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《内经》说“诸湿肿满，皆属于脾”是基于
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素问·至真要大论中皆属于脾的原文是
诸逆冲上
诸胀腹大
诸躁狂越
诸厥固泄
诸湿肿满
诸湿肿满皆属于
肾
肺
脾
肝
诸湿肿满皆属于
心
肝
脾
肺
肾
诸湿肿满皆属于脾出自
《内经》
《金匮要略》
《诸病源候论》
《东垣十书》
《丹溪心法》
诸湿肿满皆属于
肝
心
脾
肺
肾
内经说诸湿肿满皆属于
心
肺
肝
脾
肾
简释素问•至真要大论中诸湿肿满皆属于脾的机理
下列除外均见于素问·至真要大论
诸涩枯涸，干劲皲揭皆属于燥
诸寒收引，皆属于肾
诸风掉眩，皆属于肝
诸湿肿满，皆属于脾
诸燥狂越，皆属于火
如何理解脾主运化水湿的功能为何说诸湿肿满皆属于脾
据素问·至真要大论原文皆属于脾的病变是
诸寒收引
诸风掉眩
诸痛痒疮
诸湿肿满
诸痉强直
素问•至真要大论中皆属于脾的原文是
诸风掉眩
诸寒收引
诸气膹郁
诸湿肿满
诸痛痒疮
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SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsInsomeearlyattemptsbypsychologiststodescribethebasiclearningprocesstheterms’stimulus’’response’and’reinforcement’wereintroduced.Inaneducationalsettingthese1couldbedefinedasfollows.Whenateachergivesan2orsetsaproblemorasksaquestionthepupil3insomewayandtheteacherthentellsthepupilifhehasrespondedcorrectly.Theteacher’sfirstactioniscalledthe4.Thepupil’sactioncarryingouttheinstructionorsolvingtheproblemoransweringthequestionis5theresponse.Whentheteachertellsthepupilhisresponseis6thebondbetweenthestimulusandtheresponseisstrengthenedandreinforcementispositive.Iftheresponseisincorrectthebondisweakenedandreinforcementis7Somepsychologistslaidgreat8ontheimportanceofreinforcementforcontinuedlearning.They9thatifalearnerisnotgiveninformationabouthisresponsesfeedbackhemaynotcontinuetorespond.10ifhishomeworkisnotmarkedregularlyhewillstopdoingit.Ifinclasstheanswershegivestotheteacher’squestionsare11orbrushedasidehewillstoptryingtogiveany.Educationalpsychologistsare12movingawayfromthissimpleearly13ofthebasiclearningprocess.Theeffectsoffeedbackforexampleareseentobemore14thanthisdescriptionsuggests.Feedbackdoesnotmerelypositivelyornegatively15thestimulus-responsebond.Itmay16confirmpreviouslylearnedmeaningsandassociationscorrectmistakes17misunderstandingsandshowhowwellorbadlydifferentpartsofthematerialhavebeenlearned.Thus18mayhavetheeffectofincreasingthelearner’sconfidencebackinguphispreviously19knowledgeandshowinghimwhichitemshehasnot20grasped. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
1939年10月__在__人发刊词中反复阐明的一个根本的思想原则是
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
恩格斯指出人的思维最本质和最切近的基础正是人所引起的自然界的变化而不单独是自然界本身这说明
行之明觉精察处便是知知之真切笃实处便是行这个观点的错误是
Text3Thereisaconfusednotioninthemindsofmanypeoplethatthegatheringofthepropertyofthepoorintothehandsoftherichdoesnoultimateharmsinceinwhoseverhandsitmaybeitmustbespentatlastandthustheythinkreturntothepooragain.Thisfallacyhasbeenagainandagainexposed;butgrantingthepleatruethesameapologymayofcoursebemadeforblackmailoranyotherformofrobbery.Itmightbethoughpracticallyitneverisasadvantageousforthenotionthattherobbershouldhavethespendingofthemoneyheextortsasthatthepersonrobbedshouldhavespentit.Butthisisnoexcuseforthetheft.IfIweretoputatollgateontheroadwhereitpassesmyowngateandendeavortoextractashillingfromeverypassengerthepublicwouldsoondoawaywithmygatewithoutlisteningtoanypleasonmypartthatitwasasadvantageoustothemintheendthatIshouldspendtheirshillingsasthattheythemselvesshould.ButifinsteadofoutfacingthemwithatollgateIcanonlypersuadethemtocomeinandbuystonesoroldironoranyotheruselessthingoutofmygroundImayrobthemtothesameextentandmoreoverbethankedasapublicbenefactorandpromoterofcommercialprosperity.AndthismainquestionforthepoorofEngland--forthepoorofallcountries--iswhollyomittedineverywritingonthesubjectofwealth.Evenbythelaborersthemselvestheoperationofcapitalisregardedonlyinitseffectontheirimmediateinterestsneverinthefarmoreterrificpowerofitsappointmentofthekindandtheobjectoflabor.Itmatterslittleultimatelyhowmuchalaborerispaidformakinganythingbutitmattersfearfullywhatthethingiswhichheiscompelledtomake.Ifhislaborissoorderedastoproducefoodfreshairandfreshwaternomatterthathiswagesarelowthefoodandthefreshairandwaterwillbeatlastthereandhewillatlastgetthem.Butifheispaidtodestroyfoodandfreshairortoproduceironbarsinsteadofthemthefoodandairwillfinallynotbethereandhewillnotgetthemtohisgreatandfinalinconvenience.Sothatconclusivelyinpoliticalasinhouseholdeconomythegreatquestionisnotsomuchwhatmoneyyouhaveinyourpocketaswhatyouwillbuywithitanddowithit. WhatisthemainquestionforthepoorLine1Paragraph2accordingtothepassage
