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南京国民政府的民法典规定民事法律未规定者依习惯无习惯者
下列关于法的效力的选项哪个是正确的
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nthesetimeswhenmarketforcesappearincreasinglycomplicatedandmorevolatileitisallthemoreimportanttounderstandtheprofessionaljargonandterminologyinthemarketplaceinordertobeabletobettermakeourinvestmentandbusinessdecisions.Understandingkeyeconomicindicatorswillassistinthedecisionmakingprocessprovidingasnapshotofthecurrentsituationandaninsightintothefuture. 46Eacheconomicindicatortellsussomethingabouttheeconomyorinflation.GrossDomesticProductGDPisprobablythemostimportantreportasitisthewholeframeworkwhereothereconomicindicatorsfallunder. Therearealsoindicatorsthatarebroadertellusabouttheeconomyitselfratherthanthecomponentse.g.employmentfiguresleadingindicatorsmoneysupplyfiguresM3.InflationfiguresProducePriceIndexPPIandtheConsumerPriceIndexCPIwillinshortinformusofthechangesinwholesalepricescostofconsumerretailgoodsandservicesrespectively. Anindicatorthatisusefulmustbeaccuratetimelyandreliable.Itdependsentirelyontheintegrityofthenationalstatisticalsystemresponsible.Itisvitaltoknowtheaccuratecomponentsofanindicator.Wehavetobemindfulofthelimitationofthesestatisticalfigurestoo. Someindicatorscanbehistoricorextremelyvolatileandthereforetheirvaluesarereduced.Itisbettertocomparethemostrecentdatawithearliermonthsortakeamovingaverageforthepast36or12monthstosmooththedata.Itwilltellusiftherehasbeenasignificantchangeintrendandwhetheranewdirectionisunderway. Timelinessofanindicatorisalsosignificant.47Althoughthereportedfiguresareimportantitiscrucialtorecognizethatmarketsreactmoretothevariancetotheconsensusforecastthantotheabsolutechangeintheindicator.48Marketsdonotlikesurprisesandcanbefrustratedwithvolatilityuponsubsequentrevisionstothenumberspublishedeventhoughsignificanceoftheabsolutenumberdiminisheswitheachpassingmonth. TheIndexofLeadingEconomicIndicatorsL.E.IintheUSactsasanearlywarningsystemtellinguswhentheeconomyisabouttochangedirection.49Thiscompositeindexof11leadingindicatorshasagoodrecordofprovidingaccurateforecasts.Thetotalindexperformsbetterasapredictiontoolthananyofitsparts.Thismonthlyfigureisavailableonthelastbusinessdayofthemonthandhaslowvolatility. 50AsageneralruleturningpointsintheeconomyaresignaledbythreeconsecutivemonthsofL.E.Ichangesinthesamedirection.Thisleadingindicatorislikealighthousegivingtherestoftheworldeconomiesaglimpseofthedirectionofthe’world’slargesteconomy. Eacheconomicindicatortellsussomethingabouttheeconomyorinflation.GrossDomesticProductGDPisprobablythemostimportantreportasitisthewholeframeworkwhereothereconomicindicatorsfallunder.
