首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
顿咳的表现为
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选题》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
顿咳患者咳声如犬吠是白喉病的表现
顿咳的表现为
咳声低微
咳声重浊
咳声如犬吠
咳声气喘中有痰鸣音
以上均不是
素问•咳论所述肺咳的表现为
咳而喘息有音
咳而呕
咳而胸痛
甚则唾血
甚则咳涎
顿咳的表现特点是
咳声重浊
咳声低微
咳声紧闷
咳声如犬吠
咳终止时作鹭鸶叫声
热门试题
更多
PartB Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Wedon’tseeorhearthembuteverydaytheyquietlygoabouttheirwork--filteringandcleansingourriversandstreams.Andifwedon’tactsoonthey’lldisappearfromtheworkforcejustwhenweneedthemmost.Iamtalkingaboutpigtoesmonkeyfacepinkheelsplitterandpurplewartyback--freshwatermussels贻贝withfunnynamesthatbelietheseriousnessoftheirlabors.41. Onemusselalonecancleanseasmuchasagallonofwaterperhour.Adduptheworkofawholemusselcommunityandyougetavirtualwatertreatmentplant.AccordingtoEthanNedeauanexpertonthefreshwatermusselsofNewEnglandevenhalfthepopulationofmusselsatworkinaone-halfmilesegmentofNewHampshire’sAshuelotRivercanhelpcleansemorethan11.2milliongallonsofwateraday--roughlythequantityofhouseholdwaterusedby112000people. 42.Today69percentofUSfreshwatermusselspeciesaretosomedegreeatriskofextinctionoralreadyextinct.ThemostdiverseassemblageoffreshwatermusselseverknownwaslocatedinthemiddlestretchoftheTennesseeRiverinnorthernAlabama.Beforethedammingoftheriverintheearly1900s69musselspecieshadbeenspottedinthisreach;32ofthemhaveapparentlydisappearedwithnorecordingsightingsinnearlyacentury. 43.Likemanyfreshwatermusselstheorange-nacremuckethasafascinatinglifecycleandexhibitssomeofthemostsophisticatedmimicryintheanimalkingdom.Thefemalesessentiallyusetheiroffspringtolurefishintohelpingthemcolonizenewstreambottoms.Theypackagetheirlarvae幼虫attheendofjelly--liketubesthatcanextendeightfeetoutintothewater.Tofishswimmingbythelarvaedancingintherifflesoftherivercurrentlookslikeatastyminnow.Whenthefishbitesthetubebreaksreleasingthelarvaeintothestream.Afewoftheoffspringattachtothefish’sgillsandhitchhikearoundwiththeirfirmedhostforaweekortwoabsorbingnutrientsandgrowingalongtheway.44. Alongwith16otherthreatenedorendangeredmusselspeciesintheMobilewatershedtheorange-nacremucketisatriskofextinction--inlargepartduetoexcessivepollutionanddamsthathavediminishedtheriverhabitattheyneedtosurvive.Tomethelossofsuchindustriousfascinatingcreaturesdiminishesmorethanourwaterquality--itdiminishesournaturalheritageandourworld. 45.SoaswecelebrateWorldWaterDayIhopewealsocelebratethefreshwatermusselsthathelpkeepourwaterscleanandhealthy--andcommittoeffortstoconservethem. [A]Myfavoritefreshwatermusselistheorange-nacremucketfoundonlyintheriversandstreamsofAlabama’sMobileRiverbasin. [B]TheUnitedStatesranksfirstintheworldinthenumberofknownspeciesoffreshwatermussels292com-paredwithjust10inallofEurope.Butwe’relosingthese"livingfilters"alltoofast. [C]Onlyhabitatimprovementsinsomecasescombinedwithmusselbreedingandreleaseeffortscansavetheseandtheother200freshwatermusselspeciesatrisknationwide. [D]BecauseIbetwe’llmisstheselittlecreatureswiththewhimsicalnameswhenthey’regone. [E]Theysuckwaterinfilteroutbitsofalgaebacteriaandothertinyparticlesandthenreleaseitbacktotherivercleanerthanbefore. [F]Finallytheyoungmusselsdropofffloattotheriverbottomandcolonizenewterritory--andbeforelongbegintheirvitaltaskofwaterpurification. [G]Itisourresponsibilitytotakeactionstoprotectthefreshwatermusselsotherwisetheywilldisappearinthefutureandthewaterwillnotberefreshed. 43
PartC Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction.