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsInsomeearlyattemptsbypsychologiststodescribethebasiclearningprocesstheterms’stimulus’’response’and’reinforcement’wereintroduced.Inaneducationalsettingthese1couldbedefinedasfollows.Whenateachergivesan2orsetsaproblemorasksaquestionthepupil3insomewayandtheteacherthentellsthepupilifhehasrespondedcorrectly.Theteacher’sfirstactioniscalledthe4.Thepupil’sactioncarryingouttheinstructionorsolvingtheproblemoransweringthequestionis5theresponse.Whentheteachertellsthepupilhisresponseis6thebondbetweenthestimulusandtheresponseisstrengthenedandreinforcementispositive.Iftheresponseisincorrectthebondisweakenedandreinforcementis7Somepsychologistslaidgreat8ontheimportanceofreinforcementforcontinuedlearning.They9thatifalearnerisnotgiveninformationabouthisresponsesfeedbackhemaynotcontinuetorespond.10ifhishomeworkisnotmarkedregularlyhewillstopdoingit.Ifinclasstheanswershegivestotheteacher’squestionsare11orbrushedasidehewillstoptryingtogiveany.Educationalpsychologistsare12movingawayfromthissimpleearly13ofthebasiclearningprocess.Theeffectsoffeedbackforexampleareseentobemore14thanthisdescriptionsuggests.Feedbackdoesnotmerelypositivelyornegatively15thestimulus-responsebond.Itmay16confirmpreviouslylearnedmeaningsandassociationscorrectmistakes17misunderstandingsandshowhowwellorbadlydifferentpartsofthematerialhavebeenlearned.Thus18mayhavetheeffectofincreasingthelearner’sconfidencebackinguphispreviously19knowledgeandshowinghimwhichitemshehasnot20grasped. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouttheInternetaddicts.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastpara-graphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]DifferentbehaviorsoftheInternetaddicts [B]ThefindingofaresearchontheInternetaddicts [C]TheInternetaddictionmaydestroyafamily [D]Theestablishmentofanewserviceforwebaddicts [E]TwoexamplesofharmoftheInternetaddiction [F]TheInternetaddictionmaycausemanyproblemsIt’stheequivalentofinvitingsexaddictstoabrothelorholdinganAlcoholicsAnonymousAAmeetingatthepub.Internetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.41.__________.Thereisnowanonlinecounsellingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.JustemailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.Thenewbreedofcyber-therapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages.42.__________.ThoughsomemayregardInternetaddictionasanotherdubiousailmentdreameduptokeeptherapistsinworkRelationshipServicessaystheproblemisreal.TherapistRobinPaulsaystheretendtobetwoscenarios.Somepeoplemeetthroughchatroomsandfallinlove.It’slikehavinganaffairthentheymeetandit’slikeawhirlwindhoneymoon.It’sdevastatingforthepersonleftbehindandquiteoftenithasnorealfoundation.ThesecondscenarioisthatapersonstartsspendingmoreandmoretimeontheNet.TheymaynotmeetSomeoneelsebuttheydon’tspendanytimewiththeirpartnerandofcoursetherelationshipsuffers.43.__________.SuchstoriesmayappeartobealmosturbanlegendssoashamedareInternetaddictsandtheirpartners.Arecentsurveyof17251Internetusersfoundnearly6percenthadsomesortofaddictiontothemedium.Theyrevealedthattheironlinehabitcontributedtodisruptedmarriageschildhooddelinquencycrimeandover-spending.Tapintoonlineaddictionsitesandyou’llfindmessagessuchas:"HellomynameisBobandI’maWebaholic."44.__________.WitnesstheplightofOhiowomanKelliMichettiwholiterallybecameacomputerhackerbecauseofherhusband’sconstantonlinechatting.Whenshecrashedameatcleaverthroughherhusband’scomputerterminalthatsolvedtheproblemalthoughnaturallyitledtodifficultieswiththepolice.OrtaketheclassicInternetaddictionstoryofIngridParkerawomanwhobecamesuchaslavetotheInternet--especiallychatrooms--thatittookoverherlife.Shemadedowithtwohours’sleepanighthadmarathonweekendcomputersessionsofupto17hoursandfellinlovewithamarriedmanintheUSstateofOregon.45.