下列哪个选项不属于我国国家监督体系
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary. Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordomissionParagraph6
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary. Itseemsthatthewriterismostconcernedabout
法律体系是一个重要的法学概念人们可以从不同的角度不同的侧面来理解解释和适用这一概念但必须准确地把握这一概念的基本特征下面关于法律体系的表述中哪种说法未能准确地把握这一概念的基本特征
法律解释的目的在于
__附则是指__对于特定事项需要特殊规定而作出的附加条款下列关于__附则的表述哪一项是错误的
下列哪项不是政党的特征
秦代朝廷和地方主管法律的官员对律令所作的权威性解释称
下列各项中不属于法律实施的是
法律关系参加者以自己的行为享有权利承担义务的资格在法学上称为
上级法院对下级法院已经发生法律效力的判决和裁定如果发现有错误有权提审或指令下级法院再审这种法律监督称为
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nthesetimeswhenmarketforcesappearincreasinglycomplicatedandmorevolatileitisallthemoreimportanttounderstandtheprofessionaljargonandterminologyinthemarketplaceinordertobeabletobettermakeourinvestmentandbusinessdecisions.Understandingkeyeconomicindicatorswillassistinthedecisionmakingprocessprovidingasnapshotofthecurrentsituationandaninsightintothefuture. 46Eacheconomicindicatortellsussomethingabouttheeconomyorinflation.GrossDomesticProductGDPisprobablythemostimportantreportasitisthewholeframeworkwhereothereconomicindicatorsfallunder. Therearealsoindicatorsthatarebroadertellusabouttheeconomyitselfratherthanthecomponentse.g.employmentfiguresleadingindicatorsmoneysupplyfiguresM3.InflationfiguresProducePriceIndexPPIandtheConsumerPriceIndexCPIwillinshortinformusofthechangesinwholesalepricescostofconsumerretailgoodsandservicesrespectively. Anindicatorthatisusefulmustbeaccuratetimelyandreliable.Itdependsentirelyontheintegrityofthenationalstatisticalsystemresponsible.Itisvitaltoknowtheaccuratecomponentsofanindicator.Wehavetobemindfulofthelimitationofthesestatisticalfigurestoo. Someindicatorscanbehistoricorextremelyvolatileandthereforetheirvaluesarereduced.Itisbettertocomparethemostrecentdatawithearliermonthsortakeamovingaverageforthepast36or12monthstosmooththedata.Itwilltellusiftherehasbeenasignificantchangeintrendandwhetheranewdirectionisunderway. Timelinessofanindicatorisalsosignificant.47Althoughthereportedfiguresareimportantitiscrucialtorecognizethatmarketsreactmoretothevariancetotheconsensusforecastthantotheabsolutechangeintheindicator.48Marketsdonotlikesurprisesandcanbefrustratedwithvolatilityuponsubsequentrevisionstothenumberspublishedeventhoughsignificanceoftheabsolutenumberdiminisheswitheachpassingmonth. TheIndexofLeadingEconomicIndicatorsL.E.IintheUSactsasanearlywarningsystemtellinguswhentheeconomyisabouttochangedirection.49Thiscompositeindexof11leadingindicatorshasagoodrecordofprovidingaccurateforecasts.Thetotalindexperformsbetterasapredictiontoolthananyofitsparts.Thismonthlyfigureisavailableonthelastbusinessdayofthemonthandhaslowvolatility. 50AsageneralruleturningpointsintheeconomyaresignaledbythreeconsecutivemonthsofL.E.Ichangesinthesamedirection.Thisleadingindicatorislikealighthousegivingtherestoftheworldeconomiesaglimpseofthedirectionofthe’world’slargesteconomy. AsageneralruleturningpointsintheeconomyaresignaledbythreeconsecutivemonthsofL.E.Ichangesinthesamedirection.Thisleadingindicatorislikealighthousegivingtherestoftheworldeconomiesaglimpseofthedirectionofthe’world’slargesteconomy.
充军是代创制的刑罚
Directions. A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Interpretthefollowingpicture 2analyzepossiblereasonsforthissituationand 3suggestcounter-measures.