PartB Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Wedon’tseeorhearthembuteverydaytheyquietlygoabouttheirwork--filteringandcleansingourriversandstreams.Andifwedon’tactsoonthey’lldisappearfromtheworkforcejustwhenweneedthemmost.Iamtalkingaboutpigtoesmonkeyfacepinkheelsplitterandpurplewartyback--freshwatermussels贻贝withfunnynamesthatbelietheseriousnessoftheirlabors.41. Onemusselalonecancleanseasmuchasagallonofwaterperhour.Adduptheworkofawholemusselcommunityandyougetavirtualwatertreatmentplant.AccordingtoEthanNedeauanexpertonthefreshwatermusselsofNewEnglandevenhalfthepopulationofmusselsatworkinaone-halfmilesegmentofNewHampshire’sAshuelotRivercanhelpcleansemorethan11.2milliongallonsofwateraday--roughlythequantityofhouseholdwaterusedby112000people. 42.Today69percentofUSfreshwatermusselspeciesaretosomedegreeatriskofextinctionoralreadyextinct.ThemostdiverseassemblageoffreshwatermusselseverknownwaslocatedinthemiddlestretchoftheTennesseeRiverinnorthernAlabama.Beforethedammingoftheriverintheearly1900s69musselspecieshadbeenspottedinthisreach;32ofthemhaveapparentlydisappearedwithnorecordingsightingsinnearlyacentury. 43.Likemanyfreshwatermusselstheorange-nacremuckethasafascinatinglifecycleandexhibitssomeofthemostsophisticatedmimicryintheanimalkingdom.Thefemalesessentiallyusetheiroffspringtolurefishintohelpingthemcolonizenewstreambottoms.Theypackagetheirlarvae幼虫attheendofjelly--liketubesthatcanextendeightfeetoutintothewater.Tofishswimmingbythelarvaedancingintherifflesoftherivercurrentlookslikeatastyminnow.Whenthefishbitesthetubebreaksreleasingthelarvaeintothestream.Afewoftheoffspringattachtothefish’sgillsandhitchhikearoundwiththeirfirmedhostforaweekortwoabsorbingnutrientsandgrowingalongtheway.44. Alongwith16otherthreatenedorendangeredmusselspeciesintheMobilewatershedtheorange-nacremucketisatriskofextinction--inlargepartduetoexcessivepollutionanddamsthathavediminishedtheriverhabitattheyneedtosurvive.Tomethelossofsuchindustriousfascinatingcreaturesdiminishesmorethanourwaterquality--itdiminishesournaturalheritageandourworld. 45.SoaswecelebrateWorldWaterDayIhopewealsocelebratethefreshwatermusselsthathelpkeepourwaterscleanandhealthy--andcommittoeffortstoconservethem. [A]Myfavoritefreshwatermusselistheorange-nacremucketfoundonlyintheriversandstreamsofAlabama’sMobileRiverbasin. [B]TheUnitedStatesranksfirstintheworldinthenumberofknownspeciesoffreshwatermussels292com-paredwithjust10inallofEurope.Butwe’relosingthese"livingfilters"alltoofast. [C]Onlyhabitatimprovementsinsomecasescombinedwithmusselbreedingandreleaseeffortscansavetheseandtheother200freshwatermusselspeciesatrisknationwide. [D]BecauseIbetwe’llmisstheselittlecreatureswiththewhimsicalnameswhenthey’regone. [E]Theysuckwaterinfilteroutbitsofalgaebacteriaandothertinyparticlesandthenreleaseitbacktotherivercleanerthanbefore. [F]Finallytheyoungmusselsdropofffloattotheriverbottomandcolonizenewterritory--andbeforelongbegintheirvitaltaskofwaterpurification. [G]Itisourresponsibilitytotakeactionstoprotectthefreshwatermusselsotherwisetheywilldisappearinthefutureandthewaterwillnotberefreshed. 45
PartC Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene.
