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New Product Will Save lives Drinking water that looks clean may still contain bugs (虫子), which can ...
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NewProductWillSaveLivesDrinkingwaterthatlooksclean
A． Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
Tosavepeople’slivesisthedoctorduty.
Scientistswillinventmoreamazingmaterialstosaveour
I'veneverknownthatitcan savelives.
Intimeofseriousaccidents________weknowsomebasicthi
whether
until
if
unless
Thismedicinemillionsofpeople'slivessinceitwasputin
is saving
will save
has saved
hadsaved
NewProductWillSaveLives??Drinkingwaterthatlookscle
A． Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
Thismedicinesavemillionsofpeople'slivessinceitwasp
Thosebraverescuerteammembersmanagedtosavemanypeopl
at
for
above
under
Carseatbeltssavelives.Everydriver________wearoneto
should
can
may
might
Thedoctorsaretryingtosavethe病人的lives.
NewProductWillSavelivesDrinkingwaterthatlooksclean
Right
Wrong
Not mentioned
1.00分Tosavetheirlivesthecaptainorderedthesoldiers
It'sthedoctors'tohelpthesickandsavepeople'slives.
I'veneverknownthatitcansavelives.
NewProductWillSaveLivesDrinkingwaterthatlooksclean
A． Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
NewProductWillSaveLives Drinkingwaterthatlookscle
Right
Wrong
Not mentioned
Seatbeltssaveliveshasbeenproveninstudyafterstudy.
Whether
What
That
If
Aftertheinjuredtothehospitaldoctorsandnursesimmedi
was rushed; save
were rushed; saving
rushed; saving
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Thelastparagraphismainlyabout______.
the cost of advertising a product
the effect of advertisement on people' s lives
the benefits advertisement brings
various media for advertising products
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Theyonlyhavealimitedamountoftimetogettheirpointsacross.
{{*HTML*}}MusicalTrainingCanImproveCommunicationSkills??Americanscientistssaymusicaltrainingseemstoimprovecommunicationskillsandlanguageretardation.Theyfoundthatdevelopingmusicalskillsinvolvesthesameprocessinthebrainaslearninghowtospeak.Thescientistsbelievethatcouldhelpchildrenwithlearningdisabilities.???46?Shesaysmusicaltraininginvolvesputtingtogetherdifferentkindsofinformationsuchashearingmusiclookingatmusicalnotestouchinganinstrumentandwatchingothermusicians.Thisprocessisnotmuchdifferentfromlearninghowtospeak.?47???Shefurtherexplainsmusicaltrainingandlearningtospeakeachmakeusthinkaboutwhatwearedoing.Shesaysspeechandmusicpassthroughastructureofthenervoussystemcalledthebrainstem.?48?Untilrecentlyexpertshavethoughtthebrainstemcouldnotbedevelopedorchanged.ButProfessorKraussandherteamfoundthatmusicaltrainingcanimproveaperson’sbrainstemactivity.??Thestudyinvolvedindividualswithdifferentlevelsofmusicalability.Theywereaskedtowearanelectricaldevicethatmeasuresbrainactivity.Theindividualsworetheelectrodewhiletheywatchedavideoofsomeonespeakingandapersonplayingamusicalinstrument—thecello.?49?Thestudyfoundthatthemoreyearsoftrainingpeoplehadthemoresensitivetheyweretothesoundandrhythmofthemusic.Thosewhowereinvolvedinmusicalactivitieswerethesamepeopleinwhomtheimprovementofsensoryeventswasthestrongest.?50?Shesaysusingmusictoimprovelisteningskillscouldmeantheyhearsentencesandunderstandfacialexpressionsbetter.??A.Bothinvolvedifferentsenses.??B.NinaKrausisaneurobiologist神经生物学家atNorthwesternUniversityinIllinois.??C.SomedisabledchildrenattendedthemusicaltrainingClass.??D.Itshowstheimportanceofmusicaltrainingtochildrenwithlearningdisabilities.??E.ProfessorKrausssayscelloshavesoundqualitiessimilartosomeofthesoundsthatareimportantwithspeech.??F.Thebrainstemcontrolsourabilitytohear.
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.RobotsarelesspopularinBritaintodaypartlybecause______.