在唐朝附带利息的消费借贷称为
由国家最高权力机关执行违宪审查任务的国家是
西周中期周穆王为革新政治进行了一系列改革其中之一是制定了
我国法律制定程序中的最后一个步骤是
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthappiness.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Extensiveapplicationsofhaptictechnology. [B]Possibilitiesrenderedbyhapticmechanisms. [C]Thefeasibilityofextendingoursensesandexploringabstractuniverses. [D]Anexampleoftheprogressinscienceofhaptics. [E]Bringingthepotentialofoursensesintofullplay. [F]Willhapticsstepintoabrightfuture "OOOF!"Usingyourmouseyouheaveadatafileacrossthescreen--acoupleofgigabytesofdataweighalot.Itsroughsurfacetellsyouthatitisagraphicsfile.Havingtippedthishugepileofdataintoahopperthatsendsittotherightprogramyouexamineascreenimageoftheforesttrailyou’llbehikingonyourvacation.Thenusingaglovedhandyoumasteritsdetailsbyrunningyourfingersoveritsforksandbendsitssharprisesandfalls.LateryousendanE-mailtoyourbelovedbendingtothedeskpadtoattachakiss. 41.__________. ThescienceofhapticsfromtheGreekhaptesthai"totouch"ismakingthesefantasiesreal.Afewprimitivedevicesareextendinghuman-machinecommunicationbeyondvisionandsound.Hapticjoysticksandsteeringwheelsforcomputergamesarealreadygivinghappyplayerssomeofthesensationsofpilotingaspaceshipdrivingaracingcarorfiringweapons.Intimehapticinterfacesmayallowustomanipulatesinglemoleculesfeelcloudsandgalaxiesevenreachintohigherdimensionstograspthesubtlestructuresofmathematics. 42.__________. Mostofoursensestirepassive.Inhearingandvisionforexamplethesoundorlightissimplyreceivedandanalyzed.Buttouchisdifferent:weactivelyexploreandalterrealitywithourhandssothesameactionthatgathersinformationcanalsochangetheworld--tomodelapieceofclayorpressabuttonforexample.Inprovidingdirectcontactbetweenpeopletouchcarriesemotionalimpact.Andinprovidingdirectcontactwiththeworlditisthesuresignofrealityasin"pinchme--amIdreaming" 43.__________. Somesmallstepshaveevenbeentakentowardswhole-bodyhaptics.TouchTechnologyofNovaScotiaCanadahasbuiltahapticchair.Itlookslikeafull-lengthloungechairinafamilydenbutitssurfaceisstuddedwith72"tactors"-pneumaticpistonrodscoveredwithroundedbuttonsthatcanextendaboutaninchandcanbedrivenundercomputercontrolinanydesiredsequenceandpattern.Itcouldbeprogrammedtoimitatearealmassageortofunctionintimetomusic.Accordingtothemanufacturerthatprovidesapowerfulblendingofsen-sations--along-termgoalofvirtualreality. 44.__________. Evenatitspresentcrudelevelhoweverhapticscanmaketangiblewhatoncecouldnotbetouchedorevenpictured.ToinvestigatetheworldoftheverysmallresearchersattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHillhavedevelopedthenanoManipulator.Thisaddstouchtothetechniqueofscanningprobemicroscopywhichcanimageasingleatombymonitoringeithertheelectricalcurrentflowingbetweenanextremelyfineprobeandasurfaceortheforcebetweenthem.WiththenanoManipulatorresearcherscanseeandmanipulateauniverseamilliontimessmallerthantheirowntostudyvirusesandtinysemiconductingdevices.Iftheforcefeedbackcanbemadesensitiveenoughitmaybepossibletopushmolecularkeysintospecificmolecularlockstocustom-designdrugsorassemblesiliconpartsintointricatenanomachines.Withotherinterfacesthereisnoreasonweshouldn’talsobeabletotouchtheverylarge-cloudsoceancurrentsmantleflowsmountainsgalaxyclusters.Ortheverystrong--withasuitableforcescalingnewceramicsoralloyscouldbesqueezedandtwangedtotesttheirengineeringproperties.Orthephysicallyextremeandinaccessible--suchasultrahotplasmaflowsinfusionmachines. 45.