__________.Dr.KimberlyYoungwhosetupTheCentreforOnlineAddictionwww.netaddictioncominAmericastudied396peoplewhomsheconsideredwerepsychologicallydependentontheNet.Theyrangedinagefrom14to70andspentanaverageof38.5hoursaweekontheWeb.HerstudybackedbyfurtherresearchinBritainfoundthatwomenweremorelikelytobecomeaddicts.Sowhiletheoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroupsthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriends.buyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday."IguessIwasatypicalexampleofsomeonehookedontheInternet"saysParkerwhonowspendsjustanhouradayonline."Idon’tthinkanyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest."WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounsellingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually. 42
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouttheInternetaddicts.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastpara-graphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]DifferentbehaviorsoftheInternetaddicts [B]ThefindingofaresearchontheInternetaddicts [C]TheInternetaddictionmaydestroyafamily [D]Theestablishmentofanewserviceforwebaddicts [E]TwoexamplesofharmoftheInternetaddiction [F]TheInternetaddictionmaycausemanyproblemsIt’stheequivalentofinvitingsexaddictstoabrothelorholdinganAlcoholicsAnonymousAAmeetingatthepub.Internetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.41.__________.Thereisnowanonlinecounsellingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.JustemailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.Thenewbreedofcyber-therapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages.42.__________.ThoughsomemayregardInternetaddictionasanotherdubiousailmentdreameduptokeeptherapistsinworkRelationshipServicessaystheproblemisreal.TherapistRobinPaulsaystheretendtobetwoscenarios.Somepeoplemeetthroughchatroomsandfallinlove.It’slikehavinganaffairthentheymeetandit’slikeawhirlwindhoneymoon.It’sdevastatingforthepersonleftbehindandquiteoftenithasnorealfoundation.ThesecondscenarioisthatapersonstartsspendingmoreandmoretimeontheNet.TheymaynotmeetSomeoneelsebuttheydon’tspendanytimewiththeirpartnerandofcoursetherelationshipsuffers.43.__________.SuchstoriesmayappeartobealmosturbanlegendssoashamedareInternetaddictsandtheirpartners.Arecentsurveyof17251Internetusersfoundnearly6percenthadsomesortofaddictiontothemedium.Theyrevealedthattheironlinehabitcontributedtodisruptedmarriageschildhooddelinquencycrimeandover-spending.Tapintoonlineaddictionsitesandyou’llfindmessagessuchas:"HellomynameisBobandI’maWebaholic."44.__________.WitnesstheplightofOhiowomanKelliMichettiwholiterallybecameacomputerhackerbecauseofherhusband’sconstantonlinechatting.Whenshecrashedameatcleaverthroughherhusband’scomputerterminalthatsolvedtheproblemalthoughnaturallyitledtodifficultieswiththepolice.OrtaketheclassicInternetaddictionstoryofIngridParkerawomanwhobecamesuchaslavetotheInternet--especiallychatrooms--thatittookoverherlife.Shemadedowithtwohours’sleepanighthadmarathonweekendcomputersessionsofupto17hoursandfellinlovewithamarriedmanintheUSstateofOregon.45.__________.Dr.KimberlyYoungwhosetupTheCentreforOnlineAddictionwww.netaddictioncominAmericastudied396peoplewhomsheconsideredwerepsychologicallydependentontheNet.Theyrangedinagefrom14to70andspentanaverageof38.5hoursaweekontheWeb.HerstudybackedbyfurtherresearchinBritainfoundthatwomenweremorelikelytobecomeaddicts.Sowhiletheoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroupsthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriends.buyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday."IguessIwasatypicalexampleofsomeonehookedontheInternet"saysParkerwhonowspendsjustanhouradayonline."Idon’tthinkanyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest."WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounsellingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually. 44
