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Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. WhichofthefollowingwordscouldbestbesubstitutedforrelaxedParagraph3withoutsubstantiallychangingtheauthor’smeaning
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. Concerningliteraryrealismasmentionedinthepassagewhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagreewith
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"StabilityandGrowthPact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownasthe"Eurogroup."Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"Franco-Germansteamroller"asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. ThephraseFranco-GermansteamrollerPara3asusedinthetextdenotes
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid. Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised. Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon"pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy. Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot. Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours. Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive Accordingtothetexttheteachershortageissomething
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Describethepictures 2deducewhatisintendedinthepictureand 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.In formationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid. Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised. Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon"pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy. Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot. Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours. Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"StabilityandGrowthPact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownasthe"Eurogroup."Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"Franco-Germansteamroller"asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheEuroarea’sfinanceministers
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid. Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised. Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon"pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy. Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot. Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours. Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive ThewordexacerbateParagraph5iscloselyassociatedwith
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T hetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41__________.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42__________."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonly’shiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43__________. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44__________.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM’oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45__________.The"man-educate’manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 44
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T hetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41__________.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42__________."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonly’shiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43__________. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44__________.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM’oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45__________.The"man-educate’manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 42
FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildrenbutifyouwereaparentinthosedaysatleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandhiscompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeenbewilderedeversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-importantthepsychologistssaybutwhatabouttheparents’happinessParentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agood"old-fashioned"spankingisoutofthequestion:nomodernchild-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowedeventoshout.WhoknowswhatdeeppsychologicalwoundsyoumightinflictThepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitisthatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn’tevenbeenheardof.Certainlyachildneedsloveandalotofit.Buttheexcessivepermissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood. Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodernclassicsonchild-caretherearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadviceflyingaboutmumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheendtheydonothingatall.Sofromearlychildhoodthekidsareinchargeandparents’livesareregulatedaccordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopintoteenagerstheytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveapartyforinstanceparentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey Childrenarehardycreaturesfarhardierthanthepsychologistswouldhaveusbelieveandmostofthemsurvivetheharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthenormalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydonot.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageislargelyduetoparentallaxity.MotherbelievingthatlittleJohnnycanlookafterhimselfisnotathomewhenhereturnsfromschoolsolittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.Thedividing-linebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceisveryfineindeed. Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeeptheirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andifchildrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocessitmaynotreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemtodevelopvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomethingpositivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere’ssometruthintheideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessin.theirchildhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfail.tomakeasuccessoflife. Theauthorassertsthatinthefaceofexcessiveamountsofchild-careliteratureparentsare
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassagebasedonitscontent
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildrenbutifyouwereaparentinthosedaysatleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandhiscompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeenbewilderedeversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-importantthepsychologistssaybutwhatabouttheparents’happinessParentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agood"old-fashioned"spankingisoutofthequestion:nomodernchild-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowedeventoshout.WhoknowswhatdeeppsychologicalwoundsyoumightinflictThepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitisthatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn’tevenbeenheardof.Certainlyachildneedsloveandalotofit.Buttheexcessivepermissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood. Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodernclassicsonchild-caretherearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadviceflyingaboutmumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheendtheydonothingatall.Sofromearlychildhoodthekidsareinchargeandparents’livesareregulatedaccordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopintoteenagerstheytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveapartyforinstanceparentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey Childrenarehardycreaturesfarhardierthanthepsychologistswouldhaveusbelieveandmostofthemsurvivetheharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthenormalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydonot.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageislargelyduetoparentallaxity.MotherbelievingthatlittleJohnnycanlookafterhimselfisnotathomewhenhereturnsfromschoolsolittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.Thedividing-linebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceisveryfineindeed. Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeeptheirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andifchildrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocessitmaynotreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemtodevelopvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomethingpositivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere’ssometruthintheideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessin.theirchildhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfail.tomakeasuccessoflife. Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatchildrenwhoenjoyall-importanthappinesswill
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.In formationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.In formationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.
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