Canyoufollowtheplotsofar
TheThreattoKiribatiThepeopleofKiribatiareafraidthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuturetheircountrywilldisappearfromthefaceoftheearth—literally.SeveraltimesthisyearthePacificislandnationhasbeenfloodedbyasuddenhightide.Thesetideswhichsweptacrosstheislandanddestroyedhousescamewhentherewasneitherwindnorrain.ThisneverhappenedbeforesaytheoldercitizensofKiribati.WhatiscausingthesemysterioushightidesTheanswermaywellbeglobalwarming.Whenfuelslikeoilandcoalarebeingburnedpollutants污染物arereleased;thesepollutantstrapheatintheearth’satmosphere.Warmertemperaturescausewatertoexpandandalsocreatemorewaterbymeltingglaciers冰川andpolar极地的icecaps.Ifthetrendcontinuesscientistssaymanycountrieswillsuffer.Bangladeshforexamplemightloseone-fifthofitsland.Thecoral珊瑚islandnationsofthePacificlikeKiribatiandtheMarshallIslandshoweverwouldfaceanevenworsefate—theywouldbeswallowedbythesea.Thelossofthesecoralislandswouldbeeveryone’sloss.Coralformationsarehometomorespeciesthananyotherplaceonearth.Thepeopleofthesenationsfeelfrustrated.Theseaonwhichtheireconomieshavealwaysbeenbasedissuddenlythreateningtheirexistence.Theydon’thavethemoneyforexpensivetechnologicalsolutionslikeseawalls.Andtheyhavenocontroloverthepollutantswhicharebeingreleasedmainlybyactivitiesinlargeindustrializedcountries.Alltheycandoistohopethatindustrializedcountrieswilltakestepstoreducepollution.ThecoralislandnationsofthePacifichavealonghistoryofcivilization.
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 65
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 63
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 51
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 55
TheThreattoKiribatiThepeopleofKiribatiareafraidthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuturetheircountrywilldisappearfromthefaceoftheearth—literally.SeveraltimesthisyearthePacificislandnationhasbeenfloodedbyasuddenhightide.Thesetideswhichsweptacrosstheislandanddestroyedhousescamewhentherewasneitherwindnorrain.ThisneverhappenedbeforesaytheoldercitizensofKiribati.WhatiscausingthesemysterioushightidesTheanswermaywellbeglobalwarming.Whenfuelslikeoilandcoalarebeingburnedpollutants污染物arereleased;thesepollutantstrapheatintheearth’satmosphere.Warmertemperaturescausewatertoexpandandalsocreatemorewaterbymeltingglaciers冰川andpolar极地的icecaps.Ifthetrendcontinuesscientistssaymanycountrieswillsuffer.Bangladeshforexamplemightloseone-fifthofitsland.Thecoral珊瑚islandnationsofthePacificlikeKiribatiandtheMarshallIslandshoweverwouldfaceanevenworsefate—theywouldbeswallowedbythesea.Thelossofthesecoralislandswouldbeeveryone’sloss.Coralformationsarehometomorespeciesthananyotherplaceonearth.Thepeopleofthesenationsfeelfrustrated.Theseaonwhichtheireconomieshavealwaysbeenbasedissuddenlythreateningtheirexistence.Theydon’thavethemoneyforexpensivetechnologicalsolutionslikeseawalls.Andtheyhavenocontroloverthepollutantswhicharebeingreleasedmainlybyactivitiesinlargeindustrializedcountries.Alltheycandoistohopethatindustrializedcountrieswilltakestepstoreducepollution.ThepeopleofKiribatiworrythatonedaytheircountrywillbetakenawaybyasuddenhightide.
InshortIamgoingtolivetheremyself.
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.Itisclaimedthatintroducingrobotsis______.
