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A Frenchman, the psychologist Alfred Binet, published the first standardized test of human intellige...
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TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. 2
Beingagoodparentishardernowthatithaseverbeenbefore.Inpressurizedmodernlivesdemandstobeafulfilledindividualandagoodpartnerandagoodworkertakenoaccountofbeingagoodparent.46Wehaven’tleftspaceforthenurturingparentstocarefortheirchildrenandprovidethekindofcarethattheirchildrenneedresultinginthefactthatmanyfamiliesinthewesternworldjustdon’twork.Mostofushaveabitofyearningforatablefullofchildrendescendingneatlyinsizetheolderoneshelpingtheyoungerones.Let’scontrolournostalgia:thattraditionalfamilyhadmanyfaultsnotleastintherolesitimposedonfemales.47Theproblemisthatinthelastgenerationorsowe’vecometoassumethatwomenshouldbeableandwanttodoeverythingthatbothmenandwomenhavedonebytradition.Andit’sjustnotpossible.Indeedsinceadoptingamaleagendainlifeisprobablyonlyanotherformofthetraditionalethicsthatmenaresuperiortowomenquiteanumberofhighlyeducatedandeconomicallyprivilegedwomenarenowoptingtotakecareerbreakssoastobeathomewiththeirchildrenforlongerthanthe18weeks.Havingchildren--especiallythefirstchild--putsabiggerstrainonacouple’srelationshipthananythingelsetheyeverdo.48Facingtheever-enormousstresscausedbythekidssomewhostaytogetheremergestrongerandricherbutnumerouscouplesneverrecoverfromthestrain.Parentsareoftendividedatmanyaspectsofchildnurturingsuchasearlyeducationandhabitforming.49Soafutureofsmallerfamiliesandmorepeoplechoosingnottohavechildrenatallcouldwellleavecouplescloserthantheyaretoday;formanythepurposeofbeingtogetherwouldbesolelytopleasureandsupporteachother--aninterestingprospect.Let’shopepeopleinthefuturewillonlyhavechildreniftheyreallywantthem.Andthatshouldmeansomethingthatisseenasamuchmorepositivecommitmentthanitisnowandthatparentsaresociallysupportedandadmiredfordoingagoodjob.50Thewholepointofmarriageisthatitimposesclearobligationsnotjusttherighttopursueyourownhappinessthemainpartofwhichistoprovidebothemotionalandpracticalnurtureforchildren.Childrendemandsacrificeandaltruismalong-terminvestmentofparentaltimeandmoney.Ofcoursethehighestrewardthatparentsexpectistoseetheirchildrendevelopandbecomeusefultalentsforthesociety.
Apairofdicerolledagainandagainwilleventuallyproducetwosixes.Similarlythevirusthatcausesinfluenzaisconstantlychangingatrandomandonedaywillmutateinawaythatwillenableittoinfectbillionsofpeopleandtokillmillions.Manyexpertsnowbelieveaglobaloutbreakofpandemicfluisoverdueandthatthenextonecouldbeasbadastheonein1918whichkilledsomewherebetween25mand50mpeople.Todayhoweveradvancesinmedicineofferrealhopethatanothersuchoutbreakcanbecontained—ifgovernmentsstartpreparingnow.Newresearchpublishedthisweeksuggeststhatarelativelysmallstockpileofanantiviraldrug—aslittleas3mdoses—couldbeenoughtolimitsharplyaflupandemicifthedrugsweredeployedquicklytopeopleintheareasurroundingtheinitialoutbreak.Thedrug’smanufacturerRocheistalkingtotheWorldHealthOrganisationaboutdonatingsuchastockpile.Thisisgoodnews.ButmuchmoreneedstobedoneespeciallywithanastystrainofavianfluspreadinginAsiawhichcouldmutateintoathreattohumans.SincetheSARSoutbreakin2003afewcountrieshavedevelopedplansinpreparationforsimilarepisodes.Butprogresshasbeenshamefullypatchyandthereisstillfartoolittleinternationalcoordination.Thebesttitleforthetextwouldbe______.[A]TheWorldMustPrepareforPandemicInfluenza[B]SimilarEpisodesofInitialOutbreakareAlwaysEvasivetoLaymen[C]TheGovernmentShouldTakeLeadinthePreventionofPandemicInfluenza[D]TheWorldHealthOrganizationMustAuthorizetheRelevantRescueSystem
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.AccordingtotextwhatisbeyondtheabilityofEurope’sfailingfirmsnowis[A]todefectAmericancompetitiverivals.[B]tocomplywithdifferentlaws.[C]toescapethecontrolofgovernments.[D]tonegotiatewiththeircreditors.