__________. Haptictechnologycouldevenmakeabstractideastangible.Manyscientificconceptsoccupyspacesofmorethanthreedimensionsstringtheoryfor’exampleassertsthatweliveina10or11-dimensionalUniverse.Asitisimpossibletovisualisesuchaspaceweexploretheseideas’throughmathematicalexpressionsortwodimensionalsketchesonpaper.Butprobingtheseunfamiliargeometrieswithtouchmaybemoreeffective.Andforblindpeoplehapticsoffersanewwaytograspinformationeveninthreedimensions.AgroupattheUniversityofDelawarehasdevelopedanenvironmentwhereapersoncanfeelamathematicalfunction.UsingaPHAN-TOMtheuser"walks"alongthesurfaceofthefigure.Likeahikerfollowingmountainousterraintheuserfeelswherethefunctionissteepwhereitislevelandwhereitspeaksandvalleyslie.OtherhapticsystemscouldhelpblindpeopletobrowsetheInternetfeelingimagesaswellaswords. Thefutureofhapticsisbrightbuttheonlysensualrelationshipitwillbesustaininganytimesoonisbetweenyouandyourcomputer. 44
我国__第58条规定全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权该条属于哪种规范
公法与私法的划分主要出现在
法律对同一事项的新的一般规定与旧的特别规定不一致不能确定如何适用时由哪个机构裁决
下列哪一项是我国的基层群众性自治组织
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nthesetimeswhenmarketforcesappearincreasinglycomplicatedandmorevolatileitisallthemoreimportanttounderstandtheprofessionaljargonandterminologyinthemarketplaceinordertobeabletobettermakeourinvestmentandbusinessdecisions.Understandingkeyeconomicindicatorswillassistinthedecisionmakingprocessprovidingasnapshotofthecurrentsituationandaninsightintothefuture. 46Eacheconomicindicatortellsussomethingabouttheeconomyorinflation.GrossDomesticProductGDPisprobablythemostimportantreportasitisthewholeframeworkwhereothereconomicindicatorsfallunder. Therearealsoindicatorsthatarebroadertellusabouttheeconomyitselfratherthanthecomponentse.g.employmentfiguresleadingindicatorsmoneysupplyfiguresM3.InflationfiguresProducePriceIndexPPIandtheConsumerPriceIndexCPIwillinshortinformusofthechangesinwholesalepricescostofconsumerretailgoodsandservicesrespectively. Anindicatorthatisusefulmustbeaccuratetimelyandreliable.Itdependsentirelyontheintegrityofthenationalstatisticalsystemresponsible.Itisvitaltoknowtheaccuratecomponentsofanindicator.Wehavetobemindfulofthelimitationofthesestatisticalfigurestoo. Someindicatorscanbehistoricorextremelyvolatileandthereforetheirvaluesarereduced.Itisbettertocomparethemostrecentdatawithearliermonthsortakeamovingaverageforthepast36or12monthstosmooththedata.Itwilltellusiftherehasbeenasignificantchangeintrendandwhetheranewdirectionisunderway. Timelinessofanindicatorisalsosignificant.47Althoughthereportedfiguresareimportantitiscrucialtorecognizethatmarketsreactmoretothevariancetotheconsensusforecastthantotheabsolutechangeintheindicator.48Marketsdonotlikesurprisesandcanbefrustratedwithvolatilityuponsubsequentrevisionstothenumberspublishedeventhoughsignificanceoftheabsolutenumberdiminisheswitheachpassingmonth. TheIndexofLeadingEconomicIndicatorsL.E.IintheUSactsasanearlywarningsystemtellinguswhentheeconomyisabouttochangedirection.49Thiscompositeindexof11leadingindicatorshasagoodrecordofprovidingaccurateforecasts.Thetotalindexperformsbetterasapredictiontoolthananyofitsparts.Thismonthlyfigureisavailableonthelastbusinessdayofthemonthandhaslowvolatility. 50AsageneralruleturningpointsintheeconomyaresignaledbythreeconsecutivemonthsofL.E.Ichangesinthesamedirection.Thisleadingindicatorislikealighthousegivingtherestoftheworldeconomiesaglimpseofthedirectionofthe’world’slargesteconomy. Marketsdonotlikesurprisesandcanbefrustratedwithvolatilityuponsubsequentrevisionstothenumberspublishedeventhoughsignificanceoftheabsolutenumberdiminisheswitheachpassingmonth.