London’sFirstLightRailSystemTheDocklandsLightRailwayDLRtookjustthreeyearstobuildatacostof￡77million.ItisLondon’sfirstLightRailSystembutitsroutefollowsthatofanumberofolderlineswhichcarriedthenineteenthcenturyrailwaysthroughthecrowdeddistrictsoftheEastEnd.ThesectionofthelinefromtheTowerGatewayStationtoPoplarfollowsthelineofoneofLondon’searliestrailwaystheLondon&Blackwell1840acable-drawnrailwaylaterconvertedtosteamwhichcarriedpassengerstosteamshipsatBlackwellPierandprovidedtransportforthemessengersandclerkswhowentbackwardsandforwardsbetweenthedocks码头andthecityeveryday.FromPoplartoIslandGardensanewlinecrosseshighabovethedockwatersandthenjoinstheoldtrackoftheMillwallExtensionRailwaybuilttoservicetheMillwallDocks1868andtoprovidetransportforworkersinthelocalfactories.Thislinewashorse-drawnforpartofitsrouteuntilthe1880s.ThePoplartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasfirstdevelopedbytheNorthLondonRailwaybuiltinthe1850stolinktheWestandEastIndiaDockswiththemanufacturingdistrictsoftheMidlandsandNorthofEngland.Thereweremajorrailwayworksandsidings岔线atBowuntilrecently.Thetrainsareautomaticallycontrolledfromacentralcomputerwhichdealswithallsignalingandothersafetyfactorsaswellasadjustingspeedstokeepwithinthetimetable;onboardeachvehicleTrainCaptainswhoarealsofullyqualifieddriversareequippedwithtwo-wayradiostomaintaincontactwithcentralcontrol.Therearepassengerliftsandself-serviceticketmachinesateverystation.ThepassagetellsusthatLondon’sfirstLightRailSystem
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.Paragraph6______
TheThreattoKiribatiThepeopleofKiribatiareafraidthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuturetheircountrywilldisappearfromthefaceoftheearth—literally.SeveraltimesthisyearthePacificislandnationhasbeenfloodedbyasuddenhightide.Thesetideswhichsweptacrosstheislandanddestroyedhousescamewhentherewasneitherwindnorrain.ThisneverhappenedbeforesaytheoldercitizensofKiribati.WhatiscausingthesemysterioushightidesTheanswermaywellbeglobalwarming.Whenfuelslikeoilandcoalarebeingburnedpollutants污染物arereleased;thesepollutantstrapheatintheearth’satmosphere.Warmertemperaturescausewatertoexpandandalsocreatemorewaterbymeltingglaciers冰川andpolar极地的icecaps.Ifthetrendcontinuesscientistssaymanycountrieswillsuffer.Bangladeshforexamplemightloseone-fifthofitsland.Thecoral珊瑚islandnationsofthePacificlikeKiribatiandtheMarshallIslandshoweverwouldfaceanevenworsefate—theywouldbeswallowedbythesea.Thelossofthesecoralislandswouldbeeveryone’sloss.Coralformationsarehometomorespeciesthananyotherplaceonearth.Thepeopleofthesenationsfeelfrustrated.Theseaonwhichtheireconomieshavealwaysbeenbasedissuddenlythreateningtheirexistence.Theydon’thavethemoneyforexpensivetechnologicalsolutionslikeseawalls.Andtheyhavenocontroloverthepollutantswhicharebeingreleasedmainlybyactivitiesinlargeindustrializedcountries.Alltheycandoistohopethatindustrializedcountrieswilltakestepstoreducepollution.Someindustrializedcountriesareunwillingtospendmoneyinreducingpollution.
NewFoodsandtheNewWorldInthelast500yearsnothingaboutpeople—nottheirclothesideasorlanguages—haschangedasmuchaswhattheyeat.Theoriginalchocolatedrinkwasmadefromtheseedsofthecocoatree可可树bySouthAmericanIndians.TheSpanishintroducedittotherestoftheworldduringthe1500’s.Andalthoughitwasveryexpensiveitquicklybecamefashionable.InLondonshopswherechocolatedrinkswereservedbecameimportantmeetingplaces.Somestillexisttoday.ThepotatoisalsofromtheNewWorld.Around1600theSpanishbroughtitfromPerutoEuropewhereitsoonwaswidelygrown.IrelandbecamesodependentonitthatthousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedwhenthecropfailedduringthePotatoFamine饥荒of1845—1846andthousandsmorewereforcedtoleavetheirhomelandandmovetoAmerica.TherearemanyotherfoodsthathavetraveledfromSouthAmericatotheOldWorld.Butsomeotherswentintheoppositedirection.Brazilisnowtheworld’slargestgrowerofcoffeeandcoffeeisanimportantcropinColombiaandotherSouthAmericancountries.ButitisnativetoEthiopiaacountryinAfrica.ItwasfirstmadeintoadrinkbyArabsduringthe1400’s.AccordingtoanArabiclegendcoffeewasdiscoveredwhenapersonnamedKaldinoticedthathisgoatswereattractedtotheredberriesonacoffeebush.Hetriedoneandexperiencedthewide-awakefeelingthatone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationnowstartsthedaywith.Someinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphrefersto
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.Paragraph3______
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 57
WeallthinkthatMary’shusbandisaveryboringperson.
