheengineerswhodesignedthenetwork’sunderlyingtechnologywereconcernedaboutreliableratherthansecurecommunications.ThatisstartingtochangewiththeintroductionofSecureDNSbygovernmentsandotherorganizations. TheeventinSingaporecappedaprocessthatbeganmorethanayearagoandisexpectedtobecompleteafter300so-calledtop-leveldomainshavebeendigitallysigned.BeforetheSingaporeevent70countrieshadadoptedthetechnologyand14morewereaddedaspartoftheevent.WhilelargecountriesaregenerallydoingthetechnicalworktoincludetheirowndomainsinthesystemtheassociationofInternetsecurityspecialistsishelpingsmallercountriesandorganizationswiththeprocess. ItissuggestedinParagraph4that
AsmallgroupofInternetsecurityspecialistsgatheredinSingaporetostartupaglobalsystemtomakee-mailande-commercemoresecureendtherapidgrowthofpasswordsandraisethebarsignificantlyforInternetfraudspiesandtroublemakers. TheSingaporeeventincludedanelaboratetechnicalceremonytocreateandthensecurelystorenumericalkeysthatwillbekeptinthreehardeneddatacentersthereinZurichandinSanJoseCalif.ThekeysanddatacentersareworkingpartsofatechnologyknownasSecureDNSorDNSSEC.DNSreferstotheDomainNameSystemwhichisadirectorythatconnectsnamestonumericalInternetaddresses.Preliminaryworkonthesecuritysystemhadbeengoingonformorethanayearbutthiswasthefirsttimethesystemwentintooperationeventhoughitisnotquitecomplete. Thethreecentersarefortressesmadeupoffivelayersofphysicalelectronicandcryptographicsecuritymakingitvirtuallyimpossibletodamagethesystem.Fourlayersareactivenow.Thefifthaphysicalbarrierisbeingbuiltinsidethedatacenter. Thetechnologyisviewedbymanycomputersecurityspecialistsasarayofhopeamidtherecentcascadeofdatatheftsattacksdisruptionsandscandalsincludingbreak-insatCitibankSonyLockheedMartinRSASecurityandelsewhere.ItallowsuserstocommunicateviatheInternetwithhighconfidencethattheidentityofthepersonororganizationtheyarecommunicatingwithisnotbeingtrickedorforged. InternetengineerslikeDanKaminskyanindependentnetworksecurityresearcherwhoisoneoftheengineersinvolvedintheprojectwanttocounteractthreemajordeficienciesintoday’sInternet.Thereisnomechanismforensuringtrustthequalityofsoftwareisunevenanditisdifficulttotrackdownbadactors. Onereasonfortheseflawsisthatfromthe1960sthroughthe1980stheengineerswhodesignedthenetwork’sunderlyingtechnologywereconcernedaboutreliableratherthansecurecommunications.ThatisstartingtochangewiththeintroductionofSecureDNSbygovernmentsandotherorganizations. TheeventinSingaporecappedaprocessthatbeganmorethanayearagoandisexpectedtobecompleteafter300so-calledtop-leveldomainshavebeendigitallysigned.BeforetheSingaporeevent70countrieshadadoptedthetechnologyand14morewereaddedaspartoftheevent.WhilelargecountriesaregenerallydoingthetechnicalworktoincludetheirowndomainsinthesystemtheassociationofInternetsecurityspecialistsishelpingsmallercountriesandorganizationswiththeprocess. ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thattheglobalsystemtheInternetsecurityspecialistsgatheredtostartup
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 3
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway. 47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad. 48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose. Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—not"Beperfect"not"Don’tevenmakeamistake"but"Bewhole." 47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.
Directions: YouareateacherofEnglish.TheeditorofCampusNewsaskedyoutorecommendtwoEnglishbooksforstudentstoreadduringthesummer.Yourarticleshouldinclude: 1briefintroductionstothebooks;and 2reasonsforyourrecommendation.
Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Coffeeisworthapproximately$50-60bneachyearintermsofworldsales.Itisatrulyinternationalcommodityandtodaymorethan50countriesintheworldgrowcoffeebeans.ThismakesthecoffeeindustryfairlyuniversalaccordingtoPabloDuboisheadoftheInternationalCoffeeOrganisationICObasedinLondon.ICOorganizationhelpscoffeeproducersandpromotescoffeeconsumptionworldwide. ICOestimatesthatworldproductionnextyearwillreach97.5millionbags11.3millionbagshigherthanthecurrentyear.ThemainreasonforthisishigherBrazilianoutputasproductionrecoversfromweatherdamagetocrops.41．______In1994Brazilwasresponsiblefor25%ofworldproductionColombiawasnextwith13.4%Indonesiahad7.5%Mexico4.7%Guatemala3.8%andEthiopiaandVietnamwereequalwith3.4%. Coffeeisatoughcropandcanbegrowninareaswhereitisdifficultorimpossibletogrowothercrops.Itiscultivatedinmountainregionswhichcanonlybereachedbyanimaltransportandinotherdifficultareaswheremodernagriculturalequipmentcannotbeused.42．______ICOisactiveineducatingfarmersaboutavoidingdiseaseanddealingwithproblemswhentheyoccur. ThedistributionchainvariesfromcountrytocountryexplainsPabloDubois.Inmostcountriesthesmallerfarmersselltheircroptoalocaltraderwhothensellsitontoexporters.43．______Largercoffeegrowersforexamplefrequentlyexportdirectly.SomecountrieslikeVietnamhavespecialgovernmentmarketingorganizationsforcoffee. Coffeepricesoftenvarygreatlyfromoneyeartothenext.In1997forexampletherewasalargeriseintheworldpricewhichwasimmediatelyfeltbytheconsumer.44．______Insomeofthesecountriesthiscanamounttoasmuchas50%ofallexportearnings. IntheopinionofPabloDuboisthebiggestproblemforhisorganisationistocreategreaterconsumerawarenessofthedifferentvarietiesofcoffeeanddifferentwaysofpreparingit.InNorthAmericamostconsumersalreadyhaveaboveaverageknowledgeOftherangeavailable.45．______Itisalsoencouragingenvironmentallyfriendlycoffeeproductionandlastyear’sseminaroncoffeeandtheenvironmentcreatedalotofinterest. Thefuturelooksbrightforthecoffeeindustry.Itisestimatedthatconsumptionoverthenextfewyearswillcontinuetorisesteadily.NewmarketslikeEasternEuropeandChinaareexpectedtodevelopfast. [A]HoweverdiseaseisalwaysproblemforcoffeeproductionaswecanseeinsomepartsofSouthAmericaatthemoment. [B]Becausetheamountofcoffeedemandisonahighrise. [C]ICOisthereforeconcentratingitspromotionalactivitiesonRussiaandChina. [D]AsthelargestproducingcountryBrazilisparticularlyimportantinthecoffeeworld. [E]Risingpricesalwaysresultinadropinsaleswhichwillhaveabadeffectonthosedevelopingcountrieswhicharehighlydependentonforeignexchangefromcoffeeexports. [F]Therearehoweverotherdistributionsystems. [G]Almostallthecoffeegrowerssharethesamedistributionchannel. 41
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 7
Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Coffeeisworthapproximately$50-60bneachyearintermsofworldsales.Itisatrulyinternationalcommodityandtodaymorethan50countriesintheworldgrowcoffeebeans.ThismakesthecoffeeindustryfairlyuniversalaccordingtoPabloDuboisheadoftheInternationalCoffeeOrganisationICObasedinLondon.ICOorganizationhelpscoffeeproducersandpromotescoffeeconsumptionworldwide. ICOestimatesthatworldproductionnextyearwillreach97.5millionbags11.3millionbagshigherthanthecurrentyear.ThemainreasonforthisishigherBrazilianoutputasproductionrecoversfromweatherdamagetocrops.41．______In1994Brazilwasresponsiblefor25%ofworldproductionColombiawasnextwith13.4%Indonesiahad7.5%Mexico4.7%Guatemala3.8%andEthiopiaandVietnamwereequalwith3.4%. Coffeeisatoughcropandcanbegrowninareaswhereitisdifficultorimpossibletogrowothercrops.Itiscultivatedinmountainregionswhichcanonlybereachedbyanimaltransportandinotherdifficultareaswheremodernagriculturalequipmentcannotbeused.42．______ICOisactiveineducatingfarmersaboutavoidingdiseaseanddealingwithproblemswhentheyoccur. ThedistributionchainvariesfromcountrytocountryexplainsPabloDubois.Inmostcountriesthesmallerfarmersselltheircroptoalocaltraderwhothensellsitontoexporters.43．______Largercoffeegrowersforexamplefrequentlyexportdirectly.SomecountrieslikeVietnamhavespecialgovernmentmarketingorganizationsforcoffee. Coffeepricesoftenvarygreatlyfromoneyeartothenext.In1997forexampletherewasalargeriseintheworldpricewhichwasimmediatelyfeltbytheconsumer.44．