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(46) Speaking of the loving warmth of the extended family, the popular image is of granny by the ...
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Pracitce_______Englishasmuchaspossiblethenyour____
speak, speaking
spoken, speaking
speaking, speaking
speaking, spoken
Toseeayoungcouplelovingeachotherisbuttoseeanoldcou
no wonder
no doubt
no way
no problem
I_________toreadsoIalwaysputmy_________togooduseby
love;loves
loving;loving
love;love
loves;loves
______parentslovetheirchildren.
General speaking
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Youareasalesmaninapharmacycompany.WritealettertoMr.Wangoneofyourcustomerstointroduceanewmedicinetohim.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Weofferheresomeprinciplesforteachingextensivereadingasatoolforprofessionaldevelopment.Thesearewhatwebelievethebasicingredientsofextensivereading.Weencourageteacherstousethemasawaytoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutreadingingeneralandextensivereadinginparticularandthewaystheyteachforeignlanguagereading.Weposittheseprinciplesinthehopesthatotherswillconsiderthemandreacttothem. 41Thereadingmaterialiseasy. Thisclearlyseparatesextensivereadingfromotherapproachestoteachingforeignlanguagereading.Forextensivereadingtobepossibleandforittohavethedesiredresultstextsmustbewellwithinthelearners’readingcompetenceintheforeignlanguage. 42Avarietyofreadingmaterialonawiderangeoftopicsmustbeavailable. Thesuccessofextensivereadingdependslargelyonenticingstudentstoread.Toawakenorencourageadesiretoreadthetextsmadeavailableshouldideallybeasvariedasthelearnerswhoreadthemandthepurposesforwhichtheywanttoread. 43Learnerschoosewhattheywanttoread. Theprincipleoffreedomofchoicemeansthatlearnerscanselecttextsastheydointheirownlanguagethatistheycanchoosetextstheyexpecttounderstandtoenjoyortolearnfrom.Correlativetothisprinciplelearnersarealsofreeindeedencouragedtostopreadinganythingtheyfindtobetoodifficultorthatturnsoutnottobeofinterest. 44Learnersreadasmuchaspossible. Thisisthe"extensive"ofextensivereadingmadepossiblebythepreviousprinciples.Themostcriticalelementinlearningtoreadistheamountoftimespentactuallyreading. Thepurposeofreadingisusuallyrelatedtopleasureinformationandgeneralunderstanding. Inanextensivereadingapproachlearnersareencouragedtoreadforthesamekindsofreasonsandinthesamewaysasthegeneralpopulationoffirst-languagereaders.Thissetsextensivereadingapartfromusualclassroompracticeontheonehandandreadingforacademicpurposesontheother.Onehundredpercentcomprehensionindeedanyparticularobjectivelevelofcomprehensionisnotagoal.Intermsofreadingoutcomesthefocusshiftsawayfromcomprehensionachievedorknowledgegainedandtowardsthereader’spersonalexperience. 45Readingspeedisusuallyfasterratherthanslower. Whenlearnersarereadingmaterialthatiswellwithintheirlinguisticabilityforpersonalinterestandforgeneralratherthanacademicpurposesitisanincentivetoreadingfluency. Wehopethattheseprincipleswillgiveteachersfoodforthoughtandreflectionastheyconsidertheirbeliefsabouthowbesttohelptheirstudentsbecomeproficientforeign-languagereaders. [A]Thelearners’experienceofreadingthetextisatthecenteroftheextensivereadingexperiencejustasitisinreadingineverydaylife.Forthisreasonextensivereadingisnotusuallyfollowedbycomprehensionquestions.Itisanexperiencecompleteinitself.Atthesametimeteachersmayaskstudentstocompletefollow-upactivitiesbasedontheirreading.Suchactivitieswhilerespectingtheintegrityofstudents’readingexperiencesextendthemininterestingandusefulways. [B]Booksmagazinesnewspapersfictionnon-fictiontextsthatinformtextsthatentertaingeneralspecializedlightserious. [C]Inhelpingbeginningreadersselecttextsthatarewellwithintheirreadingcomfortzonemorethanoneortwounknownwordsperpagemightmakethetexttoodifficultforoverallunderstanding.Intermediatelearnersmightusetheruleofhand--nomorethanfivedifficultwordsperpage. [D]Nuttallnotesthat"speedenjoymentandcomprehensionarecloselylinkedwithoneanother".Shedescribes"Theviciouscircleoftheweakreader:Readsslowly;Doesn’tenjoyreading;Doesn’treadmuch;Doesn’tunderstand;Readsslowly..."andsoon.Extensivereadingcanhelpreaders"enterinsteadthecycleofgrowth...Thevirtuouscircleofthegoodreader:Readsfaster;Readsmore;Understandsbetter;Enjoysreading;Readsfaster...". [E]Thereisnoupperlimittotheamountofreadingthatcanbedonebutabookaweekisprobablytheminimumamountofreadingnecessarytoachievethebenefitsofextensivereadingandtoestablishareadinghabit. [F]WhatHenrynoticedaboutherkevel-1non-readingundergraduatesisnolesstrueinforeignlanguagereading:"Mystudentsneededtoreadforthemselvesnotforme."Forstudentsusedtoworkingwithtextbooksandteacher-selectedtextsthefreedomtochoosereadingmaterialandfreedomtostopreadingmaybeacrucialstepinexperiencingforeignlanguagereadingassomethingpersonal. 45
Text3 Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. ThewordreinvigorateLine3Paragraph5probablymeans