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 61
{{*HTML*}}MusicalTrainingCanImproveCommunicationSkills??Americanscientistssaymusicaltrainingseemstoimprovecommunicationskillsandlanguageretardation.Theyfoundthatdevelopingmusicalskillsinvolvesthesameprocessinthebrainaslearninghowtospeak.Thescientistsbelievethatcouldhelpchildrenwithlearningdisabilities.???46?Shesaysmusicaltraininginvolvesputtingtogetherdifferentkindsofinformationsuchashearingmusiclookingatmusicalnotestouchinganinstrumentandwatchingothermusicians.Thisprocessisnotmuchdifferentfromlearninghowtospeak.?47???Shefurtherexplainsmusicaltrainingandlearningtospeakeachmakeusthinkaboutwhatwearedoing.Shesaysspeechandmusicpassthroughastructureofthenervoussystemcalledthebrainstem.?48?Untilrecentlyexpertshavethoughtthebrainstemcouldnotbedevelopedorchanged.ButProfessorKraussandherteamfoundthatmusicaltrainingcanimproveaperson’sbrainstemactivity.??Thestudyinvolvedindividualswithdifferentlevelsofmusicalability.Theywereaskedtowearanelectricaldevicethatmeasuresbrainactivity.Theindividualsworetheelectrodewhiletheywatchedavideoofsomeonespeakingandapersonplayingamusicalinstrument—thecello.?49?Thestudyfoundthatthemoreyearsoftrainingpeoplehadthemoresensitivetheyweretothesoundandrhythmofthemusic.Thosewhowereinvolvedinmusicalactivitieswerethesamepeopleinwhomtheimprovementofsensoryeventswasthestrongest.?50?Shesaysusingmusictoimprovelisteningskillscouldmeantheyhearsentencesandunderstandfacialexpressionsbetter.??A.Bothinvolvedifferentsenses.??B.NinaKrausisaneurobiologist神经生物学家atNorthwesternUniversityinIllinois.??C.SomedisabledchildrenattendedthemusicaltrainingClass.??D.Itshowstheimportanceofmusicaltrainingtochildrenwithlearningdisabilities.??E.ProfessorKrausssayscelloshavesoundqualitiessimilartosomeofthesoundsthatareimportantwithspeech.??F.Thebrainstemcontrolsourabilitytohear.
Ihadsomedifficultyincarryingouttheplan.
Sheseemedtohavedetectedsomeangerinhisvoice.
London’sFirstLightRailSystemTheDocklandsLightRailwayDLRtookjustthreeyearstobuildatacostof￡77million.ItisLondon’sfirstLightRailSystembutitsroutefollowsthatofanumberofolderlineswhichcarriedthenineteenthcenturyrailwaysthroughthecrowdeddistrictsoftheEastEnd.ThesectionofthelinefromtheTowerGatewayStationtoPoplarfollowsthelineofoneofLondon’searliestrailwaystheLondon&Blackwell1840acable-drawnrailwaylaterconvertedtosteamwhichcarriedpassengerstosteamshipsatBlackwellPierandprovidedtransportforthemessengersandclerkswhowentbackwardsandforwardsbetweenthedocks码头andthecityeveryday.FromPoplartoIslandGardensanewlinecrosseshighabovethedockwatersandthenjoinstheoldtrackoftheMillwallExtensionRailwaybuilttoservicetheMillwallDocks1868andtoprovidetransportforworkersinthelocalfactories.Thislinewashorse-drawnforpartofitsrouteuntilthe1880s.ThePoplartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasfirstdevelopedbytheNorthLondonRailwaybuiltinthe1850stolinktheWestandEastIndiaDockswiththemanufacturingdistrictsoftheMidlandsandNorthofEngland.Thereweremajorrailwayworksandsidings岔线atBowuntilrecently.Thetrainsareautomaticallycontrolledfromacentralcomputerwhichdealswithallsignalingandothersafetyfactorsaswellasadjustingspeedstokeepwithinthetimetable;onboardeachvehicleTrainCaptainswhoarealsofullyqualifieddriversareequippedwithtwo-wayradiostomaintaincontactwithcentralcontrol.Therearepassengerliftsandself-serviceticketmachinesateverystation.ThetrainsontheDLRarecontrolledby
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 59
Inthelattercasetheoutcomecanbeseriousindeed.
