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Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This i...
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Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofth
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71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.ButwhataboutpainwithoutgainEverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthatifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhichismorethantwicethe1978―1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysadisjunctionbetweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace―allthatreengineeringanddownsizing―areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomywhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwaswelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBonPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuchre-engineeringhasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’’sAIRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish―theworstsortofambulance-chasing. Theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth____________.
Overthepastcenturyallkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrivealphabetism.Thisforthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantagereferstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet. IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifinncalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK. ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’’spredecessorsincludinghisfatherhadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.EvenmorestrikingsixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantagedBerlusconiBlairBushChiracChretienandKoizumi.Theworld’’sthreetopcentralbankersGreenspanDuisenbergandHayamiareallclosetothetopofthealphabetevenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’’sfiverichestmenGatesBuffettAllenEllisonandAlbrecht. CanthismerelybecoincidenceOnetheorydreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantagedisthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschoolteachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefronttomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrowandisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalificationsbecausetheygetlessindividualattentionaswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly. Thehumiliationcontinues.AtuniversitygraduationceremoniestheABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachfileZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviewselectionballotpaperslistsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabeticallyandtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem. WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Overthepastcenturyallkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrivealphabetism.Thisforthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantagereferstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet. IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifinncalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK. ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’’spredecessorsincludinghisfatherhadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.EvenmorestrikingsixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantagedBerlusconiBlairBushChiracChretienandKoizumi.Theworld’’sthreetopcentralbankersGreenspanDuisenbergandHayamiareallclosetothetopofthealphabetevenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’’sfiverichestmenGatesBuffettAllenEllisonandAlbrecht. CanthismerelybecoincidenceOnetheorydreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantagedisthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschoolteachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefronttomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrowandisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalificationsbecausetheygetlessindividualattentionaswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly. Thehumiliationcontinues.AtuniversitygraduationceremoniestheABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachfileZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviewselectionballotpaperslistsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabeticallyandtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorsbutfromsillyerrors. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhi圣雄甘地considereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Accordingtothetextitistruethat
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat
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Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorsbutfromsillyerrors. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhi圣雄甘地considereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. TheexampleofAristotleisusedtoindicatethat
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Byreferringtothelimbicsystemtheauthorintendstoshow