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthappiness.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Extensiveapplicationsofhaptictechnology. [B]Possibilitiesrenderedbyhapticmechanisms. [C]Thefeasibilityofextendingoursensesandexploringabstractuniverses. [D]Anexampleoftheprogressinscienceofhaptics. [E]Bringingthepotentialofoursensesintofullplay. [F]Willhapticsstepintoabrightfuture "OOOF!"Usingyourmouseyouheaveadatafileacrossthescreen--acoupleofgigabytesofdataweighalot.Itsroughsurfacetellsyouthatitisagraphicsfile.Havingtippedthishugepileofdataintoahopperthatsendsittotherightprogramyouexamineascreenimageoftheforesttrailyou’llbehikingonyourvacation.Thenusingaglovedhandyoumasteritsdetailsbyrunningyourfingersoveritsforksandbendsitssharprisesandfalls.LateryousendanE-mailtoyourbelovedbendingtothedeskpadtoattachakiss. 41.__________. ThescienceofhapticsfromtheGreekhaptesthai"totouch"ismakingthesefantasiesreal.Afewprimitivedevicesareextendinghuman-machinecommunicationbeyondvisionandsound.Hapticjoysticksandsteeringwheelsforcomputergamesarealreadygivinghappyplayerssomeofthesensationsofpilotingaspaceshipdrivingaracingcarorfiringweapons.Intimehapticinterfacesmayallowustomanipulatesinglemoleculesfeelcloudsandgalaxiesevenreachintohigherdimensionstograspthesubtlestructuresofmathematics. 42.__________. Mostofoursensestirepassive.Inhearingandvisionforexamplethesoundorlightissimplyreceivedandanalyzed.Buttouchisdifferent:weactivelyexploreandalterrealitywithourhandssothesameactionthatgathersinformationcanalsochangetheworld--tomodelapieceofclayorpressabuttonforexample.Inprovidingdirectcontactbetweenpeopletouchcarriesemotionalimpact.Andinprovidingdirectcontactwiththeworlditisthesuresignofrealityasin"pinchme--amIdreaming" 43.__________. Somesmallstepshaveevenbeentakentowardswhole-bodyhaptics.TouchTechnologyofNovaScotiaCanadahasbuiltahapticchair.Itlookslikeafull-lengthloungechairinafamilydenbutitssurfaceisstuddedwith72"tactors"-pneumaticpistonrodscoveredwithroundedbuttonsthatcanextendaboutaninchandcanbedrivenundercomputercontrolinanydesiredsequenceandpattern.Itcouldbeprogrammedtoimitatearealmassageortofunctionintimetomusic.Accordingtothemanufacturerthatprovidesapowerfulblendingofsen-sations--along-termgoalofvirtualreality. 44.__________. Evenatitspresentcrudelevelhoweverhapticscanmaketangiblewhatoncecouldnotbetouchedorevenpictured.ToinvestigatetheworldoftheverysmallresearchersattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHillhavedevelopedthenanoManipulator.Thisaddstouchtothetechniqueofscanningprobemicroscopywhichcanimageasingleatombymonitoringeithertheelectricalcurrentflowingbetweenanextremelyfineprobeandasurfaceortheforcebetweenthem.WiththenanoManipulatorresearcherscanseeandmanipulateauniverseamilliontimessmallerthantheirowntostudyvirusesandtinysemiconductingdevices.Iftheforcefeedbackcanbemadesensitiveenoughitmaybepossibletopushmolecularkeysintospecificmolecularlockstocustom-designdrugsorassemblesiliconpartsintointricatenanomachines.Withotherinterfacesthereisnoreasonweshouldn’talsobeabletotouchtheverylarge-cloudsoceancurrentsmantleflowsmountainsgalaxyclusters.Ortheverystrong--withasuitableforcescalingnewceramicsoralloyscouldbesqueezedandtwangedtotesttheirengineeringproperties.Orthephysicallyextremeandinaccessible--suchasultrahotplasmaflowsinfusionmachines. 45.__________. Haptictechnologycouldevenmakeabstractideastangible.Manyscientificconceptsoccupyspacesofmorethanthreedimensionsstringtheoryfor’exampleassertsthatweliveina10or11-dimensionalUniverse.Asitisimpossibletovisualisesuchaspaceweexploretheseideas’throughmathematicalexpressionsortwodimensionalsketchesonpaper.Butprobingtheseunfamiliargeometrieswithtouchmaybemoreeffective.Andforblindpeoplehapticsoffersanewwaytograspinformationeveninthreedimensions.AgroupattheUniversityofDelawarehasdevelopedanenvironmentwhereapersoncanfeelamathematicalfunction.UsingaPHAN-TOMtheuser"walks"alongthesurfaceofthefigure.Likeahikerfollowingmountainousterraintheuserfeelswherethefunctionissteepwhereitislevelandwhereitspeaksandvalleyslie.OtherhapticsystemscouldhelpblindpeopletobrowsetheInternetfeelingimagesaswellaswords. Thefutureofhapticsisbrightbuttheonlysensualrelationshipitwillbesustaininganytimesoonisbetweenyouandyourcomputer. 42
上级人民检察院与下级人民检察院的关系是
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