London’sFirstLightRailSystemTheDocklandsLightRailwayDLRtookjustthreeyearstobuildatacostof￡77million.ItisLondon’sfirstLightRailSystembutitsroutefollowsthatofanumberofolderlineswhichcarriedthenineteenthcenturyrailwaysthroughthecrowdeddistrictsoftheEastEnd.ThesectionofthelinefromtheTowerGatewayStationtoPoplarfollowsthelineofoneofLondon’searliestrailwaystheLondon&Blackwell1840acable-drawnrailwaylaterconvertedtosteamwhichcarriedpassengerstosteamshipsatBlackwellPierandprovidedtransportforthemessengersandclerkswhowentbackwardsandforwardsbetweenthedocks码头andthecityeveryday.FromPoplartoIslandGardensanewlinecrosseshighabovethedockwatersandthenjoinstheoldtrackoftheMillwallExtensionRailwaybuilttoservicetheMillwallDocks1868andtoprovidetransportforworkersinthelocalfactories.Thislinewashorse-drawnforpartofitsrouteuntilthe1880s.ThePoplartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasfirstdevelopedbytheNorthLondonRailwaybuiltinthe1850stolinktheWestandEastIndiaDockswiththemanufacturingdistrictsoftheMidlandsandNorthofEngland.Thereweremajorrailwayworksandsidings岔线atBowuntilrecently.Thetrainsareautomaticallycontrolledfromacentralcomputerwhichdealswithallsignalingandothersafetyfactorsaswellasadjustingspeedstokeepwithinthetimetable;onboardeachvehicleTrainCaptainswhoarealsofullyqualifieddriversareequippedwithtwo-wayradiostomaintaincontactwithcentralcontrol.Therearepassengerliftsandself-serviceticketmachinesateverystation.ThislineinParagraph3refersto
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities Anewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeen51recentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand52development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhouse54.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere."Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld"saysRomeroLankao."Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiesto55theirresidents."Citiesare56sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term57.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential58associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat59pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices.Localgovernments62shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric63meaningfulresponses.RomeroLankaowrites"Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduce64use.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach."Thussheurgesthemtochangetheir65policiesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities. 53
TheThreattoKiribatiThepeopleofKiribatiareafraidthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuturetheircountrywilldisappearfromthefaceoftheearth—literally.SeveraltimesthisyearthePacificislandnationhasbeenfloodedbyasuddenhightide.Thesetideswhichsweptacrosstheislandanddestroyedhousescamewhentherewasneitherwindnorrain.ThisneverhappenedbeforesaytheoldercitizensofKiribati.WhatiscausingthesemysterioushightidesTheanswermaywellbeglobalwarming.Whenfuelslikeoilandcoalarebeingburnedpollutants污染物arereleased;thesepollutantstrapheatintheearth’satmosphere.Warmertemperaturescausewatertoexpandandalsocreatemorewaterbymeltingglaciers冰川andpolar极地的icecaps.Ifthetrendcontinuesscientistssaymanycountrieswillsuffer.Bangladeshforexamplemightloseone-fifthofitsland.Thecoral珊瑚islandnationsofthePacificlikeKiribatiandtheMarshallIslandshoweverwouldfaceanevenworsefate—theywouldbeswallowedbythesea.Thelossofthesecoralislandswouldbeeveryone’sloss.Coralformationsarehometomorespeciesthananyotherplaceonearth.Thepeopleofthesenationsfeelfrustrated.Theseaonwhichtheireconomieshavealwaysbeenbasedissuddenlythreateningtheirexistence.Theydon’thavethemoneyforexpensivetechnologicalsolutionslikeseawalls.Andtheyhavenocontroloverthepollutantswhicharebeingreleasedmainlybyactivitiesinlargeindustrializedcountries.Alltheycandoistohopethatindustrializedcountrieswilltakestepstoreducepollution.Theheatreleasedbyburningoilandcoalisthedirectcauseofglobalwarming.
NewFoodsandtheNewWorldInthelast500yearsnothingaboutpeople—nottheirclothesideasorlanguages—haschangedasmuchaswhattheyeat.Theoriginalchocolatedrinkwasmadefromtheseedsofthecocoatree可可树bySouthAmericanIndians.TheSpanishintroducedittotherestoftheworldduringthe1500’s.Andalthoughitwasveryexpensiveitquicklybecamefashionable.InLondonshopswherechocolatedrinkswereservedbecameimportantmeetingplaces.Somestillexisttoday.ThepotatoisalsofromtheNewWorld.Around1600theSpanishbroughtitfromPerutoEuropewhereitsoonwaswidelygrown.IrelandbecamesodependentonitthatthousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedwhenthecropfailedduringthePotatoFamine饥荒of1845—1846andthousandsmorewereforcedtoleavetheirhomelandandmovetoAmerica.TherearemanyotherfoodsthathavetraveledfromSouthAmericatotheOldWorld.Butsomeotherswentintheoppositedirection.Brazilisnowtheworld’slargestgrowerofcoffeeandcoffeeisanimportantcropinColombiaandotherSouthAmericancountries.ButitisnativetoEthiopiaacountryinAfrica.ItwasfirstmadeintoadrinkbyArabsduringthe1400’s.AccordingtoanArabiclegendcoffeewasdiscoveredwhenapersonnamedKaldinoticedthathisgoatswereattractedtotheredberriesonacoffeebush.Hetriedoneandexperiencedthewide-awakefeelingthatone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationnowstartsthedaywith.Whichcountryisthelargestcoffeeproducer
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