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(46) Experts are individuals with specialized knowledge suited to perform the specific tasks for whi...
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46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
40W功率折算到dB域为dBm
30
36
40
46
对于40W的功率按dBm单位进行折算后的值应为
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46
某红黏土地基详勘资料如下w＝46%wp＝32%wL＝58%该红黏土的状态及复浸水特性类别分别为
软塑，Ⅰ类
可塑，Ⅰ类
软塑，Ⅱ类
可塑，Ⅱ类
46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
图所示三个单跨梁的自振频率分别为wawbwc其之间关系为
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46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
ExpertssaythatLongtanhydropowerprojectChina’sthird
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BTS20基站CDU方式假设功放输出功率为46dBm功放到CDU以及CDU到机顶电缆插损约为0.5d
25W
12.5W
7.1W
5.6W
46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
主机23W－51W每板堆放台46W－51W每板堆放台61W－75W每板堆放6台
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46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
80W等于
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46Expertsareindividualswithspecializedknowledge
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Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 16
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 20
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelopastudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.ChooseajobthatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff.42.ChooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypatternWorkingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork.44.BeindustriousinyoursearchforworkTheremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.KnowyourlimitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays:AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegreeaddsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool.[B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework.[C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant.[E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.AlthoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessorCooper.
Sixyearslaterinanabout-facetheFBIadmitsthatfederalagentsfiredteargascanisterscapableofcausingafireattheBranchDavidiancompoundnearWacoTexasin1993.Buttheofficialsaidthefiringcameseveralhoursbeforethestructureburstintoflameskilling80peopleincludingtheDavidians’leaderDavidKoresh. "Inlookingintothiswe’vecomeacrossinformationthatshowssomecanistersthatcanbedeemedpyrotechnicinnaturewerefired--hoursbeforethefirestarted"theofficialsaid."DeviceswerefiredatthebunkernotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianswerecampedout." TheFederalBureauofInvestigationmaintainsitdidnotstartwhatturnedtobeaseriesoffieryburstsofflamesthatendeda51-daystandoffbetweenbranchmembersandthefederalgovernment."Thisdoesn’tchangethebottomlinethatDavidKoreshstartedthefireandthegovernmentdidnot"theofficialsaid."ItsimplyShowsthatdevicesthatcouldprobablybeflammablewereusedintheearlymorninghours." ThelawenforcementofficialsaidthecanisterswerefirednotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianmemberswerecampedoutbutatthenearbyundergroundbunker.Theybouncedoffthebunker’sconcreteroofandlandedinanopenfieldwelltheofficialsaid.Thecanisterswerefiredataround6a.m.andthefirethatdestroyedthewoodencompoundstartedaroundnoontheofficialsaid.Theofficialalsoaddedthatotherteargascanistersusedbyagentthatdaywerenotflammableorpotentiallyexplosive. WhileCoulsondeniedthegrenadesplayedaroleinstartingthefirehisstatementmarkedthefirsttimethatanyU.S.governmentofficialhaspubliclycontradictedthegovernment’spositionthatfederalagentsusednothingonthefinaldayofthesiegeatWacothatcouldhavesparkedthefirethatengulfedthecompound.ThecauseofthefieryendisamajorfocusofanongoinginquirybytheTexasRangersintotheWacosiege. Fromthepassagewhatinformationcanbeinferredabouttheeventin19937
Itwasarulingthathadconsumersseethingwithangerandmanyafreetradercryingfoul.OnNovember20ththeEuropeanCourtofJusticedecidedthatTescoaBritishsupermarketchainshouldnotbeallowedtoimportjeansmadebyAmerica’sLeviStraussfromoutsidetheEuropeanUnionandsellthematcut-ratepriceswithoutgettingpermissionfirstfromthejeansmaker.IronicallytherulingisbasedonanEUtrademarkdirectivethatwasdesignedtoprotectlocalnotAmericanmanufacturersfrompricedumping.Theideaisthatanybrand-owningfirmshouldbeallowedtopositionitsgoodsandsegmentitsmarketsasitseesfit:Levi’sjeansjustlikeGuccihandbagsmustbeallowedtobeexpensive. LeviStrausspersuadedthecourtthatbysellingitsjeanscheaplyalongsidesoappowderandbananasTescowasdestroyingtheimageandsothevalueofitsbrands—whichcouldonlyleadtolessinnovationandinthelongrunwouldreduceconsumerchoice.ConsumergroupsandTescosaythatLevi’scaseisspecious.ThesupermarketarguesthatitwasjustarbitragingthepricedifferentialbetweenLevi’sjeanssoldinAmericaandEurope—aserviceperformedamilliontimesadayinfinancialmarketsandonethathasledtorealbenefitsforconsumers.Tescohasbeensellingsome15000pairsofLevi’sjeansaweekforabouthalfthepricetheycommandinspecialiststoresapprovedbyLeviStrauss.ChristineCrossTesco’sheadofglobalnon-foodsourcingsaystherulingrisks"creatingaFortressEuropewithavengeance". ThedebatewillrageonandhasimplicationswellbeyondcasualclothesLeviStrausswasjoinedinitslawsuitbyZinoDavidoffaperfumemaker.Thequestionatitsheartisnotwhetherbrandsneedtocontrolhowtheyaresoldtoprotecttheirimagebutwhetheritisthejobofthecourtstohelpthemdothis.GuccianItalianclotheslabelwhoseimagewasbeingdestroyedbylooselicensingandover-exposureindiscountstoressaveditselfnotbyresortingtothecourtsbutbyendingcontractswiththird-partysupplierscontrollingitsdistributionbetterandopeningitsownstores.Itisnowhardtofindcut-priceGuccianywhere. BrandexpertsarguethatLeviStrausswhichhasbeenlosingmarketsharetohipperrivalssuchasDieselisnolongerstrongenoughtocommandpremiumprices.Lefttomarketforcesso-sobrandssuchasLevi’smightwellfadeawayandbereplacedbyfresherlabels.WiththecourtsprotectingitspricesLeviStraussmayhangonforlonger.Butnocourtcanhelptomakeitagreatbrandagain. Gucci’ssuccessshowsthat
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused. Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitled"WomeninanInsecureWorld"facenothingshortofa"hiddengendercide". Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates—notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones. AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically"missing".Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsons;so-called"honourkillings"anddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender-basedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime. Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphofthetextthat
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingtopic. MyIdealFutureJob Inyouressayyoushould 1stateclearlywhatyouridealfuturejobis 2illustratewhyyouwouldliketotakethisjoband 3drawanatureconclusiontoyouressay. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelopastudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.ChooseajobthatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff.42.ChooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypatternWorkingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork.44.BeindustriousinyoursearchforworkTheremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.KnowyourlimitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays:AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegreeaddsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool.[B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework.[C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant.[E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.AlthoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessorCooper.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 2
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
Sixyearslaterinanabout-facetheFBIadmitsthatfederalagentsfiredteargascanisterscapableofcausingafireattheBranchDavidiancompoundnearWacoTexasin1993.Buttheofficialsaidthefiringcameseveralhoursbeforethestructureburstintoflameskilling80peopleincludingtheDavidians’leaderDavidKoresh. "Inlookingintothiswe’vecomeacrossinformationthatshowssomecanistersthatcanbedeemedpyrotechnicinnaturewerefired--hoursbeforethefirestarted"theofficialsaid."DeviceswerefiredatthebunkernotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianswerecampedout." TheFederalBureauofInvestigationmaintainsitdidnotstartwhatturnedtobeaseriesoffieryburstsofflamesthatendeda51-daystandoffbetweenbranchmembersandthefederalgovernment."Thisdoesn’tchangethebottomlinethatDavidKoreshstartedthefireandthegovernmentdidnot"theofficialsaid."ItsimplyShowsthatdevicesthatcouldprobablybeflammablewereusedintheearlymorninghours." ThelawenforcementofficialsaidthecanisterswerefirednotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianmemberswerecampedoutbutatthenearbyundergroundbunker.Theybouncedoffthebunker’sconcreteroofandlandedinanopenfieldwelltheofficialsaid.Thecanisterswerefiredataround6a.m.andthefirethatdestroyedthewoodencompoundstartedaroundnoontheofficialsaid.Theofficialalsoaddedthatotherteargascanistersusedbyagentthatdaywerenotflammableorpotentiallyexplosive. WhileCoulsondeniedthegrenadesplayedaroleinstartingthefirehisstatementmarkedthefirsttimethatanyU.S.governmentofficialhaspubliclycontradictedthegovernment’spositionthatfederalagentsusednothingonthefinaldayofthesiegeatWacothatcouldhavesparkedthefirethatengulfedthecompound.ThecauseofthefieryendisamajorfocusofanongoinginquirybytheTexasRangersintotheWacosiege. Coulson’sspeechhas
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea.47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolutionInthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead.41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation.HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth.42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems.Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles.Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealthCollegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed.43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists.CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus.44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices.Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled.Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeoplesaysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises.45.What’sthesolutionSomeschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell.SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike.Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.WithhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudentThereisafamily.[A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear.[B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfeltoverwhelmedlastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear.[C]IfastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekendsaysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermontit’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat.[D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults.[E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem.[F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice.ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallytherehesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing.Iwouldn’twanttogothereagainhesaysbutwhatelseisthere/
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 10
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused. Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitled"WomeninanInsecureWorld"facenothingshortofa"hiddengendercide". Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates—notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones. AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically"missing".Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsons;so-called"honourkillings"anddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender-basedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime. Inthenarrationofthefirsttwoparagraphstheauthoremploysthedeviceof
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 12
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea.47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 6
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor.50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 14
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 18
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor.50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 8
Itwasarulingthathadconsumersseethingwithangerandmanyafreetradercryingfoul.OnNovember20ththeEuropeanCourtofJusticedecidedthatTescoaBritishsupermarketchainshouldnotbeallowedtoimportjeansmadebyAmerica’sLeviStraussfromoutsidetheEuropeanUnionandsellthematcut-ratepriceswithoutgettingpermissionfirstfromthejeansmaker.IronicallytherulingisbasedonanEUtrademarkdirectivethatwasdesignedtoprotectlocalnotAmericanmanufacturersfrompricedumping.Theideaisthatanybrand-owningfirmshouldbeallowedtopositionitsgoodsandsegmentitsmarketsasitseesfit:Levi’sjeansjustlikeGuccihandbagsmustbeallowedtobeexpensive. LeviStrausspersuadedthecourtthatbysellingitsjeanscheaplyalongsidesoappowderandbananasTescowasdestroyingtheimageandsothevalueofitsbrands—whichcouldonlyleadtolessinnovationandinthelongrunwouldreduceconsumerchoice.ConsumergroupsandTescosaythatLevi’scaseisspecious.ThesupermarketarguesthatitwasjustarbitragingthepricedifferentialbetweenLevi’sjeanssoldinAmericaandEurope—aserviceperformedamilliontimesadayinfinancialmarketsandonethathasledtorealbenefitsforconsumers.Tescohasbeensellingsome15000pairsofLevi’sjeansaweekforabouthalfthepricetheycommandinspecialiststoresapprovedbyLeviStrauss.ChristineCrossTesco’sheadofglobalnon-foodsourcingsaystherulingrisks"creatingaFortressEuropewithavengeance". ThedebatewillrageonandhasimplicationswellbeyondcasualclothesLeviStrausswasjoinedinitslawsuitbyZinoDavidoffaperfumemaker.Thequestionatitsheartisnotwhetherbrandsneedtocontrolhowtheyaresoldtoprotecttheirimagebutwhetheritisthejobofthecourtstohelpthemdothis.GuccianItalianclotheslabelwhoseimagewasbeingdestroyedbylooselicensingandover-exposureindiscountstoressaveditselfnotbyresortingtothecourtsbutbyendingcontractswiththird-partysupplierscontrollingitsdistributionbetterandopeningitsownstores.Itisnowhardtofindcut-priceGuccianywhere. BrandexpertsarguethatLeviStrausswhichhasbeenlosingmarketsharetohipperrivalssuchasDieselisnolongerstrongenoughtocommandpremiumprices.Lefttomarketforcesso-sobrandssuchasLevi’smightwellfadeawayandbereplacedbyfresherlabels.WiththecourtsprotectingitspricesLeviStraussmayhangonforlonger.Butnocourtcanhelptomakeitagreatbrandagain. AccordingtothepassagethedoomedfateofLevi’siscausedbysuchfactorsexceptthat
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea.47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor.50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut.
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused. Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitled"WomeninanInsecureWorld"facenothingshortofa"hiddengendercide". Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates—notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones. AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically"missing".Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsons;so-called"honourkillings"anddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender-basedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime. Whichofthefollowingscouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. 4
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