WhenisanendangeredspeciesnotanendangeredspeciesWhenitlivesintheseaapparently.DespitecontinuingcarnageintheoceanmarinecreatureswererefusedanyprotectionattheUnitedNationsconferenceontradeinwildlifethatendedyesterdayinDohaQatar. TigersrhinosandelephantsareallbetterprotectedafterthemeetingoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesCites.Buthammerheadsharksbluefintunaandothermarinespeciesshouldbequakingintheirskins.Forwhenitcomestofishtheworldhasdecidedthatscientificevidenceofimminentdemiseisnotreasonenoughtodefendthemagainstoverexploitation.Theconflictbetweentradeandconservationisnothingnewbutitisprettywellestablishedthatifyoulettradeinwildliferunrampant蔓延的soontherewillbenothinglefttosell.ThatiswhytheUNsetupCitesinthefirstplace. SowhydidfishgetsucharawdealIsitthatwecarelessaboutlifethatissoverydifferentfromusDotheemotionlesseyesoffishleaveourheartscoldIsitanextensionoftheconvenientmyththatfishfeelnopainThetruthisfarmoreshocking.AllfingersofblamepointdirectlyatJapan.Thehighvalueofbluefintuna--asinglespecimencanreach$112000--ledittoorchestrateafull-scalecampaignagainstproposalstobantradeinthespecies.DiplomaticmissionsweresenttodevelopingnationstobullythemintoagreeingwithJapan’sconvictionthatfishcannotbeendangered. Thatwayofthinkingisgroundedinignorance.Theoceanslongseemedinfiniteintheircapacitytoproducesuchrichesandanysignthatthiswasnotsowashiddenbyourinabilitytopeerintothedepths.Sciencehasnowstrippedbacktheveilandrevealedtheextentofthedepletion.ItisthissciencethatJapananditsallieshavechosentonottosee. UnfortunatelyforlifeintheseaJapan’scampaignmadewavesfarbeyondthebluefin.Sharksareindiretroublethankstosomepeople’sappetiteforusingtheirfinsinsoup.About73millionsharksarekilledeachyearasaresultandsharksdon’treproducefast.Butfarfromfavoringabannationsvotedagainsteventhemostbasicmonitoringofthetrade. RedandpinkcoralshavenowallbutvanishedfromtheMediterraneanandarebeingstrippedfromthePacificbutproposalstocontrolthattradewerealsosweptaway.Fishdon’trecognisebordersandboundaries.YetonenationJapanbyitscynicaluseofpoliticalpowerisrobbingtheworldofasharedresource. WhyarefishrefusedanyprotectionfromtheUnitedNationsconference
It’snotonlyhumansthatflourishinlargesettlements.Someantsfindurbanlifesoaccommodatingthattheirpopulationsexplodeandtheyformsupercoloniesincities. "Oneofthemostcommonhouseantspeciesmighthavebeenbuiltforlivinginsomeofthesmallestspacesinaforestbuttheantshavefoundwaystotakeadvantageofthecomfortsofcityliving"PurdueUniversitysaidinastatement.GrzegorzBuczkowskiaPurdueUniversityresearchassistantprofessorofentomologydiscoveredodoroushouseantsliveinsupercoloniescreatingcomplexnetworksentomologistshaveneverseenwiththespeciesbeforenow.Hefoundthatodoroushouseantcoloniesbecomelargerandmorecomplexastheymovefromforesttocityandactsomewhatlikeaninvasivespeciestheuniversitysaid."Theantsliveabout50toacolonywithonequeeninforestsettingsbutexplodeintosupercolonieswithmorethan6millionworkersand50000queensinurbanareas"theuniversityexplained. "Thisisanativespeciesthat’sdoingthis"saidBuczkowskiwhoseresultsarepublishedintheearlyonlineversionofthejournalBiologicalInvasions."Nativeantsarenotsupposedtobecomeinvasive.Wedon’tknowofanyothernativeantsthatareoutcompetingotherspeciesofnativeantslikethese"Buczkowskisaid.Odoroushouseantsliveinhollowacornshellsintheforest.They’recalledodorousbecausetheyhaveacoconut椰子-orrum-likesmellwhencrushed.They’reconsideredoneofthemostcommonhouseantsPurduesaid.Insemi-naturalareasthatareacrossofforestandurbanareassuchasaparkBuczkowskisaidheobservedcoloniesofabout500workerswithasinglequeen."It’spossiblethatastheantsgetclosertourbanareastheyhaveeasieraccesstofoodshelterandotherresources"hesaid. "Intheforesttheyhavetocompeteforfoodandnestingsites"Buczkowskisaid."Inthecitiestheydon’thavethatcompetition.Peoplegivethemaplacetonestfoodtoeat."BuczkowskiobservedtheantsinthreedifferentsettingsonandaroundthePurduecampus.Hesaiditmightbeexpectedthatiftheodoroushouseantswereabletomultiplyintocomplexcoloniesotherantswoulddothesame.ButBuczkowskifoundnoevidencethatotherantshadadaptedtonewenvironmentsandevolvedintolargergroupsastheodoroushouseantshavePurdiesaid."It’spossiblethatodoroushouseantsarebetteradaptedtocityenvironmentsthanotherantspeciesorthattheyhadsomehowoutcompetedordominatedotherspecies"hesaid."Thisraisesalotofquestionswe’dliketoanswer."Buczkowskisaidunderstandingwhythesupercoloniesformcouldleadtobettercontrolofthepestsinhomesaswellasensuringthattheydon’toutcompetebeneficialspecies. Futurestudiesonodoroushouseantswillincludestudyingtheant’sgeneticsandtryingtounderstandtheeffectsofurbanizationofodoroushouseantsPurduesaid. Theodoroushouseantsmovetourbanareasbecausethey
Computerbraingamesmaynotofferthebigmentalboostmanywerehopingforsuggestsnewresearchbutbrainscientistsandbrain-gameexpertsdon’tallagreeonthefindings. ThestudyoutthisweekinNatureisthelargestofitskindsayscientistsfromEngland’sMedicalResearchCouncilCognitionandBrainSciencesUnitandtheAlzheimer’sSocietyUK.TheysaidinaTuesdaypressbriefingthatbrain-traininggamesusedbymillionsmaynotincreasegeneralbrainpoweronothertasksorincreaseIQ"Participantsdidgetbetteratgamestheypracticed.Themoretheytrainedthebettertheygot.Buttherewasstillnotranslationtoanygeneralimprovementincognitivefunction"saidleadauthorAdrianOwenassistantdirectorofMedicalResearchCouncil. TheonlineexperimentwassponsoredbytheBBCandinvolvedmorethan11000peoplebetweentheagesof18and60.Theyweresplitintothreegroupsincludingtwogroupsthatplayeddifferentbrain-traininggamesthataresimilartocommerciallyavailablegamesandacontrolgroupthatwasaskedtogoonlineandfindanswerstoquestionsabouttopicssuchasmusic.Participantstrainedforatleast10minutesadaythreetimesaweekforuptosixweeksOwensaid.Alltookstandardcognitiveassessmenttestsatthestartandfinishofthestudy.Whileplayersincreasedtheirskillsthemoretheyplayedaspecificgamethatimprovementdidn’ttransfertootheractivitiesortoahigherscoreonintelligencetestssaidOwenandcolleagues. DukepsychiatristandAlzheimer’sexpertMuraliDoraiswamysaidit’sthebeststudydonetodateandagoodrealitycheck."Therewassomuchhypesurroundingbraingames"hesaid.Butit’snotadeathknellforgamingDoraiswamysaid."IstillthinkbraingamesoffertremendouspotentialforhelpingpeoplewithconditionssuchasADHDandlearningdisabilitiesbutthisstudyputstheburdenofproofnowongamemanufacturerstoshowthattheyreallyoffermeaningfulbenefits." Studyshortcomingsincludethefactthatitdidn’tfocusontheagingpopulationagrouptargetedbybrain-gamemakersexpertssaid.AnditdidnotlookatbenefitsofmoreintensetrainingsaidAlvaroFernandezCEOandcofounderofSharpBrainsaSanFranciscomarketresearchfirmthatspecializesincognitivescience."Thisstudyshowsrandombrainexercisedoesn’ttransferbutitdoesnotdenythattransfercanworkifapersonengagesinmoreintenseandtargetedbrain-training"Fernandezsaid. WecaninferfromAlvaroFernandez’sviewthat