Text2NowandagainIhavehadhorribledreamsbutnotenoughofthemtomakemeJosemydelightindreams.TobeginwithIliketheideaofdreamingofgoingtobedandlyingstillandthenbysomequeermagicwanderingintoanotherkindofexistence.Icouldneverunderstandwhygrown-upstookdreamingsocalmlywhentheycouldmakesuchafussaboutanyholiday.Thisstillpuzzlesme.Iammystifiedbypeoplewhosaytheyneverdreamandappeartohavenointerestinthesubject.Itismuchmoreastonishingthaniftheysaidtheyneverwentoutforawalk.Mostpeople--oratleastmostWesternEuropeans--donotseemtoacceptdreamingaspartoftheirlives.Theyappeartoseeitasanannoyinglittlehabitlikesneezingoryawning.Ihaveneverunderstoodthis.Mydreamlifedoesnotseemasimportantasmywakinglifeonlybecausethereisfarlessofitbuttomeitisimportant.Asiftherewereatleasttwoextracontinentsaddedtotheworldandlightningexcursionsrunningtothematanymomentbetweenmidnightandbreakfast.Thenagainthedreamlifethoughqueerandconfusingandunsatisfactoryinmanyrespectshasitsownadvantages.Thedeadaretheresmilingandtalking.Thepastistheresome-timesallbrokenandconfusedbutoccasionallyasfreshasadaisy.Andperhapsthefutureistheretoowavingatus.Thisdreamlifeisoftenovershadowedbyhugemysteriousanxietieswithluggagethatcannotbepackedandtrainsthatrefusetobecaught;andbothpersonsandscenestherearenotasdependableandsolidastheyareinwakinglifesothatBrownandSmithmergeintoonepersonwhileRobinsonsplitsintotwoandtherearethickwoodsoutsidethebathroomdoorandthedining-roomissomehowpartofatheaterbalcony;andtherearemomentsofsorroworterrorinthedreamworldthatareworsethananythingelsewehaveknownunderthesun.Yetthisotherlifehasitsinterestsitsenjoymentsitssatisfactionsandatcertainrareintervalsapeacefulgloworasuddenexcitementlikeglimpsesofanotherformofexistencealtogetherthatwecannotmatchwithopeneyes. Asfordreamswecanconcludethat
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsThebiggestdangerfacingtheglobalairlineindustryisnottheeffectsofterrorismwarSARSandeconomicdownturn.ItisthattheseblowswhichhavehelpedgroundthreenationalflagcarriersandforcetwoAmericanairlinesintobankruptcywilldivertattentionfromtheinherentweaknessesofaviationwhichtheyhaveexacerbated.46AsinthecrisisthatattendedthefirstGulfWarmanyairlineshopethattrafficwillsoonbouncebackandafewcatastrophicyearswillbefollowedbyfullerplaneshappierpassengersandareturntoprofitability.Yettheindustry’sproblemsaredeeper--andolder--thanthetraumaofthepasttwoyearsimplies.AsthecentenaryofthefirstpoweredflightapproachesinDecembertheindustryitlaunchedisstillremarkablyprimitive.47ThecarindustrycreatednotlongaftertheWrightBrothersmadehistoryisnowaglobalindustrydominatedbyadozenfirmsatleasthalfofwhichmakegoodprofits.Yetcommercialaviationconsistsof267internationalcarriersandanother500-plusdomesticones.48Theworld’sbiggestcarrierAmericanAirlineshasbarely7%oftheglobalmarketwhereastheworld’sbiggestcarmakerGeneralMotorshaswithitsassociatedfirmsaboutaquarteroftheworld’sautomobilemarket.Aviationhasbeenincompletelyderegulatedandinonlytwomarkets:AmericaandEurope.Everywhereelsedealsbetweengovernmentsdictatewhofliesunderwhatrules.49Theseaimtopreservestate-ownednationalflag-carriersrunforprestigeratherthanprofitandnumerousrestrictionsonforeignownershiphindercross-borderairlinemergers.InAmericathebignetworkcarriersfacebarrierstoexitwhichhavekepttheirroutenetworkstoolarge.TradeunionsresistingjobcutsandCongressmenopposingrouteclosuresintheirterritoryconspiretoblockchange.InEuropeliberalizationislimitedbybilateraldealsthatpreventforinstanceBritishAirwaysBAflyingtoAmericafromFrankfurtorParis.TousethecarindustryanalogyitisasifonlyRenaultswereallowedtodriveonFrenchmotorways.50Inairlinestheoptimistsarethosewhothinkthatthingsarenowsobadthattheindustryhasnooptionbuttoevolve.FrederickReidpresidentofDeltaAirLinessaidthateventssincetheSeptember11thattacksaretheequivalentofameteorstrikechangingtheclimateandleadingtoa"compressedevolutionarycycle".Sohowlookingonthebrightsidemighttheindustrylookafterfiveyearsofaccelerateddevelopment Inairlinestheoptimistsarethosewhothinkthatthingsarenowsobadthattheindustryhasnooptionbuttoevolve.