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Nowdon’tgetmewrong-Iknowit’snotmyplacetotellwomen whentheycanandcan’thavechildrenandhowmanytheycanhave.Ican testifythatit’shardtobechildlessat36．46．Peopleaskyouallthetime ifyou’regoingtostartafamily-asifyoudidn’talreadyknowthatyour biologicalclockwaswindingdown.What’sworsetheybeginlecturingyouon fertilityoptionsasiftosaySinceit’sclearthatyoucan’tcatcha partneryou’dbetterdothisonyourown.Ican’timaginewhatthatfeels likewhenyou’re66．Itmustbeverypainful.AndtrustmeI’mequallyaghast whenmenhavechildrenintheir70sand80sSaulBellowwas84whenhisfifth childwasborn.47．I’mjustsayingthatsometimesforthesakeofthe children-to-bewemayhavetoputawayourlongingsandgrieveforthechildren wemighthavehadratherthangototheendsoftheearthtogetthem.The deathofaparentcancauseyoungchildrentosufferdisproportionatelyfrom depressionposttraumaticstressdisorderanddrugabuseintheirlateryears accordingtostudiespublishedintheArchivesofPediatricandAdolescent MedicineandTheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry.Ithinkparentsshouldtake thatintoaccountwhenthey’replanningafamily.AndyesIknowIcoulddrop deadtomorrow;lifegivesnooneguarantees.AfterBousadadeLaradiedSarah VinewroteacommentaryforTheTimesofLondonwhichconcludedNoonethinks morecarefullyabouthavingachildthanthepersonwhothroughmisfortuneor traumaorsimplybecausetheyhappentoappreciatetheworkofJudyGarland cannotdosobynaturalmeans.Thatmaybetrueitcertainlyfeelstruebut wehavetothinkaboutthechildrennotjusthavingthem.As itisIworrythatI’mtoooldtoraiseakid.Isquanderedtoomuchofmy energypartyinginmy20s.IshouldhavehadchildrenwhenIdidn’tneedsleep andhadamuchmorecavalierattitudeaboutmycareer.OfcoursewhenIwasin my20sIhadverylittlepatienceandevenlessserf-controlsomaybethat timewouldn’thavebeenanybetter.There’sneveraperfecttimeforakidand Irespectthat.ButjustasweworryaboutteenagershavingchildrenIalso worryaboutkidsborntoelderlyparents.AretheybeingshortchangedWon’t theymisshavinggrandparentstospoilthemMaybenot-therearemillionsof waysforchildrentobehappy.Theydon’thavetobepartofatraditional nuclearfamily.Nordoesthereneedtobeamommyandadaddy;theycanhavea coupleofmommiesorjustadaddy.48．Justsomebodyorsomebodiestogive themasenseofpermanentattachmentandsecurity-someonetocountonwhenyou skinyourkneeorexperienceyourfirstheartbreakordobadlyonanexam someonetothrowyourgraduationcapto.Evenonthecuspof40Ispeakto myparentsalmosteverydayandI’masdependentontheirhelpasIeverwas. 49．ThereareprobablysomeofyoureadingthisnowwhothinkI’mtoooldto raiseababyintoadulthood.ButIdohaveactuarialtablesonmyside. IhaveahunchthatcaseslikethatofBousadadeLara andofcourseOctomomaregoingtoforcefertilityclinicstoestablishmore rulesaboutwhocanusetheirservicesandunderwhatcircumstances.Justas publicoutragebroughtauniformsetofrequirementsforpeopletoadoptor contractasurrogatemotherthereisalreadyapushtofurtherregulate fertilityclinics.50．Likeitornotonceweturntootherstofacilitate theconceptionofourfamilieswebecomesubjecttotheirmoralsandethicsas well..andmaybethat’snotalwaysabadthing.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction. Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Overthepastcenturyallkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrivealphabetism.Thisforthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantagereferstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet. IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifinncalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK. ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’’spredecessorsincludinghisfatherhadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.EvenmorestrikingsixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantagedBerlusconiBlairBushChiracChretienandKoizumi.Theworld’’sthreetopcentralbankersGreenspanDuisenbergandHayamiareallclosetothetopofthealphabetevenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’’sfiverichestmenGatesBuffettAllenEllisonandAlbrecht. CanthismerelybecoincidenceOnetheorydreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantagedisthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschoolteachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefronttomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrowandisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalificationsbecausetheygetlessindividualattentionaswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly. Thehumiliationcontinues.AtuniversitygraduationceremoniestheABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachfileZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviewselectionballotpaperslistsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabeticallyandtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem. The4thparagraphsuggeststhat
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
YouworkforacompanywhichisgoingtobuyasetofequipmentfromGermany.Youareaskedtotranslatealotofspecificationsandinstructionswithinfourmonthswhichisimpossible.Thereforeyoudecidetoadvertisefortwoexperiencedtranslatorsassoonaspossible.Writeane-mailtoMr.MaxRemingtonthePublicRelation’smanager.Askforanadvertisementfortwotranslators.YoushoulduseMax@ge.cornforreceiverandP.Wu@yahoocomforsender 1Explainthereason; 2Mentionitsurgency. Youshouldwriteabout100words.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.ButwhataboutpainwithoutgainEverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthatifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhichismorethantwicethe1978―1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysadisjunctionbetweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace―allthatreengineeringanddownsizing―areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomywhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwaswelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBonPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuchre-engineeringhasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’’sAIRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish―theworstsortofambulance-chasing. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage____________.