[A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.WhenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintorealitysoastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 42
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentifiedstrongraysofsunshine.WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.MurdochdeclaredlastmonththattherearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket.Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim.Signsofimprovementarevisibleintheadvertisingof______.[A]high-techmagazinesandsportsindustry[B]celebritymagazinesandtravelindustry[C]women’smagazinesandcarindustry[D]movieindustryandhigh-teehmagazines
Apairofdicerolledagainandagainwilleventuallyproducetwosixes.Similarlythevirusthatcausesinfluenzaisconstantlychangingatrandomandonedaywillmutateinawaythatwillenableittoinfectbillionsofpeopleandtokillmillions.Manyexpertsnowbelieveaglobaloutbreakofpandemicfluisoverdueandthatthenextonecouldbeasbadastheonein1918whichkilledsomewherebetween25mand50mpeople.Todayhoweveradvancesinmedicineofferrealhopethatanothersuchoutbreakcanbecontained—ifgovernmentsstartpreparingnow.Newresearchpublishedthisweeksuggeststhatarelativelysmallstockpileofanantiviraldrug—aslittleas3mdoses—couldbeenoughtolimitsharplyaflupandemicifthedrugsweredeployedquicklytopeopleintheareasurroundingtheinitialoutbreak.Thedrug’smanufacturerRocheistalkingtotheWorldHealthOrganisationaboutdonatingsuchastockpile.Thisisgoodnews.ButmuchmoreneedstobedoneespeciallywithanastystrainofavianfluspreadinginAsiawhichcouldmutateintoathreattohumans.SincetheSARSoutbreakin2003afewcountrieshavedevelopedplansinpreparationforsimilarepisodes.Butprogresshasbeenshamefullypatchyandthereisstillfartoolittleinternationalcoordination.ThewordcontainedLine6Paragraph1mostprobablymeans______.[A]checked[B]duplicated[C]included[D]forecast
IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationovertheageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhavethedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutestokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection. ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheorywhicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed. Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth. Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecordyearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrecttherateshouldhavefallen. Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge. Thepassageismainlyabout
WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEdenorinpresent-dayeastAfricaitisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man’shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfoodandhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11000yearsagodidhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledavillage.Ittookanother6000yearsforcitiesofmorethan100000peopletodevelop. Intermsofhumanhistorythismayseemawelcomedevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevercomeoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankindthenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightsmustbegivencreditforinspiringthem. Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightcomparedwiththeurbanone.Cities’developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlementsallowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurplusesandthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged. Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspringonadefensiblehillorpeninsulanexttoanestuarythemouthofariverorothersourceoffood.Alsoimportantarguehistorianswasasettlement’scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-placeoftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gravesgrovesevencavesmightbecomeplacesforceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone. Butbreadinthebroadestsensewasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftsmenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchangebothofgoodsandofideasandsoitalsobecameacentreoflearningandinnovation. Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthisofcourseandtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydevelopedsomeweremostnotablefortheirreligiousroleasthehubofanempireascentresofadministrationpoliticaldevelopmentlearningorcommerce.Someflourishedsomediedtheirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquestplaguemisgovernmentoreconomiccollapse. Onereasonwhypeoplebegantolivetogetheristhat
[A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.WhenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintorealitysoastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 44
Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries--inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles--thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStarr’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse--gasemissions--afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport--meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate--letalonethefederalgovernment--tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. WhydidMr.Schwarzeneggerseemtobeworkingonnothingelse
WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEdenorinpresent-dayeastAfricaitisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man’shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfoodandhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11000yearsagodidhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledavillage.Ittookanother6000yearsforcitiesofmorethan100000peopletodevelop. Intermsofhumanhistorythismayseemawelcomedevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevercomeoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankindthenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightsmustbegivencreditforinspiringthem. Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightcomparedwiththeurbanone.Cities’developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlementsallowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurplusesandthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged. Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspringonadefensiblehillorpeninsulanexttoanestuarythemouthofariverorothersourceoffood.Alsoimportantarguehistorianswasasettlement’scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-placeoftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gravesgrovesevencavesmightbecomeplacesforceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone. Butbreadinthebroadestsensewasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftsmenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchangebothofgoodsandofideasandsoitalsobecameacentreoflearningandinnovation. Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthisofcourseandtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydevelopedsomeweremostnotablefortheirreligiousroleasthehubofanempireascentresofadministrationpoliticaldevelopmentlearningorcommerce.Someflourishedsomediedtheirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquestplaguemisgovernmentoreconomiccollapse. Thefirstparagraphsuggeststhatearlyhumanbeings’livingplaces
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystembyharvestinge-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected.[B]Blasterworkedbycreatingabufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall.InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory.[C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed.[D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting.[E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswithpingssignalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers.[F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.[G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableofmulti-threading:itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes.