______Insomeofthesecountriesthiscanamounttoasmuchas50%ofallexportearnings. IntheopinionofPabloDuboisthebiggestproblemforhisorganisationistocreategreaterconsumerawarenessofthedifferentvarietiesofcoffeeanddifferentwaysofpreparingit.InNorthAmericamostconsumersalreadyhaveaboveaverageknowledgeOftherangeavailable.45．______Itisalsoencouragingenvironmentallyfriendlycoffeeproductionandlastyear’sseminaroncoffeeandtheenvironmentcreatedalotofinterest. Thefuturelooksbrightforthecoffeeindustry.Itisestimatedthatconsumptionoverthenextfewyearswillcontinuetorisesteadily.NewmarketslikeEasternEuropeandChinaareexpectedtodevelopfast. [A]HoweverdiseaseisalwaysproblemforcoffeeproductionaswecanseeinsomepartsofSouthAmericaatthemoment. [B]Becausetheamountofcoffeedemandisonahighrise. [C]ICOisthereforeconcentratingitspromotionalactivitiesonRussiaandChina. [D]AsthelargestproducingcountryBrazilisparticularlyimportantinthecoffeeworld. [E]Risingpricesalwaysresultinadropinsaleswhichwillhaveabadeffectonthosedevelopingcountrieswhicharehighlydependentonforeignexchangefromcoffeeexports. [F]Therearehoweverotherdistributionsystems. [G]Almostallthecoffeegrowerssharethesamedistributionchannel. 45
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 1
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 11
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 15
WhoispoorinAmericaThisisahardquestiontoanswer.Despitepoverty’smessinesswe’vemeasuredprogressagainstitbyasinglestatistic:thefederalpovertyline.In2008thepovertythresholdwas$21834forafour-memberfamilywithtwochildrenunder18.By1hismeasurewehaven’tmademuchprogress.Exceptforrecessionswhenthepovertyratecanriseto15percentit’sstayedinanarrowrangefordecades.In2007—thepeakofthelastbusinesscycle—thepovertyratewas12.5percent;oneoutofeightAmericanswas"poor."In1969anotherbusiness-cyclepeakthepovertyratewas12.1percent.Buttheapparentlackofprogressismisleadingfortworeasons. Firstitignoresimmigration.Manyimmigrantsarepoorandlowskilled.Theyaddtothepoor.From1989to2007aboutthreequartersoftheincreaseinthepovertypopulationoccurredamongHispanics—mostlyimmigrantstheirchildrenandgrandchildren.Thepovertyrateforblacksfellduringthisperiodthoughitwasstillmuchtoohigh24.5percentin2007.Poverty"experts"don’tdwellonimmigrationbecauseitimpliesthatmorerestrictivepoliciesmightreduceU.S.poverty. Secondthepoor’smaterialwell-beinghasimproved.Theofficialpovertymeasureobscuresthisbycountingonlypretaxcashincomeandignoringothersourcesofsupport.Theseincludetheearned-incometaxcreditarebatetolow-incomeworkersfoodstampshealthinsuranceMedicaidandhousingsubsidies.Althoughmanypoorlivehandtomouththey’veparticipatedinrisinglivingstandards.In200591percenthadmicrowaves79percentair-conditioningand48percentcellphones. Theexistingpovertylinecouldbeimprovedbyaddingsomeincomesourcesandsubtractingsomeexpensesexample:childcare.Unfortunatelytheadministration’sproposalfora"supplementalpovertymeasure"in2011—tocomplementnotreplacetheexistingpovertyline—goesbeyondthat.Thenewpovertynumberwouldcompoundpublicconfusion.Italsoraisesquestionsaboutwhetherthestatisticistailoredtofavorapoliticalagenda. The"supplementalmeasure"tiesthepovertythresholdtowhatthepoorestthirdofAmericansspendonfoodhousingclothingandutilities.Theactualthresholdnotyetcalculated—willprobablybehigherthantoday’spovertyline.Moreoverthisdefinitionhasstrangeconsequences.SupposethatallAmericansdoubledtheirincometomorrowandsupposethattheirspendingonfoodclothinghousingandutilitiesalsodoubled.Thatwouldseemtosignifylesspoverty—butnotbythenewpovertymeasure.Itwouldn’tdeclinebecausethepovertythresholdwouldgoupasspendingwentup.ManyAmericanswouldfindthisweird.peoplegetricherbut"poverty"staysstuck. Whatproducesthisoutcomeisadifferentviewofpoverty.Thepresentconceptisanabsoluteone:thepovertythresholdreflectstheamountestimatedtomeetbasicneeds.Bycontrastthenewmeasureembracesarelativenotionofpoverty:peopleareautomaticallypoorifthey’reagivendistancefromthetopeveniftheirincomesareincreasing. Theauthorthinkstheexistingpovertyline
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 19
Thisbookiswrittenexpresslyforstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefulandinterestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryfortheunderstandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschoolchemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenablethemtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow. Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasanimproperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthemajorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeentodeveloptheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistryiscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespreadapplicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyalteredthesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepracticalchemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothestudent.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhasalwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiodallottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicandbiochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthestudyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganicandorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectiononbiochemistry. ThefundamentalpointssuggestedintheCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthebiochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitaminsnutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthefundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse. Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovariouscoursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscoveredinthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhereminimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseissixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage.WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsofNursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredtotakebutonecourseinchemistry. Theapatheticattitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymaywellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistry. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisbookis
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 9
WorklooksabettercureforpovertythanwelfareEspeciallyasfewerandfewercountrieswillbeabletoaffordtopaypotentialworkerstostayathomeaVictorianideaisbackinfavour:manypoorpeoplearebetteroffwhentheyarepulledbackintothelabourmarket.TheidearevivedfirstintheUnitedStates.Thereinitsharshestformtheunemployedworkinexchangeforwelfare.ButcountrieswithgovernmentstotheleftofAmerica’sincludingLabourAustraliaandSocialistFrancearenowalsoexploringwaystolinkincomesupportandemploymentpolicy. Comingfromdifferentdirectionstherightandtheleftaregraduallyfindingnewcommonground.Fortherightitseemsdeplorabletoencouragethepoortorelyonthestateforcashbecausetheygethookedongovernmenthelpandaccustomedtobeingpoor.Fortheleftitseemsdeplorabletoallowworkerstodropoutofthejobmarketforlongperiodsbecauseitmakesitharderforthemtofindnewjobs.Forboththeansweristogetthepoortowork. Mostindustrialcountrieshaveatwo-tiersystemofsocialprotection:asocial-securityschemewhereworkersandtheirbossesmakeregularcontributionsinexchangeforpaymentstoworkerswhentheyareunemployedsickorretired;andasafety-nettogivesomeincometothosepoorpeoplewhohaveexhaustedtheirsocialinsuranceorwhohavenoneTheformerisusuallynotmeans-testedbutfortheunemployedisoflimitedduration;thelatterisalmostalwaystiedtoincomeThepublictendstoapproveofcontributorybenefitswhichiswhatdesignersofsuchschemesintended. Safety-netbenefitscarrynosuchsenseofentitlementandarelesspopular.Yettheyhavegrownmorerapidlyinlargepartbecausethe1980-82recessionincreasedthenumberofpeopleofworkingagewhohadexhaustedtheirrighttocontributorybenefits.Andanincreasingproportionofthepoorarepeopleforwhomthecontributorysystemswereneverdesigned:theyoungandlonemothers.Inconsequencepaymentswhichcarryaclearentitlementhavebecomelesssignificantcomparedwiththosewhichappeartodependpurelyonstatecharity. Theriseinthebillfortheunpopularkindofsocialprotectioncomesatatimewhengovernmentswanttocurbstatespending.Itcomestooatatimewhenmanycountrieshavedonealmosteverythingtheycanthinkoftoprotectthepoor.Adecadeagomanyontheleftarguedthatpovertywasusuallycausedbycircumstancesoutsidethecontrolofthepoor—alackofjobsdisabilityoldageracialdiscriminationbrokenmarriages.Onewayoranothergovernmentshavetriedtotacklemostoftheseproblems.Stillthepoorremain. Asafety-netbenefitsystemisone
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 17