Weofferheresomeprinciplesforteachingextensivereadingasatoolforprofessionaldevelopment.Thesearewhatwebelievethebasicingredientsofextensivereading.Weencourageteacherstousethemasawaytoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutreadingingeneralandextensivereadinginparticularandthewaystheyteachforeignlanguagereading.Weposittheseprinciplesinthehopesthatotherswillconsiderthemandreacttothem. 41Thereadingmaterialiseasy. Thisclearlyseparatesextensivereadingfromotherapproachestoteachingforeignlanguagereading.Forextensivereadingtobepossibleandforittohavethedesiredresultstextsmustbewellwithinthelearners’readingcompetenceintheforeignlanguage. 42Avarietyofreadingmaterialonawiderangeoftopicsmustbeavailable. Thesuccessofextensivereadingdependslargelyonenticingstudentstoread.Toawakenorencourageadesiretoreadthetextsmadeavailableshouldideallybeasvariedasthelearnerswhoreadthemandthepurposesforwhichtheywanttoread. 43Learnerschoosewhattheywanttoread. Theprincipleoffreedomofchoicemeansthatlearnerscanselecttextsastheydointheirownlanguagethatistheycanchoosetextstheyexpecttounderstandtoenjoyortolearnfrom.Correlativetothisprinciplelearnersarealsofreeindeedencouragedtostopreadinganythingtheyfindtobetoodifficultorthatturnsoutnottobeofinterest. 44Learnersreadasmuchaspossible. Thisisthe"extensive"ofextensivereadingmadepossiblebythepreviousprinciples.Themostcriticalelementinlearningtoreadistheamountoftimespentactuallyreading. Thepurposeofreadingisusuallyrelatedtopleasureinformationandgeneralunderstanding. Inanextensivereadingapproachlearnersareencouragedtoreadforthesamekindsofreasonsandinthesamewaysasthegeneralpopulationoffirst-languagereaders.Thissetsextensivereadingapartfromusualclassroompracticeontheonehandandreadingforacademicpurposesontheother.Onehundredpercentcomprehensionindeedanyparticularobjectivelevelofcomprehensionisnotagoal.Intermsofreadingoutcomesthefocusshiftsawayfromcomprehensionachievedorknowledgegainedandtowardsthereader’spersonalexperience. 45Readingspeedisusuallyfasterratherthanslower. Whenlearnersarereadingmaterialthatiswellwithintheirlinguisticabilityforpersonalinterestandforgeneralratherthanacademicpurposesitisanincentivetoreadingfluency. Wehopethattheseprincipleswillgiveteachersfoodforthoughtandreflectionastheyconsidertheirbeliefsabouthowbesttohelptheirstudentsbecomeproficientforeign-languagereaders. [A]Thelearners’experienceofreadingthetextisatthecenteroftheextensivereadingexperiencejustasitisinreadingineverydaylife.Forthisreasonextensivereadingisnotusuallyfollowedbycomprehensionquestions.Itisanexperiencecompleteinitself.Atthesametimeteachersmayaskstudentstocompletefollow-upactivitiesbasedontheirreading.Suchactivitieswhilerespectingtheintegrityofstudents’readingexperiencesextendthemininterestingandusefulways. [B]Booksmagazinesnewspapersfictionnon-fictiontextsthatinformtextsthatentertaingeneralspecializedlightserious. [C]Inhelpingbeginningreadersselecttextsthatarewellwithintheirreadingcomfortzonemorethanoneortwounknownwordsperpagemightmakethetexttoodifficultforoverallunderstanding.Intermediatelearnersmightusetheruleofhand--nomorethanfivedifficultwordsperpage. [D]Nuttallnotesthat"speedenjoymentandcomprehensionarecloselylinkedwithoneanother".Shedescribes"Theviciouscircleoftheweakreader:Readsslowly;Doesn’tenjoyreading;Doesn’treadmuch;Doesn’tunderstand;Readsslowly..."andsoon.Extensivereadingcanhelpreaders"enterinsteadthecycleofgrowth...Thevirtuouscircleofthegoodreader:Readsfaster;Readsmore;Understandsbetter;Enjoysreading;Readsfaster...". [E]Thereisnoupperlimittotheamountofreadingthatcanbedonebutabookaweekisprobablytheminimumamountofreadingnecessarytoachievethebenefitsofextensivereadingandtoestablishareadinghabit. [F]WhatHenrynoticedaboutherkevel-1non-readingundergraduatesisnolesstrueinforeignlanguagereading:"Mystudentsneededtoreadforthemselvesnotforme."Forstudentsusedtoworkingwithtextbooksandteacher-selectedtextsthefreedomtochoosereadingmaterialandfreedomtostopreadingmaybeacrucialstepinexperiencingforeignlanguagereadingassomethingpersonal. 41
[A]Inanycaseomnipresentchippingisyearsaway.UndauntedPFIIDchipmakerVeriChipislookingforbigbanksandcredit-cardfirmsinterestedinofferingRFID-basede-wallets.Ifsuccessfultheywouldtrulygiveshoulderinguptothebarforadrinkawholenewmeaning. [B]AstheBajaBeachClubtrialshowsRFIDcantagpeopleaswellasgoods.SomehospitalsateusingRFIDbraceletsonnewbornbabiesandelderlypatientswithdementia.ChildreninoneJapaneseschoolwaveRFIDcardstoalerttheirparentsthatthey’vearrived. [C]ForsomeretailersRFIDisawaytoprovideamoreseamlessshoppingexperience.BritishretailgiantMarks&Spenceriscurrentlytaggingmen’ssuitsinseveralLondonstoresaspartofatest.Whenyoubuyasize42thestockroom--alertedbythetag--sendsupanother.InPrada’sNewYorkstoreifyouholdadressnearamonitoryou’llseemodelswearingitonarunway. [D]AntoineHazelaarhasachiponhisshoulder--orratherjustbeneaththeskinofhisleftarm.It’sapieceofsiliconthesizeofagrainofriceanditemitswirelesssignalsthatarepickedupbyscannersnearby.Eversincethe34-year-oldWeb-siteproducerhadthechipimplantedinhisarmhe’senjoyedVIPstatusatBarcelona’sBajaBeachClub.InsteadofqueuingupbehindvelvetropesHazelaarallowstheguardtoscanhisarmandstrollsrightin.Ifhewantsadrinkthebartenderwavesanelectronicwandthatdeductsfromthe100EurotabonHazelaar’schip. [E]Suchsci-ficlubbingismadepossiblebyRadioFrequencyIdentificationorRFIDtechnology--tinydigitalchipsthatbroadcastwirelesssignals.RFIDtagsarecheapandsmallenoughtobedisposableandthey’regettingcheaperandsmallerbytheday.RetailstoresarebeginningtousethemasglorifiedbarcodesputtingthemoncasesofbananasorCokesotheycankeeptrackoftheirinventory.Thetechnologyhasthepotentialtotransformourrelationshiptotheobjectsaroundus.Theprospectisexcitingbutitraisestroublingquestionsabouttheinvasionofprivacy. [F]Fornowbusinessesseeitasawaytosavemoneyandimproveservice.BiggroceriesdepartmentstoresandotherretailersaroundtheworldareaskingsupplierstoputRFIDtagsonshipmentsofgoods.Staffwillknowexactlywhereitemsareandwhentheycamein.Customerswillneverhavetoleavethestoreempty-handedbecauseitemswillneverrunout--wirelesssignalswillalertstafferstodwindlingsuppliesofsoap.What’smoreRFIDwillhelpcombattheftorforgingproblemsthatcostbusinesses$500billionayear. [G]Privacyimplicationsremainabigobstacle.Thefearisthatcompaniesorgovernmentscouldusethetagsasameansofmonitoring.ProponentscounterthatRFIDtagstransmitforonlyafewmetersandthedatacanbedeactivatedonceaproductleavesthestore.NeverthelessCASPLANandotherwatchdoggroupshavewonconcessionsfromretailers.Wal-MartandBenettonwillonlyusethetagsonpalletsnotonindividualitemsandMetrohasgottenridofRFID-enabledloyaltycards. Order: 43
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. 49
Text1 Wal-Martisnowmountingaboldexpansionthatcoulddoubleitssaleswithinjustfiveyearsto$480billion.SomeofthatgrowthwillcomeinnewmarketsoutsidetheU.S.where1200storesinninecountriesalreadyaccountforabout16%ofthechain’stotalsales.ButevenmoregrowthwillbewonasthechaininsinuatesitselfintomoreU.S.neighborhoodsandinvadesmoreproductcategories. IfyouthinkWal-Martalreadysellsjustabouteverythingthinkagain.ThinkPCsceilingfansmorefashionableclothinggasolineandevencars."Theirgoalistohavea30%shareofeverymajorbusinesstheyarcin"saysLindaKristiansenaretailanalystforUBSWarburgEquityResearch.Ifthere’snoWal-Martstorenearyoujustwait.IfyoushopatWal-Martexpectyourstoretogetbiggeroranewstoretoopenevencloser.Thechainplanstoexpandfrom3400U.S.locationstoday-halfofthemintheSouth--toanationwidenetworkapproaching5000storesinfiveyears. Wal-Marthas1300Supercentersmanyofthemconvertedfromstandarddiscountstoresofferingeverythingfromhardwaretogroceriesanddrugs.Insomeareasitisplacingthese17O00-sq-mmonstersascloseas8kmapart.Andinthespacesbetweenit’stormentinglocalgroceriesandconveniencestoreswithNeighborhoodMarketscall’emSmall-Marts.Wal-MartisbuildingitsfirsturbanSupercenterindowntownDallas.Andwithoutfanfareitistestingused-carsalesalongsideoneofitsHoustonstores."It’ssurprisinghowmuchroomwehaveforgrowth"saysRobsonWalton58Sam’ssonandthecompany’snonexecutivechairman."I’mnottryingtobeflippant"addsLeeScott52Wal-Mart’sCEO."Butsimplyputourlong-termstrategyistobewherewe’renot." YetforWal-Marttogetwhereitisnowisgoingtobealotharderthanitwastogetwhereitis.Evenwithsalesexpectedtogrowtoabout$240billionforthefiscalyearthatendsJan.31pricewarsinitsgrocerybusinessnarrowedWal-Mart’sprofitmargintoitslowestlevelinfouryears.Thecompanyplanstofattenprofitsbybecomingmoreofaproducerandevendesignerofitsgoodsespeciallyclothing.It’smakingblousesinChinaandtowersinIndiathatitintendstoselleverywherefromBerlintoBeijingandBoston.Butfashionisanotoriouslyficklebusiness.AndbydivingdeeperintothemanufacturingofmoreofitsproductsWal-Martisbravingapaththathasbroughtgrieftosomeofhistory’sbiggestretailerssuchasA&PandSears. AccordingtoLindaKristiansenWal-Mart
Text2 JamesandBonnieSturgisarethekindofparentsanyschoolwouldliketoclaim.He’shighlyeducatedhasfourdegrees.She’sanenergeticstay-at-homemomwhospendshourseachweekcartingtheirfourchildrentoactivitiesneartheirPalmBeachCountyFla.home. Theyareinvolvedparentscommittedtotheirchildren’seducation--justnotcommittedtothepublicschools. TheSturgisesarehome-schoolerspartofagrowingmovementthatrejectsmanyofthepractices-andattimestheverypremises--ofpubliceducation.Home-schoolersbelievethatparentsarethebestteachersthatfamily-centerededucationtrumpsthetypicalK-12experienceanytimethatonlybyseparatingthemselvesfromacumbersomeandsomesaymorallycorruptsystemcantheyretaincontroloftheirchildren’slives. Inthepasttheresponseofmanyschoolboardmembershasbeen:"Iftheydon’twantwhatweofferletthemgo."Andonthoseoccasionswhenhome-schooledstudentsaskedtotryoutforthefootballteamplayinthebandorenrollinhigh-levelscienceclassestheresponsehasoftenbeen"no". Butthat’schanging.Moreschooldistrictsareopeningcoursesandextracurricularactivitiestohome-schoolersandtherhetoricissoftening. Thedistrict’sformerpolicytowardhome-schooling"wasn’tfriendlyatall"saysReneeSessleraboardmemberfortheReynoldsSchoolDistrictnearPortlandOre.."ItsaidWe’renotgoingtodoanythingforyou.’"Lastyeartheboardopenedphysicaleducationmusicprogramsandotheractivitiesandcoursestohome-schoolers. Extracurricularactivitieshavealsobeenopenedtohome-schoolersinPalmBeachCountyanddistrictsthroughoutFloridasinceastatelawwaspassedin1996.Noweveryschoolsysteminthestatehasacoordinatorwhohandlesrelationsbetweenthedistrictandhome-schoolingparents. "Ithinkcertainlyinthelastfiveyearsorsothere’sadifferentclimate"saysMikeSmithpresidentoftheHomeSchoolLegalDefenseAssociationHSLDAwhichadvocatesfortheinterestsofhome-schoolersandgoestocourtontheirbehalf."Noteverywherebutit’schanging." Whythenewattitude’Foronethingit’sgoodpublicrelations.Asanyboardmemberknowsit’sbettertoworkwithdisillusionedparentsthandrivethemfartheraway.Andit’sgoodbusinesstogetaportionofthefull-timeequivalentfundingfortheperiodthathome-schoolersareinschool. Theauthorsaystherhetoricissofteningtoshowthat
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text2 JamesandBonnieSturgisarethekindofparentsanyschoolwouldliketoclaim.He’shighlyeducatedhasfourdegrees.She’sanenergeticstay-at-homemomwhospendshourseachweekcartingtheirfourchildrentoactivitiesneartheirPalmBeachCountyFla.home. Theyareinvolvedparentscommittedtotheirchildren’seducation--justnotcommittedtothepublicschools. TheSturgisesarehome-schoolerspartofagrowingmovementthatrejectsmanyofthepractices-andattimestheverypremises--ofpubliceducation.Home-schoolersbelievethatparentsarethebestteachersthatfamily-centerededucationtrumpsthetypicalK-12experienceanytimethatonlybyseparatingthemselvesfromacumbersomeandsomesaymorallycorruptsystemcantheyretaincontroloftheirchildren’slives. Inthepasttheresponseofmanyschoolboardmembershasbeen:"Iftheydon’twantwhatweofferletthemgo."Andonthoseoccasionswhenhome-schooledstudentsaskedtotryoutforthefootballteamplayinthebandorenrollinhigh-levelscienceclassestheresponsehasoftenbeen"no". Butthat’schanging.Moreschooldistrictsareopeningcoursesandextracurricularactivitiestohome-schoolersandtherhetoricissoftening. Thedistrict’sformerpolicytowardhome-schooling"wasn’tfriendlyatall"saysReneeSessleraboardmemberfortheReynoldsSchoolDistrictnearPortlandOre.."ItsaidWe’renotgoingtodoanythingforyou.’"Lastyeartheboardopenedphysicaleducationmusicprogramsandotheractivitiesandcoursestohome-schoolers. Extracurricularactivitieshavealsobeenopenedtohome-schoolersinPalmBeachCountyanddistrictsthroughoutFloridasinceastatelawwaspassedin1996.Noweveryschoolsysteminthestatehasacoordinatorwhohandlesrelationsbetweenthedistrictandhome-schoolingparents. "Ithinkcertainlyinthelastfiveyearsorsothere’sadifferentclimate"saysMikeSmithpresidentoftheHomeSchoolLegalDefenseAssociationHSLDAwhichadvocatesfortheinterestsofhome-schoolersandgoestocourtontheirbehalf."Noteverywherebutit’schanging." Whythenewattitude’Foronethingit’sgoodpublicrelations.Asanyboardmemberknowsit’sbettertoworkwithdisillusionedparentsthandrivethemfartheraway.Andit’sgoodbusinesstogetaportionofthefull-timeequivalentfundingfortheperiodthathome-schoolersareinschool. What'sthefirstresponsefromschoolboardtowardshome-schoolers
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text1 Wal-Martisnowmountingaboldexpansionthatcoulddoubleitssaleswithinjustfiveyearsto$480billion.SomeofthatgrowthwillcomeinnewmarketsoutsidetheU.S.where1200storesinninecountriesalreadyaccountforabout16%ofthechain’stotalsales.ButevenmoregrowthwillbewonasthechaininsinuatesitselfintomoreU.S.neighborhoodsandinvadesmoreproductcategories. IfyouthinkWal-Martalreadysellsjustabouteverythingthinkagain.ThinkPCsceilingfansmorefashionableclothinggasolineandevencars."Theirgoalistohavea30%shareofeverymajorbusinesstheyarcin"saysLindaKristiansenaretailanalystforUBSWarburgEquityResearch.Ifthere’snoWal-Martstorenearyoujustwait.IfyoushopatWal-Martexpectyourstoretogetbiggeroranewstoretoopenevencloser.Thechainplanstoexpandfrom3400U.S.locationstoday-halfofthemintheSouth--toanationwidenetworkapproaching5000storesinfiveyears. Wal-Marthas1300Supercentersmanyofthemconvertedfromstandarddiscountstoresofferingeverythingfromhardwaretogroceriesanddrugs.Insomeareasitisplacingthese17O00-sq-mmonstersascloseas8kmapart.Andinthespacesbetweenit’stormentinglocalgroceriesandconveniencestoreswithNeighborhoodMarketscall’emSmall-Marts.Wal-MartisbuildingitsfirsturbanSupercenterindowntownDallas.Andwithoutfanfareitistestingused-carsalesalongsideoneofitsHoustonstores."It’ssurprisinghowmuchroomwehaveforgrowth"saysRobsonWalton58Sam’ssonandthecompany’snonexecutivechairman."I’mnottryingtobeflippant"addsLeeScott52Wal-Mart’sCEO."Butsimplyputourlong-termstrategyistobewherewe’renot." YetforWal-Marttogetwhereitisnowisgoingtobealotharderthanitwastogetwhereitis.Evenwithsalesexpectedtogrowtoabout$240billionforthefiscalyearthatendsJan.31pricewarsinitsgrocerybusinessnarrowedWal-Mart’sprofitmargintoitslowestlevelinfouryears.Thecompanyplanstofattenprofitsbybecomingmoreofaproducerandevendesignerofitsgoodsespeciallyclothing.It’smakingblousesinChinaandtowersinIndiathatitintendstoselleverywherefromBerlintoBeijingandBoston.Butfashionisanotoriouslyficklebusiness.AndbydivingdeeperintothemanufacturingofmoreofitsproductsWal-Martisbravingapaththathasbroughtgrieftosomeofhistory’sbiggestretailerssuchasA&PandSears. Thefigureslistedinthefirstparagraphshowthat