政治经济学研究商品使用价值的着眼点在于
Text4ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenspeededbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.NotonlywasTurner’sthesisinfluentialatthetimeitwaslateradoptedandelaboratedbyotherscholarssuchasJohnD.HicksinThepopulistRevolt1931.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfanningthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedstatesupuntilthattime.Itistruethatahighproportionofthenewlyfannedlandwassuitableonlyforgrazinganddryfarmingbutagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands.Theemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearance’oftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.In1869theSuezCanalwasopenedandthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUnitedStateswascompleted.Anextensivenetworkoftelegraphandtelephonecommunicationswasspun:EuropewasconnectedbysubmarinecablewiththeUnitedStatesin1866andwithSouthAmericain1874.Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanshadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Changesintheconditionsofinternationaltraderesultedinan
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsInsomeearlyattemptsbypsychologiststodescribethebasiclearningprocesstheterms’stimulus’’response’and’reinforcement’wereintroduced.Inaneducationalsettingthese1couldbedefinedasfollows.Whenateachergivesan2orsetsaproblemorasksaquestionthepupil3insomewayandtheteacherthentellsthepupilifhehasrespondedcorrectly.Theteacher’sfirstactioniscalledthe4.Thepupil’sactioncarryingouttheinstructionorsolvingtheproblemoransweringthequestionis5theresponse.Whentheteachertellsthepupilhisresponseis6thebondbetweenthestimulusandtheresponseisstrengthenedandreinforcementispositive.Iftheresponseisincorrectthebondisweakenedandreinforcementis7Somepsychologistslaidgreat8ontheimportanceofreinforcementforcontinuedlearning.They9thatifalearnerisnotgiveninformationabouthisresponsesfeedbackhemaynotcontinuetorespond.10ifhishomeworkisnotmarkedregularlyhewillstopdoingit.Ifinclasstheanswershegivestotheteacher’squestionsare11orbrushedasidehewillstoptryingtogiveany.Educationalpsychologistsare12movingawayfromthissimpleearly13ofthebasiclearningprocess.Theeffectsoffeedbackforexampleareseentobemore14thanthisdescriptionsuggests.Feedbackdoesnotmerelypositivelyornegatively15thestimulus-responsebond.Itmay16confirmpreviouslylearnedmeaningsandassociationscorrectmistakes17misunderstandingsandshowhowwellorbadlydifferentpartsofthematerialhavebeenlearned.Thus18mayhavetheeffectofincreasingthelearner’sconfidencebackinguphispreviously19knowledgeandshowinghimwhichitemshehasnot20grasped. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsThebiggestdangerfacingtheglobalairlineindustryisnottheeffectsofterrorismwarSARSandeconomicdownturn.ItisthattheseblowswhichhavehelpedgroundthreenationalflagcarriersandforcetwoAmericanairlinesintobankruptcywilldivertattentionfromtheinherentweaknessesofaviationwhichtheyhaveexacerbated.46AsinthecrisisthatattendedthefirstGulfWarmanyairlineshopethattrafficwillsoonbouncebackandafewcatastrophicyearswillbefollowedbyfullerplaneshappierpassengersandareturntoprofitability.Yettheindustry’sproblemsaredeeper--andolder--thanthetraumaofthepasttwoyearsimplies.AsthecentenaryofthefirstpoweredflightapproachesinDecembertheindustryitlaunchedisstillremarkablyprimitive.47ThecarindustrycreatednotlongaftertheWrightBrothersmadehistoryisnowaglobalindustrydominatedbyadozenfirmsatleasthalfofwhichmakegoodprofits.Yetcommercialaviationconsistsof267internationalcarriersandanother500-plusdomesticones.48Theworld’sbiggestcarrierAmericanAirlineshasbarely7%oftheglobalmarketwhereastheworld’sbiggestcarmakerGeneralMotorshaswithitsassociatedfirmsaboutaquarteroftheworld’sautomobilemarket.Aviationhasbeenincompletelyderegulatedandinonlytwomarkets:AmericaandEurope.Everywhereelsedealsbetweengovernmentsdictatewhofliesunderwhatrules.49Theseaimtopreservestate-ownednationalflag-carriersrunforprestigeratherthanprofitandnumerousrestrictionsonforeignownershiphindercross-borderairlinemergers.InAmericathebignetworkcarriersfacebarrierstoexitwhichhavekepttheirroutenetworkstoolarge.TradeunionsresistingjobcutsandCongressmenopposingrouteclosuresintheirterritoryconspiretoblockchange.InEuropeliberalizationislimitedbybilateraldealsthatpreventforinstanceBritishAirwaysBAflyingtoAmericafromFrankfurtorParis.TousethecarindustryanalogyitisasifonlyRenaultswereallowedtodriveonFrenchmotorways.50Inairlinestheoptimistsarethosewhothinkthatthingsarenowsobadthattheindustryhasnooptionbuttoevolve.FrederickReidpresidentofDeltaAirLinessaidthateventssincetheSeptember11thattacksaretheequivalentofameteorstrikechangingtheclimateandleadingtoa"compressedevolutionarycycle".Sohowlookingonthebrightsidemighttheindustrylookafterfiveyearsofaccelerateddevelopment AsinthecrisisthatattendedthefirstGulfWarmanyairlineshopethattrafficwillsoonbouncebackandafewcatastrophicyearswillbefollowedbyfullerplaneshappierpassengersandareturntoprofitability.
深化政治体制改革的目标是