Directions: ThechartindicatestheamountofmoneyperweekspentondifferenttypesoffastfoodinBritain.Thegraphshowsthetrendsinconsumptionoffastfood. Writeareportforyouruniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshowninbothcharts. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Beingagoodparentishardernowthatithaseverbeenbefore.Inpressurizedmodernlivesdemandstobeafulfilledindividualandagoodpartnerandagoodworkertakenoaccountofbeingagoodparent.46Wehaven’tleftspaceforthenurturingparentstocarefortheirchildrenandprovidethekindofcarethattheirchildrenneedresultinginthefactthatmanyfamiliesinthewesternworldjustdon’twork.Mostofushaveabitofyearningforatablefullofchildrendescendingneatlyinsizetheolderoneshelpingtheyoungerones.Let’scontrolournostalgia:thattraditionalfamilyhadmanyfaultsnotleastintherolesitimposedonfemales.47Theproblemisthatinthelastgenerationorsowe’vecometoassumethatwomenshouldbeableandwanttodoeverythingthatbothmenandwomenhavedonebytradition.Andit’sjustnotpossible.Indeedsinceadoptingamaleagendainlifeisprobablyonlyanotherformofthetraditionalethicsthatmenaresuperiortowomenquiteanumberofhighlyeducatedandeconomicallyprivilegedwomenarenowoptingtotakecareerbreakssoastobeathomewiththeirchildrenforlongerthanthe18weeks.Havingchildren--especiallythefirstchild--putsabiggerstrainonacouple’srelationshipthananythingelsetheyeverdo.48Facingtheever-enormousstresscausedbythekidssomewhostaytogetheremergestrongerandricherbutnumerouscouplesneverrecoverfromthestrain.Parentsareoftendividedatmanyaspectsofchildnurturingsuchasearlyeducationandhabitforming.49Soafutureofsmallerfamiliesandmorepeoplechoosingnottohavechildrenatallcouldwellleavecouplescloserthantheyaretoday;formanythepurposeofbeingtogetherwouldbesolelytopleasureandsupporteachother--aninterestingprospect.Let’shopepeopleinthefuturewillonlyhavechildreniftheyreallywantthem.Andthatshouldmeansomethingthatisseenasamuchmorepositivecommitmentthanitisnowandthatparentsaresociallysupportedandadmiredfordoingagoodjob.50Thewholepointofmarriageisthatitimposesclearobligationsnotjusttherighttopursueyourownhappinessthemainpartofwhichistoprovidebothemotionalandpracticalnurtureforchildren.Childrendemandsacrificeandaltruismalong-terminvestmentofparentaltimeandmoney.Ofcoursethehighestrewardthatparentsexpectistoseetheirchildrendevelopandbecomeusefultalentsforthesociety.
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystembyharvestinge-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected.[B]Blasterworkedbycreatingabufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall.InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory.[C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed.[D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting.[E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswithpingssignalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers.[F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.[G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableofmulti-threading:itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes.