[A]Inanycaseomnipresentchippingisyearsaway.UndauntedPFIIDchipmakerVeriChipislookingforbigbanksandcredit-cardfirmsinterestedinofferingRFID-basede-wallets.Ifsuccessfultheywouldtrulygiveshoulderinguptothebarforadrinkawholenewmeaning. [B]AstheBajaBeachClubtrialshowsRFIDcantagpeopleaswellasgoods.SomehospitalsateusingRFIDbraceletsonnewbornbabiesandelderlypatientswithdementia.ChildreninoneJapaneseschoolwaveRFIDcardstoalerttheirparentsthatthey’vearrived. [C]ForsomeretailersRFIDisawaytoprovideamoreseamlessshoppingexperience.BritishretailgiantMarks&Spenceriscurrentlytaggingmen’ssuitsinseveralLondonstoresaspartofatest.Whenyoubuyasize42thestockroom--alertedbythetag--sendsupanother.InPrada’sNewYorkstoreifyouholdadressnearamonitoryou’llseemodelswearingitonarunway. [D]AntoineHazelaarhasachiponhisshoulder--orratherjustbeneaththeskinofhisleftarm.It’sapieceofsiliconthesizeofagrainofriceanditemitswirelesssignalsthatarepickedupbyscannersnearby.Eversincethe34-year-oldWeb-siteproducerhadthechipimplantedinhisarmhe’senjoyedVIPstatusatBarcelona’sBajaBeachClub.InsteadofqueuingupbehindvelvetropesHazelaarallowstheguardtoscanhisarmandstrollsrightin.Ifhewantsadrinkthebartenderwavesanelectronicwandthatdeductsfromthe100EurotabonHazelaar’schip. [E]Suchsci-ficlubbingismadepossiblebyRadioFrequencyIdentificationorRFIDtechnology--tinydigitalchipsthatbroadcastwirelesssignals.RFIDtagsarecheapandsmallenoughtobedisposableandthey’regettingcheaperandsmallerbytheday.RetailstoresarebeginningtousethemasglorifiedbarcodesputtingthemoncasesofbananasorCokesotheycankeeptrackoftheirinventory.Thetechnologyhasthepotentialtotransformourrelationshiptotheobjectsaroundus.Theprospectisexcitingbutitraisestroublingquestionsabouttheinvasionofprivacy. [F]Fornowbusinessesseeitasawaytosavemoneyandimproveservice.BiggroceriesdepartmentstoresandotherretailersaroundtheworldareaskingsupplierstoputRFIDtagsonshipmentsofgoods.Staffwillknowexactlywhereitemsareandwhentheycamein.Customerswillneverhavetoleavethestoreempty-handedbecauseitemswillneverrunout--wirelesssignalswillalertstafferstodwindlingsuppliesofsoap.What’smoreRFIDwillhelpcombattheftorforgingproblemsthatcostbusinesses$500billionayear. [G]Privacyimplicationsremainabigobstacle.Thefearisthatcompaniesorgovernmentscouldusethetagsasameansofmonitoring.ProponentscounterthatRFIDtagstransmitforonlyafewmetersandthedatacanbedeactivatedonceaproductleavesthestore.NeverthelessCASPLANandotherwatchdoggroupshavewonconcessionsfromretailers.Wal-MartandBenettonwillonlyusethetagsonpalletsnotonindividualitemsandMetrohasgottenridofRFID-enabledloyaltycards. Order: 45
Whencompetitionisfierceandelbowsareflyingnothingismorenaturalthanthedesiretoclimbatoptheheap.Thebiggestfirmsinmostindustrieshaveanedge.Theyprobablybecamethebiggestbybeingthebest.46Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals.Beinglargeenoughtoshapeanindustrycanhelp.Andwhenthenationalchampionisfalteringthereisafairchancepoliticianswillconsiderittoobigtofail. 47Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.AndyetwithoutwishingtospoilPepsi’spartythecaseforcelebrationisnotsoclear-cut.AsAmericahasdiscoveredinthegeopoliticsbusinessbeingnumberoneisnotmuchfun. Assoonasafirmclimbsabovethesharpelbowsofitsrivalsitstartsgettingpeltedwiththeeggsofanti-businessactivists.Peoplewhohatebigbusinessaimhigh.48SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers.Andwhenwasthelasttimeyousawananti-globalizationmobdestroyaBurgerKingoutlet 49UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.WhileNikewasinundatedwithcomplaintsaboutits"sweatshops"inpoorcountriesAdidassteadilyimproveditsbrandandhasrecentlyacquiredReeboktoemergeasastrongnumbertwo.IfonlyEbenezerScroogehadlivedacrosstownfromabiggerrivaltheghostsofChristmasmighthavepickedontheotherguyandleftthepoorcurmudgeontoagoodnight’ssleep. Asprotestersgetbetteratrunningmediacampaignsthesecond-bestadvantagemayevenbegrowing.50FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsas"RogerandMe"GeneralMotors"SuperSizeMe"McDonald’sor"Wal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice".Eveniftherunner-updoesgetcaughtdoingsomethingunpopularitcanpintheblameonmercilesscompetitionfromtheevilnumberone. UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. 47
