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SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome
RichardSatavaprogrammanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologieshasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicinewherecomputerscreatea"virtual"orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners从业者. "Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench"saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers. ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets头盔thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier. AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedurescientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgerytheymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputerwhichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforcetexturesandsound. Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchoolsurgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortestleastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor肿瘤.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrainshewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery. Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan. Satavasays"Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine." RichardSatavahasvisionsof
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 45
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 43
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence. Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Accordingtothepassagepolicemenspendmostoftheirtimeandefforts
RichardSatavaprogrammanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologieshasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicinewherecomputerscreatea"virtual"orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners从业者. "Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench"saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers. ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets头盔thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier. AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedurescientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgerytheymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputerwhichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforcetexturesandsound. Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchoolsurgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortestleastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor肿瘤.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrainshewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery. Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan. Satavasays"Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine." Duringvirtualrealityoperationsthesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence. Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Whydopolicemenfeelseparatedfromtherestoftheworld
Directions: Supposeyouarestayinginthehouseofsomerelativeswhoareawayonholiday.Writealetterto 1.askthemtobringyoubackaparticulartaperecorderasyouareunable-tobuyitwhereyoulive. 2.askifafriendmaycomeandstayfortwodaysintheirhouse. 3.offertodosomeshoppingforthemwhentheyreturnandaskwhattheywouldlikeyoutoget. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequipped.andtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.18lin10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小.affliction疾病痛苦.vaccinationn.接种疫苗.eradicatev.根除消灭 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
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