Text4ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenspeededbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.NotonlywasTurner’sthesisinfluentialatthetimeitwaslateradoptedandelaboratedbyotherscholarssuchasJohnD.HicksinThepopulistRevolt1931.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfanningthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedstatesupuntilthattime.Itistruethatahighproportionofthenewlyfannedlandwassuitableonlyforgrazinganddryfarmingbutagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands.Theemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearance’oftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.In1869theSuezCanalwasopenedandthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUnitedStateswascompleted.Anextensivenetworkoftelegraphandtelephonecommunicationswasspun:EuropewasconnectedbysubmarinecablewiththeUnitedStatesin1866andwithSouthAmericain1874.Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanshadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Theauthorimpliesthatthecauseoftheagrariandiscontentwas
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Afewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30yearssocialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomattermorethanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggestforexamplethatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirpatentssoughtoutasfriendsandpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobstheyarealsomorelikelytobehiredpaidwellandpromoted.Thescientists’typicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup--collegestudentsperhapsorteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersapieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractivepersonsomeanaveragelookingcharacterandsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributesanythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.Almostinvariablythebetterlookingthepersoninthepicturethehigherthepersonisrated.InthephraseborrowedfromSappothatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperceptionwhatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusinesshowevergoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenanddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessorwhoisanauthorityonthesubjectexplains:intermsoftheircareerstheimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendousmakingiteasierforexampleforthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernotethoughthereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomenwhomaybelessattractive. Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowsthat
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsThebiggestdangerfacingtheglobalairlineindustryisnottheeffectsofterrorismwarSARSandeconomicdownturn.ItisthattheseblowswhichhavehelpedgroundthreenationalflagcarriersandforcetwoAmericanairlinesintobankruptcywilldivertattentionfromtheinherentweaknessesofaviationwhichtheyhaveexacerbated.46AsinthecrisisthatattendedthefirstGulfWarmanyairlineshopethattrafficwillsoonbouncebackandafewcatastrophicyearswillbefollowedbyfullerplaneshappierpassengersandareturntoprofitability.Yettheindustry’sproblemsaredeeper--andolder--thanthetraumaofthepasttwoyearsimplies.AsthecentenaryofthefirstpoweredflightapproachesinDecembertheindustryitlaunchedisstillremarkablyprimitive.47ThecarindustrycreatednotlongaftertheWrightBrothersmadehistoryisnowaglobalindustrydominatedbyadozenfirmsatleasthalfofwhichmakegoodprofits.Yetcommercialaviationconsistsof267internationalcarriersandanother500-plusdomesticones.48Theworld’sbiggestcarrierAmericanAirlineshasbarely7%oftheglobalmarketwhereastheworld’sbiggestcarmakerGeneralMotorshaswithitsassociatedfirmsaboutaquarteroftheworld’sautomobilemarket.Aviationhasbeenincompletelyderegulatedandinonlytwomarkets:AmericaandEurope.Everywhereelsedealsbetweengovernmentsdictatewhofliesunderwhatrules.49Theseaimtopreservestate-ownednationalflag-carriersrunforprestigeratherthanprofitandnumerousrestrictionsonforeignownershiphindercross-borderairlinemergers.InAmericathebignetworkcarriersfacebarrierstoexitwhichhavekepttheirroutenetworkstoolarge.TradeunionsresistingjobcutsandCongressmenopposingrouteclosuresintheirterritoryconspiretoblockchange.InEuropeliberalizationislimitedbybilateraldealsthatpreventforinstanceBritishAirwaysBAflyingtoAmericafromFrankfurtorParis.TousethecarindustryanalogyitisasifonlyRenaultswereallowedtodriveonFrenchmotorways.50Inairlinestheoptimistsarethosewhothinkthatthingsarenowsobadthattheindustryhasnooptionbuttoevolve.FrederickReidpresidentofDeltaAirLinessaidthateventssincetheSeptember11thattacksaretheequivalentofameteorstrikechangingtheclimateandleadingtoa"compressedevolutionarycycle".Sohowlookingonthebrightsidemighttheindustrylookafterfiveyearsofaccelerateddevelopment Theworld’sbiggestcarrierAmericanAirlineshasbarely7%oftheglobalmarketwhereastheworld’sbiggestcarmakerGeneralMotorshaswithitsassociatedfirmsaboutaquarteroftheworld’sautomobilemarket.