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text1 Wal-Martisnowmountingaboldexpansionthatcoulddoubleitssaleswithinjustfiveyearsto$480billion.SomeofthatgrowthwillcomeinnewmarketsoutsidetheU.S.where1200storesinninecountriesalreadyaccountforabout16%ofthechain’stotalsales.ButevenmoregrowthwillbewonasthechaininsinuatesitselfintomoreU.S.neighborhoodsandinvadesmoreproductcategories. IfyouthinkWal-Martalreadysellsjustabouteverythingthinkagain.ThinkPCsceilingfansmorefashionableclothinggasolineandevencars."Theirgoalistohavea30%shareofeverymajorbusinesstheyarcin"saysLindaKristiansenaretailanalystforUBSWarburgEquityResearch.Ifthere’snoWal-Martstorenearyoujustwait.IfyoushopatWal-Martexpectyourstoretogetbiggeroranewstoretoopenevencloser.Thechainplanstoexpandfrom3400U.S.locationstoday-halfofthemintheSouth--toanationwidenetworkapproaching5000storesinfiveyears. Wal-Marthas1300Supercentersmanyofthemconvertedfromstandarddiscountstoresofferingeverythingfromhardwaretogroceriesanddrugs.Insomeareasitisplacingthese17O00-sq-mmonstersascloseas8kmapart.Andinthespacesbetweenit’stormentinglocalgroceriesandconveniencestoreswithNeighborhoodMarketscall’emSmall-Marts.Wal-MartisbuildingitsfirsturbanSupercenterindowntownDallas.Andwithoutfanfareitistestingused-carsalesalongsideoneofitsHoustonstores."It’ssurprisinghowmuchroomwehaveforgrowth"saysRobsonWalton58Sam’ssonandthecompany’snonexecutivechairman."I’mnottryingtobeflippant"addsLeeScott52Wal-Mart’sCEO."Butsimplyputourlong-termstrategyistobewherewe’renot." YetforWal-Marttogetwhereitisnowisgoingtobealotharderthanitwastogetwhereitis.Evenwithsalesexpectedtogrowtoabout$240billionforthefiscalyearthatendsJan.31pricewarsinitsgrocerybusinessnarrowedWal-Mart’sprofitmargintoitslowestlevelinfouryears.Thecompanyplanstofattenprofitsbybecomingmoreofaproducerandevendesignerofitsgoodsespeciallyclothing.It’smakingblousesinChinaandtowersinIndiathatitintendstoselleverywherefromBerlintoBeijingandBoston.Butfashionisanotoriouslyficklebusiness.AndbydivingdeeperintothemanufacturingofmoreofitsproductsWal-Martisbravingapaththathasbroughtgrieftosomeofhistory’sbiggestretailerssuchasA&PandSears. WhatcanbeinferredfromthewordsofRobsonWaltonandLeeScott
Text4 RupertMurdochoncedescribedthemasthe"riversofgold"--thelucrativeclassified-advertisingrevenuesthatflowedintobignewspapergroups.ButthegoldenriversarebeingdivertedonlineastheInternetbreaksthegripthatlocalandregionalnewspapersonceheldovertheiradvertisingmarkets. Typicallyalocalnewspaperwouldexpecttogetsome80%ofitsrevenuefromadvertisingofwhicharoundtwo-thirdswouldcomefromclassifieds.ButlastyearintheSanFranciscoBayareajobadsworthsome$60mwerelostfromnewspaperstothewebreckonsClassifiedIntelligenceaconsultancy.EmapaBritishpublisherrecentlygavewarningofa30%declineinrecruitmentadsinoneofitstitlesNursingTimesfollowingthelaunchofafreewebsiteforjobsinBritain’sNationalHealthService. TheInternethasbecomethefastest-growingadvertisingmedium.Onlineadrevenuesreached$5.8billioninthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearinAmericaup26%onthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoajointstudybytheInteractiveAdvertisingBureauandPricewaterhouse-Coopers.InBritainonlineadrevenuessurgedby62%inthesameperiodtoalmost￡500m$870m. Searchadvertising--thesmalltext-adsthatappearalongsideGoogleandYahoo!searches--accountfor40%oftheonlineadmarket.Another20%goestodisplayadsand18%toclassifiedadvertising.Butsearchadvertisingcanalsoworklikeasmalladandwillincreasinglychallengeprintclassifiedsaswebsitesdeveloplocalizedandmoreelaborateservicesforonlineusers. PerhapsthemostsignificantdevelopmentcameonNovember16thwhenGooglestartedupaprototypeservicecalledGoogleBase.Itoffersasearchabledatabaseoffreelistingsincludingsmalladswhichcanbenarroweddowntopostalregions.AmongitsfirstOfferingswereusedcars.InnotimeGooglecouldchallengeeBaywhoseownauctionlistingsnowworkmuchlikeagiantclassifiedwebsite--especiallywithits"buy-it-now"options.ButeBaychargessellers.Evensoitsoldmorethan450mitemsinthethreemonthstoSeptember30thforalmost$11billion. Inresponsemostprintpublishersareexpandingonline.Mr.MurdochisbuyingwebsitesincludingPropertyfinderandMySpaceasocial-networkingsite.NewspapergroupshaveteameduptojointlyoperatewebsitestocompetewithMonsterforrecruitmentads.Buttheonlineoperatorsareexpandingtoo.eBayforinstanceisbuildingaglobalnetworkofclassifiedsitesundertheKijijibrand.ItalsohasastakeinthepopularCraigs-listwhichhavingsoakedupsomanylistingsarounditsSanFranciscohomeisnowfrighteningothernewspapersasitexpandsitsmostly-freeadsservicetoothercitiesaroundtheworld. ItcanbeinferredthateBay
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text3 Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. ThetextsuggeststhatMr.Isdell