Apairofdicerolledagainandagainwilleventuallyproducetwosixes.Similarlythevirusthatcausesinfluenzaisconstantlychangingatrandomandonedaywillmutateinawaythatwillenableittoinfectbillionsofpeopleandtokillmillions.Manyexpertsnowbelieveaglobaloutbreakofpandemicfluisoverdueandthatthenextonecouldbeasbadastheonein1918whichkilledsomewherebetween25mand50mpeople.Todayhoweveradvancesinmedicineofferrealhopethatanothersuchoutbreakcanbecontained—ifgovernmentsstartpreparingnow.Newresearchpublishedthisweeksuggeststhatarelativelysmallstockpileofanantiviraldrug—aslittleas3mdoses—couldbeenoughtolimitsharplyaflupandemicifthedrugsweredeployedquicklytopeopleintheareasurroundingtheinitialoutbreak.Thedrug’smanufacturerRocheistalkingtotheWorldHealthOrganisationaboutdonatingsuchastockpile.Thisisgoodnews.ButmuchmoreneedstobedoneespeciallywithanastystrainofavianfluspreadinginAsiawhichcouldmutateintoathreattohumans.SincetheSARSoutbreakin2003afewcountrieshavedevelopedplansinpreparationforsimilarepisodes.Butprogresshasbeenshamefullypatchyandthereisstillfartoolittleinternationalcoordination.Thespeedo{remedydispatchisofimportanceto______.[A]therecoveryoftheinfectedpatient[B]thetreatmentoftheailingsufferer[C]thepreventionofaflupandemic[D]theefficiencyoflargesupplyofdrugs
IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationovertheageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhavethedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutestokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection. ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheorywhicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed. Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth. Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecordyearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrecttherateshouldhavefallen. Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge. AllofthefollowingdeathpenaltymethodsarementionedinthepassageEXCEPT
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos. DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad."WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshake"hesays."It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles." SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele."It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsites"saysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune. Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight. Accordingtothelastparagraphafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunction
WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEdenorinpresent-dayeastAfricaitisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man’shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfoodandhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11000yearsagodidhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledavillage.Ittookanother6000yearsforcitiesofmorethan100000peopletodevelop. Intermsofhumanhistorythismayseemawelcomedevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevercomeoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankindthenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightsmustbegivencreditforinspiringthem. Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightcomparedwiththeurbanone.Cities’developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlementsallowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurplusesandthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged. Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspringonadefensiblehillorpeninsulanexttoanestuarythemouthofariverorothersourceoffood.Alsoimportantarguehistorianswasasettlement’scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-placeoftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gravesgrovesevencavesmightbecomeplacesforceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone. Butbreadinthebroadestsensewasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftsmenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchangebothofgoodsandofideasandsoitalsobecameacentreoflearningandinnovation. Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthisofcourseandtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydevelopedsomeweremostnotablefortheirreligiousroleasthehubofanempireascentresofadministrationpoliticaldevelopmentlearningorcommerce.Someflourishedsomediedtheirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquestplaguemisgovernmentoreconomiccollapse. Whichofthefollowingcouldbestsummarizethepassage
IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationovertheageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhavethedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutestokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection. ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheorywhicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed. Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth. Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecordyearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrecttherateshouldhavefallen. Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceandbelief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerighttotakealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvisesforgivenessnotrevenge. Inparagraph3deterrencemeans
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment.Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--ofamateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisureviewingtelevisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem.49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.356words
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystembyharvestinge-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected.[B]Blasterworkedbycreatingabufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall.InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory.[C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed.[D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting.[E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswithpingssignalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers.[F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.[G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableofmulti-threading:itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes.