AsmallgroupofInternetsecurityspecialistsgatheredinSingaporetostartupaglobalsystemtomakee-mailande-commercemoresecureendtherapidgrowthofpasswordsandraisethebarsignificantlyforInternetfraudspiesandtroublemakers. TheSingaporeeventincludedanelaboratetechnicalceremonytocreateandthensecurelystorenumericalkeysthatwillbekeptinthreehardeneddatacentersthereinZurichandinSanJoseCalif.ThekeysanddatacentersareworkingpartsofatechnologyknownasSecureDNSorDNSSEC.DNSreferstotheDomainNameSystemwhichisadirectorythatconnectsnamestonumericalInternetaddresses.Preliminaryworkonthesecuritysystemhadbeengoingonformorethanayearbutthiswasthefirsttimethesystemwentintooperationeventhoughitisnotquitecomplete. Thethreecentersarefortressesmadeupoffivelayersofphysicalelectronicandcryptographicsecuritymakingitvirtuallyimpossibletodamagethesystem.Fourlayersareactivenow.Thefifthaphysicalbarrierisbeingbuiltinsidethedatacenter. Thetechnologyisviewedbymanycomputersecurityspecialistsasarayofhopeamidtherecentcascadeofdatatheftsattacksdisruptionsandscandalsincludingbreak-insatCitibankSonyLockheedMartinRSASecurityandelsewhere.ItallowsuserstocommunicateviatheInternetwithhighconfidencethattheidentityofthepersonororganizationtheyarecommunicatingwithisnotbeingtrickedorforged. InternetengineerslikeDanKaminskyanindependentnetworksecurityresearcherwhoisoneoftheengineersinvolvedintheprojectwanttocounteractthreemajordeficienciesintoday’sInternet.Thereisnomechanismforensuringtrustthequalityofsoftwareisunevenanditisdifficulttotrackdownbadactors. Onereasonfortheseflawsisthatfromthe1960sthroughthe1980stheengineerswhodesignedthenetwork’sunderlyingtechnologywereconcernedaboutreliableratherthansecurecommunications.ThatisstartingtochangewiththeintroductionofSecureDNSbygovernmentsandotherorganizations. TheeventinSingaporecappedaprocessthatbeganmorethanayearagoandisexpectedtobecompleteafter300so-calledtop-leveldomainshavebeendigitallysigned.BeforetheSingaporeevent70countrieshadadoptedthetechnologyand14morewereaddedaspartoftheevent.WhilelargecountriesaregenerallydoingthetechnicalworktoincludetheirowndomainsinthesystemtheassociationofInternetsecurityspecialistsishelpingsmallercountriesandorganizationswiththeprocess. Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed.
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 13
WorklooksabettercureforpovertythanwelfareEspeciallyasfewerandfewercountrieswillbeabletoaffordtopaypotentialworkerstostayathomeaVictorianideaisbackinfavour:manypoorpeoplearebetteroffwhentheyarepulledbackintothelabourmarket.TheidearevivedfirstintheUnitedStates.Thereinitsharshestformtheunemployedworkinexchangeforwelfare.ButcountrieswithgovernmentstotheleftofAmerica’sincludingLabourAustraliaandSocialistFrancearenowalsoexploringwaystolinkincomesupportandemploymentpolicy. Comingfromdifferentdirectionstherightandtheleftaregraduallyfindingnewcommonground.Fortherightitseemsdeplorabletoencouragethepoortorelyonthestateforcashbecausetheygethookedongovernmenthelpandaccustomedtobeingpoor.Fortheleftitseemsdeplorabletoallowworkerstodropoutofthejobmarketforlongperiodsbecauseitmakesitharderforthemtofindnewjobs.Forboththeansweristogetthepoortowork. Mostindustrialcountrieshaveatwo-tiersystemofsocialprotection:asocial-securityschemewhereworkersandtheirbossesmakeregularcontributionsinexchangeforpaymentstoworkerswhentheyareunemployedsickorretired;andasafety-nettogivesomeincometothosepoorpeoplewhohaveexhaustedtheirsocialinsuranceorwhohavenoneTheformerisusuallynotmeans-testedbutfortheunemployedisoflimitedduration;thelatterisalmostalwaystiedtoincomeThepublictendstoapproveofcontributorybenefitswhichiswhatdesignersofsuchschemesintended. Safety-netbenefitscarrynosuchsenseofentitlementandarelesspopular.Yettheyhavegrownmorerapidlyinlargepartbecausethe1980-82recessionincreasedthenumberofpeopleofworkingagewhohadexhaustedtheirrighttocontributorybenefits.Andanincreasingproportionofthepoorarepeopleforwhomthecontributorysystemswereneverdesigned:theyoungandlonemothers.Inconsequencepaymentswhichcarryaclearentitlementhavebecomelesssignificantcomparedwiththosewhichappeartodependpurelyonstatecharity. Theriseinthebillfortheunpopularkindofsocialprotectioncomesatatimewhengovernmentswanttocurbstatespending.Itcomestooatatimewhenmanycountrieshavedonealmosteverythingtheycanthinkoftoprotectthepoor.Adecadeagomanyontheleftarguedthatpovertywasusuallycausedbycircumstancesoutsidethecontrolofthepoor—alackofjobsdisabilityoldageracialdiscriminationbrokenmarriages.Onewayoranothergovernmentshavetriedtotacklemostoftheseproblems.Stillthepoorremain. Thegeneralattitudeofthepublictowardsbenefitsisthat
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry.