Whencompetitionisfierceandelbowsareflyingnothingismorenaturalthanthedesiretoclimbatoptheheap.Thebiggestfirmsinmostindustrieshaveanedge.Theyprobablybecamethebiggestbybeingthebest.46Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals.Beinglargeenoughtoshapeanindustrycanhelp.Andwhenthenationalchampionisfalteringthereisafairchancepoliticianswillconsiderittoobigtofail. 47Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.AndyetwithoutwishingtospoilPepsi’spartythecaseforcelebrationisnotsoclear-cut.AsAmericahasdiscoveredinthegeopoliticsbusinessbeingnumberoneisnotmuchfun. Assoonasafirmclimbsabovethesharpelbowsofitsrivalsitstartsgettingpeltedwiththeeggsofanti-businessactivists.Peoplewhohatebigbusinessaimhigh.48SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers.Andwhenwasthelasttimeyousawananti-globalizationmobdestroyaBurgerKingoutlet 49UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.WhileNikewasinundatedwithcomplaintsaboutits"sweatshops"inpoorcountriesAdidassteadilyimproveditsbrandandhasrecentlyacquiredReeboktoemergeasastrongnumbertwo.IfonlyEbenezerScroogehadlivedacrosstownfromabiggerrivaltheghostsofChristmasmighthavepickedontheotherguyandleftthepoorcurmudgeontoagoodnight’ssleep. Asprotestersgetbetteratrunningmediacampaignsthesecond-bestadvantagemayevenbegrowing.50FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsas"RogerandMe"GeneralMotors"SuperSizeMe"McDonald’sor"Wal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice".Eveniftherunner-updoesgetcaughtdoingsomethingunpopularitcanpintheblameonmercilesscompetitionfromtheevilnumberone. Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.
Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetterscellbiologistshaveCellneuroscientistshaveNeuronandsoforth.ScienceandNature1aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthat2thecompleterangeofscientific3.Asaresultjournalistslook4themeachweekforthe5ofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournals6toreachjournalists.WhydotheycareCompetitionfor7hasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopular8togainanadvantageovertheir9.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwinthehonorofacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perish10butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications. Scientistsarealsotryingto11otherscientiststhroughScienceandNaturenotjustthepublic.Thelinebetweenpopularandprofessionalnotorietyisnot12.ScientiststendtopaymoreattentiontotheBigTwothantootherjournals.13morescientistsknowaboutaparticularpapertheyaremoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoften-citedwillincreaseascientist’s"ImpactFactor"ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedby14.FundingagenciesusetheImpactFactorasa15measureoftheinfluenceofscientiststheyareconsideringsupporting.16ScienceandNaturepapershavemorevisibilitythenumberof’submissionsisgrowingsaytheeditors.Naturenowgets1000017ayearandthatfigureisrisingsayseditor-in-chiefPhilipCampbellviaemail.Inhisopinionthispartlyreflectstheincrease18scientificactivityaroundtheword.Italso19reflectstheincreasingandsometimes20emphasisamongstfundingagenciesandgovernmentsonpublicationmeasuressuchasthetypicalratesofcitationofjournals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Weofferheresomeprinciplesforteachingextensivereadingasatoolforprofessionaldevelopment.Thesearewhatwebelievethebasicingredientsofextensivereading.Weencourageteacherstousethemasawaytoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutreadingingeneralandextensivereadinginparticularandthewaystheyteachforeignlanguagereading.Weposittheseprinciplesinthehopesthatotherswillconsiderthemandreacttothem. 41Thereadingmaterialiseasy. Thisclearlyseparatesextensivereadingfromotherapproachestoteachingforeignlanguagereading.Forextensivereadingtobepossibleandforittohavethedesiredresultstextsmustbewellwithinthelearners’readingcompetenceintheforeignlanguage. 42Avarietyofreadingmaterialonawiderangeoftopicsmustbeavailable. Thesuccessofextensivereadingdependslargelyonenticingstudentstoread.Toawakenorencourageadesiretoreadthetextsmadeavailableshouldideallybeasvariedasthelearnerswhoreadthemandthepurposesforwhichtheywanttoread. 43Learnerschoosewhattheywanttoread. Theprincipleoffreedomofchoicemeansthatlearnerscanselecttextsastheydointheirownlanguagethatistheycanchoosetextstheyexpecttounderstandtoenjoyortolearnfrom.Correlativetothisprinciplelearnersarealsofreeindeedencouragedtostopreadinganythingtheyfindtobetoodifficultorthatturnsoutnottobeofinterest. 44Learnersreadasmuchaspossible. Thisisthe"extensive"ofextensivereadingmadepossiblebythepreviousprinciples.Themostcriticalelementinlearningtoreadistheamountoftimespentactuallyreading. Thepurposeofreadingisusuallyrelatedtopleasureinformationandgeneralunderstanding. Inanextensivereadingapproachlearnersareencouragedtoreadforthesamekindsofreasonsandinthesamewaysasthegeneralpopulationoffirst-languagereaders.Thissetsextensivereadingapartfromusualclassroompracticeontheonehandandreadingforacademicpurposesontheother.Onehundredpercentcomprehensionindeedanyparticularobjectivelevelofcomprehensionisnotagoal.Intermsofreadingoutcomesthefocusshiftsawayfromcomprehensionachievedorknowledgegainedandtowardsthereader’spersonalexperience. 