Computerbraingamesmaynotofferthebigmentalboostmanywerehopingforsuggestsnewresearchbutbrainscientistsandbrain-gameexpertsdon’tallagreeonthefindings. ThestudyoutthisweekinNatureisthelargestofitskindsayscientistsfromEngland’sMedicalResearchCouncilCognitionandBrainSciencesUnitandtheAlzheimer’sSocietyUK.TheysaidinaTuesdaypressbriefingthatbrain-traininggamesusedbymillionsmaynotincreasegeneralbrainpoweronothertasksorincreaseIQ"Participantsdidgetbetteratgamestheypracticed.Themoretheytrainedthebettertheygot.Buttherewasstillnotranslationtoanygeneralimprovementincognitivefunction"saidleadauthorAdrianOwenassistantdirectorofMedicalResearchCouncil. TheonlineexperimentwassponsoredbytheBBCandinvolvedmorethan11000peoplebetweentheagesof18and60.Theyweresplitintothreegroupsincludingtwogroupsthatplayeddifferentbrain-traininggamesthataresimilartocommerciallyavailablegamesandacontrolgroupthatwasaskedtogoonlineandfindanswerstoquestionsabouttopicssuchasmusic.Participantstrainedforatleast10minutesadaythreetimesaweekforuptosixweeksOwensaid.Alltookstandardcognitiveassessmenttestsatthestartandfinishofthestudy.Whileplayersincreasedtheirskillsthemoretheyplayedaspecificgamethatimprovementdidn’ttransfertootheractivitiesortoahigherscoreonintelligencetestssaidOwenandcolleagues. DukepsychiatristandAlzheimer’sexpertMuraliDoraiswamysaidit’sthebeststudydonetodateandagoodrealitycheck."Therewassomuchhypesurroundingbraingames"hesaid.Butit’snotadeathknellforgamingDoraiswamysaid."IstillthinkbraingamesoffertremendouspotentialforhelpingpeoplewithconditionssuchasADHDandlearningdisabilitiesbutthisstudyputstheburdenofproofnowongamemanufacturerstoshowthattheyreallyoffermeaningfulbenefits." Studyshortcomingsincludethefactthatitdidn’tfocusontheagingpopulationagrouptargetedbybrain-gamemakersexpertssaid.AnditdidnotlookatbenefitsofmoreintensetrainingsaidAlvaroFernandezCEOandcofounderofSharpBrainsaSanFranciscomarketresearchfirmthatspecializesincognitivescience."Thisstudyshowsrandombrainexercisedoesn’ttransferbutitdoesnotdenythattransfercanworkifapersonengagesinmoreintenseandtargetedbrain-training"Fernandezsaid. Theresultoftheonlineexperimentisthatthepeopleinvolved
Directions:YouresidedintheBrownswhenstudyingabroadinLondon.NowyouhavereturnedtoChina.Writeathank-youlettertotheBrownsto 1expressyourgratitudeand 2invitethemtoChinatovisityourhometown. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
WhenisanendangeredspeciesnotanendangeredspeciesWhenitlivesintheseaapparently.DespitecontinuingcarnageintheoceanmarinecreatureswererefusedanyprotectionattheUnitedNationsconferenceontradeinwildlifethatendedyesterdayinDohaQatar. TigersrhinosandelephantsareallbetterprotectedafterthemeetingoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesCites.Buthammerheadsharksbluefintunaandothermarinespeciesshouldbequakingintheirskins.Forwhenitcomestofishtheworldhasdecidedthatscientificevidenceofimminentdemiseisnotreasonenoughtodefendthemagainstoverexploitation.Theconflictbetweentradeandconservationisnothingnewbutitisprettywellestablishedthatifyoulettradeinwildliferunrampant蔓延的soontherewillbenothinglefttosell.ThatiswhytheUNsetupCitesinthefirstplace. SowhydidfishgetsucharawdealIsitthatwecarelessaboutlifethatissoverydifferentfromusDotheemotionlesseyesoffishleaveourheartscoldIsitanextensionoftheconvenientmyththatfishfeelnopainThetruthisfarmoreshocking.AllfingersofblamepointdirectlyatJapan.Thehighvalueofbluefintuna--asinglespecimencanreach$112000--ledittoorchestrateafull-scalecampaignagainstproposalstobantradeinthespecies.DiplomaticmissionsweresenttodevelopingnationstobullythemintoagreeingwithJapan’sconvictionthatfishcannotbeendangered. Thatwayofthinkingisgroundedinignorance.Theoceanslongseemedinfiniteintheircapacitytoproducesuchrichesandanysignthatthiswasnotsowashiddenbyourinabilitytopeerintothedepths.Sciencehasnowstrippedbacktheveilandrevealedtheextentofthedepletion.ItisthissciencethatJapananditsallieshavechosentonottosee. UnfortunatelyforlifeintheseaJapan’scampaignmadewavesfarbeyondthebluefin.Sharksareindiretroublethankstosomepeople’sappetiteforusingtheirfinsinsoup.About73millionsharksarekilledeachyearasaresultandsharksdon’treproducefast.Butfarfromfavoringabannationsvotedagainsteventhemostbasicmonitoringofthetrade. RedandpinkcoralshavenowallbutvanishedfromtheMediterraneanandarebeingstrippedfromthePacificbutproposalstocontrolthattradewerealsosweptaway.Fishdon’trecognisebordersandboundaries.YetonenationJapanbyitscynicaluseofpoliticalpowerisrobbingtheworldofasharedresource. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthefateofmarinecreaturesis
It’snotonlyhumansthatflourishinlargesettlements.Someantsfindurbanlifesoaccommodatingthattheirpopulationsexplodeandtheyformsupercoloniesincities. "Oneofthemostcommonhouseantspeciesmighthavebeenbuiltforlivinginsomeofthesmallestspacesinaforestbuttheantshavefoundwaystotakeadvantageofthecomfortsofcityliving"PurdueUniversitysaidinastatement.GrzegorzBuczkowskiaPurdueUniversityresearchassistantprofessorofentomologydiscoveredodoroushouseantsliveinsupercoloniescreatingcomplexnetworksentomologistshaveneverseenwiththespeciesbeforenow.Hefoundthatodoroushouseantcoloniesbecomelargerandmorecomplexastheymovefromforesttocityandactsomewhatlikeaninvasivespeciestheuniversitysaid."Theantsliveabout50toacolonywithonequeeninforestsettingsbutexplodeintosupercolonieswithmorethan6millionworkersand50000queensinurbanareas"theuniversityexplained. "Thisisanativespeciesthat’sdoingthis"saidBuczkowskiwhoseresultsarepublishedintheearlyonlineversionofthejournalBiologicalInvasions."Nativeantsarenotsupposedtobecomeinvasive.Wedon’tknowofanyothernativeantsthatareoutcompetingotherspeciesofnativeantslikethese"Buczkowskisaid.Odoroushouseantsliveinhollowacornshellsintheforest.They’recalledodorousbecausetheyhaveacoconut椰子-orrum-likesmellwhencrushed.They’reconsideredoneofthemostcommonhouseantsPurduesaid.Insemi-naturalareasthatareacrossofforestandurbanareassuchasaparkBuczkowskisaidheobservedcoloniesofabout500workerswithasinglequeen."It’spossiblethatastheantsgetclosertourbanareastheyhaveeasieraccesstofoodshelterandotherresources"hesaid. "Intheforesttheyhavetocompeteforfoodandnestingsites"Buczkowskisaid."Inthecitiestheydon’thavethatcompetition.Peoplegivethemaplacetonestfoodtoeat."BuczkowskiobservedtheantsinthreedifferentsettingsonandaroundthePurduecampus.Hesaiditmightbeexpectedthatiftheodoroushouseantswereabletomultiplyintocomplexcoloniesotherantswoulddothesame.ButBuczkowskifoundnoevidencethatotherantshadadaptedtonewenvironmentsandevolvedintolargergroupsastheodoroushouseantshavePurdiesaid."It’spossiblethatodoroushouseantsarebetteradaptedtocityenvironmentsthanotherantspeciesorthattheyhadsomehowoutcompetedordominatedotherspecies"hesaid."Thisraisesalotofquestionswe’dliketoanswer."Buczkowskisaidunderstandingwhythesupercoloniesformcouldleadtobettercontrolofthepestsinhomesaswellasensuringthattheydon’toutcompetebeneficialspecies. Futurestudiesonodoroushouseantswillincludestudyingtheant’sgeneticsandtryingtounderstandtheeffectsofurbanizationofodoroushouseantsPurduesaid. Thesemi-naturalareasdon’tinclude
PartB Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Wedon’tseeorhearthembuteverydaytheyquietlygoabouttheirwork--filteringandcleansingourriversandstreams.Andifwedon’tactsoonthey’lldisappearfromtheworkforcejustwhenweneedthemmost.Iamtalkingaboutpigtoesmonkeyfacepinkheelsplitterandpurplewartyback--freshwatermussels贻贝withfunnynamesthatbelietheseriousnessoftheirlabors.41. Onemusselalonecancleanseasmuchasagallonofwaterperhour.Adduptheworkofawholemusselcommunityandyougetavirtualwatertreatmentplant.AccordingtoEthanNedeauanexpertonthefreshwatermusselsofNewEnglandevenhalfthepopulationofmusselsatworkinaone-halfmilesegmentofNewHampshire’sAshuelotRivercanhelpcleansemorethan11.2milliongallonsofwateraday--roughlythequantityofhouseholdwaterusedby112000people. 42.Today69percentofUSfreshwatermusselspeciesaretosomedegreeatriskofextinctionoralreadyextinct.ThemostdiverseassemblageoffreshwatermusselseverknownwaslocatedinthemiddlestretchoftheTennesseeRiverinnorthernAlabama.Beforethedammingoftheriverintheearly1900s69musselspecieshadbeenspottedinthisreach;32ofthemhaveapparentlydisappearedwithnorecordingsightingsinnearlyacentury. 43.Likemanyfreshwatermusselstheorange-nacremuckethasafascinatinglifecycleandexhibitssomeofthemostsophisticatedmimicryintheanimalkingdom.Thefemalesessentiallyusetheiroffspringtolurefishintohelpingthemcolonizenewstreambottoms.Theypackagetheirlarvae幼虫attheendofjelly--liketubesthatcanextendeightfeetoutintothewater.Tofishswimmingbythelarvaedancingintherifflesoftherivercurrentlookslikeatastyminnow.Whenthefishbitesthetubebreaksreleasingthelarvaeintothestream.Afewoftheoffspringattachtothefish’sgillsandhitchhikearoundwiththeirfirmedhostforaweekortwoabsorbingnutrientsandgrowingalongtheway.44. Alongwith16otherthreatenedorendangeredmusselspeciesintheMobilewatershedtheorange-nacremucketisatriskofextinction--inlargepartduetoexcessivepollutionanddamsthathavediminishedtheriverhabitattheyneedtosurvive.Tomethelossofsuchindustriousfascinatingcreaturesdiminishesmorethanourwaterquality--itdiminishesournaturalheritageandourworld. 45.SoaswecelebrateWorldWaterDayIhopewealsocelebratethefreshwatermusselsthathelpkeepourwaterscleanandhealthy--andcommittoeffortstoconservethem. [A]Myfavoritefreshwatermusselistheorange-nacremucketfoundonlyintheriversandstreamsofAlabama’sMobileRiverbasin. [B]TheUnitedStatesranksfirstintheworldinthenumberofknownspeciesoffreshwatermussels292com-paredwithjust10inallofEurope.Butwe’relosingthese"livingfilters"alltoofast. [C]Onlyhabitatimprovementsinsomecasescombinedwithmusselbreedingandreleaseeffortscansavetheseandtheother200freshwatermusselspeciesatrisknationwide. [D]BecauseIbetwe’llmisstheselittlecreatureswiththewhimsicalnameswhenthey’regone. [E]Theysuckwaterinfilteroutbitsofalgaebacteriaandothertinyparticlesandthenreleaseitbacktotherivercleanerthanbefore. [F]Finallytheyoungmusselsdropofffloattotheriverbottomandcolonizenewterritory--andbeforelongbegintheirvitaltaskofwaterpurification. [G]Itisourresponsibilitytotakeactionstoprotectthefreshwatermusselsotherwisetheywilldisappearinthefutureandthewaterwillnotberefreshed. 41
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter." WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter." Whycanpeoplemakepoordecisionwhenitcomestohealth
It’snotonlyhumansthatflourishinlargesettlements.Someantsfindurbanlifesoaccommodatingthattheirpopulationsexplodeandtheyformsupercoloniesincities. "Oneofthemostcommonhouseantspeciesmighthavebeenbuiltforlivinginsomeofthesmallestspacesinaforestbuttheantshavefoundwaystotakeadvantageofthecomfortsofcityliving"PurdueUniversitysaidinastatement.GrzegorzBuczkowskiaPurdueUniversityresearchassistantprofessorofentomologydiscoveredodoroushouseantsliveinsupercoloniescreatingcomplexnetworksentomologistshaveneverseenwiththespeciesbeforenow.Hefoundthatodoroushouseantcoloniesbecomelargerandmorecomplexastheymovefromforesttocityandactsomewhatlikeaninvasivespeciestheuniversitysaid."Theantsliveabout50toacolonywithonequeeninforestsettingsbutexplodeintosupercolonieswithmorethan6millionworkersand50000queensinurbanareas"theuniversityexplained. "Thisisanativespeciesthat’sdoingthis"saidBuczkowskiwhoseresultsarepublishedintheearlyonlineversionofthejournalBiologicalInvasions."Nativeantsarenotsupposedtobecomeinvasive.Wedon’tknowofanyothernativeantsthatareoutcompetingotherspeciesofnativeantslikethese"Buczkowskisaid.Odoroushouseantsliveinhollowacornshellsintheforest.They’recalledodorousbecausetheyhaveacoconut椰子-orrum-likesmellwhencrushed.They’reconsideredoneofthemostcommonhouseantsPurduesaid.Insemi-naturalareasthatareacrossofforestandurbanareassuchasaparkBuczkowskisaidheobservedcoloniesofabout500workerswithasinglequeen."It’spossiblethatastheantsgetclosertourbanareastheyhaveeasieraccesstofoodshelterandotherresources"hesaid. "Intheforesttheyhavetocompeteforfoodandnestingsites"Buczkowskisaid."Inthecitiestheydon’thavethatcompetition.Peoplegivethemaplacetonestfoodtoeat."BuczkowskiobservedtheantsinthreedifferentsettingsonandaroundthePurduecampus.Hesaiditmightbeexpectedthatiftheodoroushouseantswereabletomultiplyintocomplexcoloniesotherantswoulddothesame.ButBuczkowskifoundnoevidencethatotherantshadadaptedtonewenvironmentsandevolvedintolargergroupsastheodoroushouseantshavePurdiesaid."It’spossiblethatodoroushouseantsarebetteradaptedtocityenvironmentsthanotherantspeciesorthattheyhadsomehowoutcompetedordominatedotherspecies"hesaid."Thisraisesalotofquestionswe’dliketoanswer."Buczkowskisaidunderstandingwhythesupercoloniesformcouldleadtobettercontrolofthepestsinhomesaswellasensuringthattheydon’toutcompetebeneficialspecies. Futurestudiesonodoroushouseantswillincludestudyingtheant’sgeneticsandtryingtounderstandtheeffectsofurbanizationofodoroushouseantsPurduesaid. ThewordaccommodatingLine1Paragraph1isclosestinmeaningto.
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
湘公网安备 43130202000226号