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Nowdon’tgetmewrong-Iknowit’snotmyplacetotellwomen whentheycanandcan’thavechildrenandhowmanytheycanhave.Ican testifythatit’shardtobechildlessat36．46．Peopleaskyouallthetime ifyou’regoingtostartafamily-asifyoudidn’talreadyknowthatyour biologicalclockwaswindingdown.What’sworsetheybeginlecturingyouon fertilityoptionsasiftosaySinceit’sclearthatyoucan’tcatcha partneryou’dbetterdothisonyourown.Ican’timaginewhatthatfeels likewhenyou’re66．Itmustbeverypainful.AndtrustmeI’mequallyaghast whenmenhavechildrenintheir70sand80sSaulBellowwas84whenhisfifth childwasborn.47．I’mjustsayingthatsometimesforthesakeofthe children-to-bewemayhavetoputawayourlongingsandgrieveforthechildren wemighthavehadratherthangototheendsoftheearthtogetthem.The deathofaparentcancauseyoungchildrentosufferdisproportionatelyfrom depressionposttraumaticstressdisorderanddrugabuseintheirlateryears accordingtostudiespublishedintheArchivesofPediatricandAdolescent MedicineandTheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry.Ithinkparentsshouldtake thatintoaccountwhenthey’replanningafamily.AndyesIknowIcoulddrop deadtomorrow;lifegivesnooneguarantees.AfterBousadadeLaradiedSarah VinewroteacommentaryforTheTimesofLondonwhichconcludedNoonethinks morecarefullyabouthavingachildthanthepersonwhothroughmisfortuneor traumaorsimplybecausetheyhappentoappreciatetheworkofJudyGarland cannotdosobynaturalmeans.Thatmaybetrueitcertainlyfeelstruebut wehavetothinkaboutthechildrennotjusthavingthem.As itisIworrythatI’mtoooldtoraiseakid.Isquanderedtoomuchofmy energypartyinginmy20s.IshouldhavehadchildrenwhenIdidn’tneedsleep andhadamuchmorecavalierattitudeaboutmycareer.OfcoursewhenIwasin my20sIhadverylittlepatienceandevenlessserf-controlsomaybethat timewouldn’thavebeenanybetter.There’sneveraperfecttimeforakidand Irespectthat.ButjustasweworryaboutteenagershavingchildrenIalso worryaboutkidsborntoelderlyparents.AretheybeingshortchangedWon’t theymisshavinggrandparentstospoilthemMaybenot-therearemillionsof waysforchildrentobehappy.Theydon’thavetobepartofatraditional nuclearfamily.Nordoesthereneedtobeamommyandadaddy;theycanhavea coupleofmommiesorjustadaddy.48．Justsomebodyorsomebodiestogive themasenseofpermanentattachmentandsecurity-someonetocountonwhenyou skinyourkneeorexperienceyourfirstheartbreakordobadlyonanexam someonetothrowyourgraduationcapto.Evenonthecuspof40Ispeakto myparentsalmosteverydayandI’masdependentontheirhelpasIeverwas. 49．ThereareprobablysomeofyoureadingthisnowwhothinkI’mtoooldto raiseababyintoadulthood.ButIdohaveactuarialtablesonmyside. IhaveahunchthatcaseslikethatofBousadadeLara andofcourseOctomomaregoingtoforcefertilityclinicstoestablishmore rulesaboutwhocanusetheirservicesandunderwhatcircumstances.Justas publicoutragebroughtauniformsetofrequirementsforpeopletoadoptor contractasurrogatemotherthereisalreadyapushtofurtherregulate fertilityclinics.50．Likeitornotonceweturntootherstofacilitate theconceptionofourfamilieswebecomesubjecttotheirmoralsandethicsas well..andmaybethat’snotalwaysabadthing.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
YouborrowedsomerecentissuesofU.S.businessmagazinefromyourprofessoramonthagobutdelayedreturningthem.Writealetterofapologytoyourprofessorstatingyourreasonsforthedelayandexpressingyourthanks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
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