45Readingspeedisusuallyfasterratherthanslower. Whenlearnersarereadingmaterialthatiswellwithintheirlinguisticabilityforpersonalinterestandforgeneralratherthanacademicpurposesitisanincentivetoreadingfluency. Wehopethattheseprincipleswillgiveteachersfoodforthoughtandreflectionastheyconsidertheirbeliefsabouthowbesttohelptheirstudentsbecomeproficientforeign-languagereaders. [A]Thelearners’experienceofreadingthetextisatthecenteroftheextensivereadingexperiencejustasitisinreadingineverydaylife.Forthisreasonextensivereadingisnotusuallyfollowedbycomprehensionquestions.Itisanexperiencecompleteinitself.Atthesametimeteachersmayaskstudentstocompletefollow-upactivitiesbasedontheirreading.Suchactivitieswhilerespectingtheintegrityofstudents’readingexperiencesextendthemininterestingandusefulways. [B]Booksmagazinesnewspapersfictionnon-fictiontextsthatinformtextsthatentertaingeneralspecializedlightserious. [C]Inhelpingbeginningreadersselecttextsthatarewellwithintheirreadingcomfortzonemorethanoneortwounknownwordsperpagemightmakethetexttoodifficultforoverallunderstanding.Intermediatelearnersmightusetheruleofhand--nomorethanfivedifficultwordsperpage. [D]Nuttallnotesthat"speedenjoymentandcomprehensionarecloselylinkedwithoneanother".Shedescribes"Theviciouscircleoftheweakreader:Readsslowly;Doesn’tenjoyreading;Doesn’treadmuch;Doesn’tunderstand;Readsslowly..."andsoon.Extensivereadingcanhelpreaders"enterinsteadthecycleofgrowth...Thevirtuouscircleofthegoodreader:Readsfaster;Readsmore;Understandsbetter;Enjoysreading;Readsfaster...". [E]Thereisnoupperlimittotheamountofreadingthatcanbedonebutabookaweekisprobablytheminimumamountofreadingnecessarytoachievethebenefitsofextensivereadingandtoestablishareadinghabit. [F]WhatHenrynoticedaboutherkevel-1non-readingundergraduatesisnolesstrueinforeignlanguagereading:"Mystudentsneededtoreadforthemselvesnotforme."Forstudentsusedtoworkingwithtextbooksandteacher-selectedtextsthefreedomtochoosereadingmaterialandfreedomtostopreadingmaybeacrucialstepinexperiencingforeignlanguagereadingassomethingpersonal. 43
Text4 RupertMurdochoncedescribedthemasthe"riversofgold"--thelucrativeclassified-advertisingrevenuesthatflowedintobignewspapergroups.ButthegoldenriversarebeingdivertedonlineastheInternetbreaksthegripthatlocalandregionalnewspapersonceheldovertheiradvertisingmarkets. Typicallyalocalnewspaperwouldexpecttogetsome80%ofitsrevenuefromadvertisingofwhicharoundtwo-thirdswouldcomefromclassifieds.ButlastyearintheSanFranciscoBayareajobadsworthsome$60mwerelostfromnewspaperstothewebreckonsClassifiedIntelligenceaconsultancy.EmapaBritishpublisherrecentlygavewarningofa30%declineinrecruitmentadsinoneofitstitlesNursingTimesfollowingthelaunchofafreewebsiteforjobsinBritain’sNationalHealthService. TheInternethasbecomethefastest-growingadvertisingmedium.Onlineadrevenuesreached$5.8billioninthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearinAmericaup26%onthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoajointstudybytheInteractiveAdvertisingBureauandPricewaterhouse-Coopers.InBritainonlineadrevenuessurgedby62%inthesameperiodtoalmost￡500m$870m. Searchadvertising--thesmalltext-adsthatappearalongsideGoogleandYahoo!searches--accountfor40%oftheonlineadmarket.Another20%goestodisplayadsand18%toclassifiedadvertising.Butsearchadvertisingcanalsoworklikeasmalladandwillincreasinglychallengeprintclassifiedsaswebsitesdeveloplocalizedandmoreelaborateservicesforonlineusers. PerhapsthemostsignificantdevelopmentcameonNovember16thwhenGooglestartedupaprototypeservicecalledGoogleBase.Itoffersasearchabledatabaseoffreelistingsincludingsmalladswhichcanbenarroweddowntopostalregions.AmongitsfirstOfferingswereusedcars.InnotimeGooglecouldchallengeeBaywhoseownauctionlistingsnowworkmuchlikeagiantclassifiedwebsite--especiallywithits"buy-it-now"options.ButeBaychargessellers.Evensoitsoldmorethan450mitemsinthethreemonthstoSeptember30thforalmost$11billion. Inresponsemostprintpublishersareexpandingonline.Mr.MurdochisbuyingwebsitesincludingPropertyfinderandMySpaceasocial-networkingsite.NewspapergroupshaveteameduptojointlyoperatewebsitestocompetewithMonsterforrecruitmentads.Buttheonlineoperatorsareexpandingtoo.eBayforinstanceisbuildingaglobalnetworkofclassifiedsitesundertheKijijibrand.ItalsohasastakeinthepopularCraigs-listwhichhavingsoakedupsomanylistingsarounditsSanFranciscohomeisnowfrighteningothernewspapersasitexpandsitsmostly-freeadsservicetoothercitiesaroundtheworld. Whatcanbepredictedfromthelastparagraph
Text3 Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. WhatcanbeinferredfromthefiguresinParagraph2
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