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Part A Directions: You are supposed to invite Dr. King to make a speech about the future developmen...
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Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend.
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. Accordingtothepassagetheinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopeallowedscientiststo
ImmediatelyaftertheCivilWarhoweverthedietbegantochange.46Railtransportationincreasedthesupplyandimprovedthequalityofthemilkthatreachedurbancenters;coldstorageandrefrigeratorcarsmadepossiblethegreaterconsumptionoffreshvegetablesfreshfruitsandfreshfish;andcommercialcanningextendedtherangeofappetizingandhealthfulfoods.Subsequentlyfoodstatisticsindicatedanincreasedconsumptionofdairyproductsfreshfruitfreshvegetablessugarandsyrupscoffeeteacocoaandspices.Decreasedconsumptionwasshownformeatspotatoesandgrainproducts.47ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflectaconsiderablerelianceuponanimalproductsratherthanongrainswhichmeantthatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic.WhereasagrainandfishdietsuchasinJapanrequiresonlyaquarterofanacrehighyieldcroplandandnopasturepercaptivateAmericandietrequiresabouttwoandahalfacresofcroplandandtenacresofpasturepercapita.Alsoitindicatedashifttowardtheso-calledprotectivefoodstowardthosehighinvitaminsandproteins.48ThischangewasgreatlyfurtheredbygovernmentalfoodinspectionthePureFoodandDrugAct4aspassedin1906bytheincreasinguseofmechanicalrefrigeratorsinthe1920’sand1930’sandoffreezersforfrozenfoodduringrecentdecades. IntheyearsafterWorldWarIafoodrevoluti6ntookplacethatwasreminiscentoftheonethatoccurredaftertheCivilWar.Theoutputofthefoodmanufacturingindustryquadrupledfrom1900to1940.49Inthatintervalaswehavementionedearlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborofhousekeepingwaslightened. Fortunatelymostofthemajordietarychangesthathavetakenplacesincethemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyhaveresultedinbetternutritionforthepopulation.Inparttheseshiftshavetakenplacebecauseofapreferencefornewfoodsratherthanoldbutinparttheyhavebeenmadebecausenutritionistsadvocatedthenewfoods.ApparentlyAmericandietarycustomswerenotsodeeplyingrainedastopreventchangeintheinterestsofbetterhealth.50PossiblyonefactorthathascontributedtothereadinessofAmericanstoacceptnewfoodsorfoodpreparationsisthegeneralfamiliaritymosthavewithavarietyofregionaldishescomingfrommanydifferentlands.WithinasmallareainNewYorkCityorSanFranciscoonecanfindrestaurantsspecializinginFrenchItalianGermanTurkishArabianorChinesecuisine.AndataChineserestaurantintheUnitedStatesthechefandwaiterareaslikelyasnottobeOriental. Inthatintervalaswehavementionedearlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborofhousekeepingwaslightened.
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseWangLinginstead.10points
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Foreignmovieswon'tbedubbedintomajorlanguagewhen
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Theanalogydrawnbetweentheearthandaspaceshipistoillustratetheideaofonearth.
ImmediatelyaftertheCivilWarhoweverthedietbegantochange.46Railtransportationincreasedthesupplyandimprovedthequalityofthemilkthatreachedurbancenters;coldstorageandrefrigeratorcarsmadepossiblethegreaterconsumptionoffreshvegetablesfreshfruitsandfreshfish;andcommercialcanningextendedtherangeofappetizingandhealthfulfoods.Subsequentlyfoodstatisticsindicatedanincreasedconsumptionofdairyproductsfreshfruitfreshvegetablessugarandsyrupscoffeeteacocoaandspices.Decreasedconsumptionwasshownformeatspotatoesandgrainproducts.47ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflectaconsiderablerelianceuponanimalproductsratherthanongrainswhichmeantthatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic.WhereasagrainandfishdietsuchasinJapanrequiresonlyaquarterofanacrehighyieldcroplandandnopasturepercaptivateAmericandietrequiresabouttwoandahalfacresofcroplandandtenacresofpasturepercapita.Alsoitindicatedashifttowardtheso-calledprotectivefoodstowardthosehighinvitaminsandproteins.48ThischangewasgreatlyfurtheredbygovernmentalfoodinspectionthePureFoodandDrugAct4aspassedin1906bytheincreasinguseofmechanicalrefrigeratorsinthe1920’sand1930’sandoffreezersforfrozenfoodduringrecentdecades. IntheyearsafterWorldWarIafoodrevoluti6ntookplacethatwasreminiscentoftheonethatoccurredaftertheCivilWar.Theoutputofthefoodmanufacturingindustryquadrupledfrom1900to1940.49Inthatintervalaswehavementionedearlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborofhousekeepingwaslightened. Fortunatelymostofthemajordietarychangesthathavetakenplacesincethemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyhaveresultedinbetternutritionforthepopulation.Inparttheseshiftshavetakenplacebecauseofapreferencefornewfoodsratherthanoldbutinparttheyhavebeenmadebecausenutritionistsadvocatedthenewfoods.ApparentlyAmericandietarycustomswerenotsodeeplyingrainedastopreventchangeintheinterestsofbetterhealth.50PossiblyonefactorthathascontributedtothereadinessofAmericanstoacceptnewfoodsorfoodpreparationsisthegeneralfamiliaritymosthavewithavarietyofregionaldishescomingfrommanydifferentlands.WithinasmallareainNewYorkCityorSanFranciscoonecanfindrestaurantsspecializinginFrenchItalianGermanTurkishArabianorChinesecuisine.AndataChineserestaurantintheUnitedStatesthechefandwaiterareaslikelyasnottobeOriental. ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflectaconsiderablerelianceuponanimalproductsratherthanongrainswhichmeantthatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 43
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind.
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Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. WhatdoesthesentenceTheairhelpspurifythewaterillustrate
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Fromthepassagewecanknowthat
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Whichofthefollowingbestconveysthe'ideathatmanhasbeencarelessandunconcernedinhisrelationshipwithnature
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Advertisingmendresspeopleupinwhitecoatbecause
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 41
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 1
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Advertisersareappreciatedbymanufacturersbecausethey
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 45
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Thewordnudgeinthefirstsentenceofparagraphsixmeans
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