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 5
WhoispoorinAmericaThisisahardquestiontoanswer.Despitepoverty’smessinesswe’vemeasuredprogressagainstitbyasinglestatistic:thefederalpovertyline.In2008thepovertythresholdwas$21834forafour-memberfamilywithtwochildrenunder18.By1hismeasurewehaven’tmademuchprogress.Exceptforrecessionswhenthepovertyratecanriseto15percentit’sstayedinanarrowrangefordecades.In2007—thepeakofthelastbusinesscycle—thepovertyratewas12.5percent;oneoutofeightAmericanswas"poor."In1969anotherbusiness-cyclepeakthepovertyratewas12.1percent.Buttheapparentlackofprogressismisleadingfortworeasons. Firstitignoresimmigration.Manyimmigrantsarepoorandlowskilled.Theyaddtothepoor.From1989to2007aboutthreequartersoftheincreaseinthepovertypopulationoccurredamongHispanics—mostlyimmigrantstheirchildrenandgrandchildren.Thepovertyrateforblacksfellduringthisperiodthoughitwasstillmuchtoohigh24.5percentin2007.Poverty"experts"don’tdwellonimmigrationbecauseitimpliesthatmorerestrictivepoliciesmightreduceU.S.poverty. Secondthepoor’smaterialwell-beinghasimproved.Theofficialpovertymeasureobscuresthisbycountingonlypretaxcashincomeandignoringothersourcesofsupport.Theseincludetheearned-incometaxcreditarebatetolow-incomeworkersfoodstampshealthinsuranceMedicaidandhousingsubsidies.Althoughmanypoorlivehandtomouththey’veparticipatedinrisinglivingstandards.In200591percenthadmicrowaves79percentair-conditioningand48percentcellphones. Theexistingpovertylinecouldbeimprovedbyaddingsomeincomesourcesandsubtractingsomeexpensesexample:childcare.Unfortunatelytheadministration’sproposalfora"supplementalpovertymeasure"in2011—tocomplementnotreplacetheexistingpovertyline—goesbeyondthat.Thenewpovertynumberwouldcompoundpublicconfusion.Italsoraisesquestionsaboutwhetherthestatisticistailoredtofavorapoliticalagenda. The"supplementalmeasure"tiesthepovertythresholdtowhatthepoorestthirdofAmericansspendonfoodhousingclothingandutilities.Theactualthresholdnotyetcalculated—willprobablybehigherthantoday’spovertyline.Moreoverthisdefinitionhasstrangeconsequences.SupposethatallAmericansdoubledtheirincometomorrowandsupposethattheirspendingonfoodclothinghousingandutilitiesalsodoubled.Thatwouldseemtosignifylesspoverty—butnotbythenewpovertymeasure.Itwouldn’tdeclinebecausethepovertythresholdwouldgoupasspendingwentup.ManyAmericanswouldfindthisweird.peoplegetricherbut"poverty"staysstuck. Whatproducesthisoutcomeisadifferentviewofpoverty.Thepresentconceptisanabsoluteone:thepovertythresholdreflectstheamountestimatedtomeetbasicneeds.Bycontrastthenewmeasureembracesarelativenotionofpoverty:peopleareautomaticallypoorifthey’reagivendistancefromthetopeveniftheirincomesareincreasing. Thatthepovertyratedoesnotvarymuch
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