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthattheabsenceofrelevantlawsconcerningbankruptcymaymoreoftenthannotresultin[A]dangerousconfusion.[B]desperateconflicts.[C]abruptreforms.[D]potentialthreats.
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentifiedstrongraysofsunshine.WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.MurdochdeclaredlastmonththattherearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket.Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim.Mr.Murdoch’searlymarketestimationwas______.[A]exaggeratingthesituation[B]beingtoocautious[C]underestimatingthedevelopment[D]probablydescribingthereality
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment.Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--ofamateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisureviewingtelevisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem.49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.356words
Inmostpartsoftheworldclimatechangeisaworryingsubject.NotsoinCalifornia.Atarecentgatheringofgreenluminaries--inafilmstar’shousenaturallyforthatishowseriousnessisoftenestablishedinLosAngeles--thedominantnotewasself-satisfactionatwhatthestatehasalreadyachieved.AndperhapsnobodyismorecomplacentthanArnoldSchwarzenegger.UnlikeA1GoreapresidentialcandidateturnedprophetofenvironmentaldoomCalifornia’sgovernorsoundscheerfulwhentalkingaboutclimatechange.Aswellhemight:ithasmadehispoliticalcareer. AlthoughCaliforniahaslongbeenanenvironmentally-consciousstateuntilrecentlygreenswereconcernedaboveallwithsmogandredwoodtrees."CoastofDreams"KevinStarr’sauthoritativehistoryofcontemporaryCaliforniapublishedin2004doesnotmentionclimatechange.Inthatyearthoughthenewly-electedMr.Schwarzeneggermadehisfirsttentativecallforwesternstatestoseekalternativestofossilfuels.Graduallyhenoticedthathiseffortstotackleclimatechangemetwithlessresistanceandmoreacclaimthanjustaboutallhisotherpolicies.Thesedaysitcanseemasthoughheworksonnothingelse. Mr.Schwarzenegger’stransformationfromscreenwarriortoeco-warriorwascompletedlastyearwhenhesignedabillimposinglegally-enforceablelimitsongreenhouse--gasemissions--afirstforAmerica.ThanksmostlytoitslackofcoalandheavyindustryCaliforniaisarelativelycleanstate.Ifitwereacountryitwouldbetheworld’seighth-biggesteconomybutonlyits16th-biggestpolluter.Itsbigproblemistransport--meaningmostlycarsandtruckswhichaccountformorethan40%ofitsgreenhouse-gasemissionscomparedwith32%inAmericaasawhole.Thestatewantstoratchetdownemissionslimitsonnewvehiclesbeginningin2009.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasalsoorderedthatby2020vehiclefuelmustproduce10%lesscarbon:intheproductionaswellastheburningsoasimpleswitchtocorn-basedethanolisprobablyout. ThanksinparttoCalifornia’sexamplemostofthewesternstateshaveadoptedclimateactionplans.WhenitcomestosettingemissiontargetsthescenecanresembleaposedownataMr.Olympiacontest.Arizona’sclimate-changescholarsdecidedtosetatargetofcuttingthestate’semissionsto2000levelsby2020.ButJanetNapolitanothegovernorwasdeterminednottobeout-muscledbyCalifornia.ShehasdeclaredthatArizonawilltrytoreturnto2000emissionlevelsby2012. Californiahasnotjustinspiredotherstates;ithascreatedavanguardthatoughttobeabletoprodthefederalgovernmentintostrongernationalstandardsthanitwouldotherwiseconsider.ButCaliforniaisfindingiteasiertoexportitspoliciesthantoputthemintopracticeathome.InonewayCalifornia’sself-confidenceisfullyjustified.Ithasdonemorethananyotherstate--letalonethefederalgovernment--tofixAmerica’sattentiononclimatechange.Ithasalsomadeitseemasthoughtheproblemcanbesolved.Whichiswhyfailurewouldbesuchbadnews.AtthemomentCaliforniaisabeacontootherstates.Ifitfailsitwillbecomeanexcuseforinaction. JanetNapolitanoismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat
Beingagoodparentishardernowthatithaseverbeenbefore.Inpressurizedmodernlivesdemandstobeafulfilledindividualandagoodpartnerandagoodworkertakenoaccountofbeingagoodparent.46Wehaven’tleftspaceforthenurturingparentstocarefortheirchildrenandprovidethekindofcarethattheirchildrenneedresultinginthefactthatmanyfamiliesinthewesternworldjustdon’twork.Mostofushaveabitofyearningforatablefullofchildrendescendingneatlyinsizetheolderoneshelpingtheyoungerones.Let’scontrolournostalgia:thattraditionalfamilyhadmanyfaultsnotleastintherolesitimposedonfemales.47Theproblemisthatinthelastgenerationorsowe’vecometoassumethatwomenshouldbeableandwanttodoeverythingthatbothmenandwomenhavedonebytradition.Andit’sjustnotpossible.Indeedsinceadoptingamaleagendainlifeisprobablyonlyanotherformofthetraditionalethicsthatmenaresuperiortowomenquiteanumberofhighlyeducatedandeconomicallyprivilegedwomenarenowoptingtotakecareerbreakssoastobeathomewiththeirchildrenforlongerthanthe18weeks.Havingchildren--especiallythefirstchild--putsabiggerstrainonacouple’srelationshipthananythingelsetheyeverdo.48Facingtheever-enormousstresscausedbythekidssomewhostaytogetheremergestrongerandricherbutnumerouscouplesneverrecoverfromthestrain.Parentsareoftendividedatmanyaspectsofchildnurturingsuchasearlyeducationandhabitforming.49Soafutureofsmallerfamiliesandmorepeoplechoosingnottohavechildrenatallcouldwellleavecouplescloserthantheyaretoday;formanythepurposeofbeingtogetherwouldbesolelytopleasureandsupporteachother--aninterestingprospect.Let’shopepeopleinthefuturewillonlyhavechildreniftheyreallywantthem.Andthatshouldmeansomethingthatisseenasamuchmorepositivecommitmentthanitisnowandthatparentsaresociallysupportedandadmiredfordoingagoodjob.50Thewholepointofmarriageisthatitimposesclearobligationsnotjusttherighttopursueyourownhappinessthemainpartofwhichistoprovidebothemotionalandpracticalnurtureforchildren.Childrendemandsacrificeandaltruismalong-terminvestmentofparentaltimeandmoney.Ofcoursethehighestrewardthatparentsexpectistoseetheirchildrendevelopandbecomeusefultalentsforthesociety.
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