鲁迅先生说穷人绝无开交易所折本的懊恼煤油大王哪会知道北方拾煤渣老婆子身受的酸辛灾区的饥民大约总不去种兰花像阔人老太爷一样这段话包含的历史唯物主义的道理是
Text3Thereisaconfusednotioninthemindsofmanypeoplethatthegatheringofthepropertyofthepoorintothehandsoftherichdoesnoultimateharmsinceinwhoseverhandsitmaybeitmustbespentatlastandthustheythinkreturntothepooragain.Thisfallacyhasbeenagainandagainexposed;butgrantingthepleatruethesameapologymayofcoursebemadeforblackmailoranyotherformofrobbery.Itmightbethoughpracticallyitneverisasadvantageousforthenotionthattherobbershouldhavethespendingofthemoneyheextortsasthatthepersonrobbedshouldhavespentit.Butthisisnoexcuseforthetheft.IfIweretoputatollgateontheroadwhereitpassesmyowngateandendeavortoextractashillingfromeverypassengerthepublicwouldsoondoawaywithmygatewithoutlisteningtoanypleasonmypartthatitwasasadvantageoustothemintheendthatIshouldspendtheirshillingsasthattheythemselvesshould.ButifinsteadofoutfacingthemwithatollgateIcanonlypersuadethemtocomeinandbuystonesoroldironoranyotheruselessthingoutofmygroundImayrobthemtothesameextentandmoreoverbethankedasapublicbenefactorandpromoterofcommercialprosperity.AndthismainquestionforthepoorofEngland--forthepoorofallcountries--iswhollyomittedineverywritingonthesubjectofwealth.Evenbythelaborersthemselvestheoperationofcapitalisregardedonlyinitseffectontheirimmediateinterestsneverinthefarmoreterrificpowerofitsappointmentofthekindandtheobjectoflabor.Itmatterslittleultimatelyhowmuchalaborerispaidformakinganythingbutitmattersfearfullywhatthethingiswhichheiscompelledtomake.Ifhislaborissoorderedastoproducefoodfreshairandfreshwaternomatterthathiswagesarelowthefoodandthefreshairandwaterwillbeatlastthereandhewillatlastgetthem.Butifheispaidtodestroyfoodandfreshairortoproduceironbarsinsteadofthemthefoodandairwillfinallynotbethereandhewillnotgetthemtohisgreatandfinalinconvenience.Sothatconclusivelyinpoliticalasinhouseholdeconomythegreatquestionisnotsomuchwhatmoneyyouhaveinyourpocketaswhatyouwillbuywithitanddowithit. ThewordfallacyLine3Paragraph1mostprobablymeans
Text2NowandagainIhavehadhorribledreamsbutnotenoughofthemtomakemeJosemydelightindreams.TobeginwithIliketheideaofdreamingofgoingtobedandlyingstillandthenbysomequeermagicwanderingintoanotherkindofexistence.Icouldneverunderstandwhygrown-upstookdreamingsocalmlywhentheycouldmakesuchafussaboutanyholiday.Thisstillpuzzlesme.Iammystifiedbypeoplewhosaytheyneverdreamandappeartohavenointerestinthesubject.Itismuchmoreastonishingthaniftheysaidtheyneverwentoutforawalk.Mostpeople--oratleastmostWesternEuropeans--donotseemtoacceptdreamingaspartoftheirlives.Theyappeartoseeitasanannoyinglittlehabitlikesneezingoryawning.Ihaveneverunderstoodthis.Mydreamlifedoesnotseemasimportantasmywakinglifeonlybecausethereisfarlessofitbuttomeitisimportant.Asiftherewereatleasttwoextracontinentsaddedtotheworldandlightningexcursionsrunningtothematanymomentbetweenmidnightandbreakfast.Thenagainthedreamlifethoughqueerandconfusingandunsatisfactoryinmanyrespectshasitsownadvantages.Thedeadaretheresmilingandtalking.Thepastistheresome-timesallbrokenandconfusedbutoccasionallyasfreshasadaisy.Andperhapsthefutureistheretoowavingatus.Thisdreamlifeisoftenovershadowedbyhugemysteriousanxietieswithluggagethatcannotbepackedandtrainsthatrefusetobecaught;andbothpersonsandscenestherearenotasdependableandsolidastheyareinwakinglifesothatBrownandSmithmergeintoonepersonwhileRobinsonsplitsintotwoandtherearethickwoodsoutsidethebathroomdoorandthedining-roomissomehowpartofatheaterbalcony;andtherearemomentsofsorroworterrorinthedreamworldthatareworsethananythingelsewehaveknownunderthesun.Yetthisotherlifehasitsinterestsitsenjoymentsitssatisfactionsandatcertainrareintervalsapeacefulgloworasuddenexcitementlikeglimpsesofanotherformofexistencealtogetherthatwecannotmatchwithopeneyes. Whathastheauthorneverunderstood
Text4ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenspeededbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.NotonlywasTurner’sthesisinfluentialatthetimeitwaslateradoptedandelaboratedbyotherscholarssuchasJohnD.HicksinThepopulistRevolt1931.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfanningthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedstatesupuntilthattime.Itistruethatahighproportionofthenewlyfannedlandwassuitableonlyforgrazinganddryfarmingbutagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands.Theemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearance’oftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.In1869theSuezCanalwasopenedandthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUnitedStateswascompleted.Anextensivenetworkoftelegraphandtelephonecommunicationswasspun:EuropewasconnectedbysubmarinecablewiththeUnitedStatesin1866andwithSouthAmericain1874.Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanshadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. TheauthorprovidesinformationconcerningnewlyfarmedlandsintheUnitedStatesinparagraph1tosupport
2007年3月16日__在十届全国人大五次会议记者招待会上回答日本NHK电视台记者的提问中谈到中日关系时引用了管子·版法中的一句话召远在修近闭祸在除怨修整治近指国内闭堵塞除怨消除民怨这句话体现的哲学道理是
某股票的上市流通盘为2000万股当预期股息为0.4元时股票的市场价格为20元如果银行利息率提高2%当预期股息为0.6元时该股票的市场价格是
Text2NowandagainIhavehadhorribledreamsbutnotenoughofthemtomakemeJosemydelightindreams.TobeginwithIliketheideaofdreamingofgoingtobedandlyingstillandthenbysomequeermagicwanderingintoanotherkindofexistence.Icouldneverunderstandwhygrown-upstookdreamingsocalmlywhentheycouldmakesuchafussaboutanyholiday.Thisstillpuzzlesme.Iammystifiedbypeoplewhosaytheyneverdreamandappeartohavenointerestinthesubject.Itismuchmoreastonishingthaniftheysaidtheyneverwentoutforawalk.Mostpeople--oratleastmostWesternEuropeans--donotseemtoacceptdreamingaspartoftheirlives.Theyappeartoseeitasanannoyinglittlehabitlikesneezingoryawning.Ihaveneverunderstoodthis.Mydreamlifedoesnotseemasimportantasmywakinglifeonlybecausethereisfarlessofitbuttomeitisimportant.Asiftherewereatleasttwoextracontinentsaddedtotheworldandlightningexcursionsrunningtothematanymomentbetweenmidnightandbreakfast.Thenagainthedreamlifethoughqueerandconfusingandunsatisfactoryinmanyrespectshasitsownadvantages.Thedeadaretheresmilingandtalking.Thepastistheresome-timesallbrokenandconfusedbutoccasionallyasfreshasadaisy.Andperhapsthefutureistheretoowavingatus.Thisdreamlifeisoftenovershadowedbyhugemysteriousanxietieswithluggagethatcannotbepackedandtrainsthatrefusetobecaught;andbothpersonsandscenestherearenotasdependableandsolidastheyareinwakinglifesothatBrownandSmithmergeintoonepersonwhileRobinsonsplitsintotwoandtherearethickwoodsoutsidethebathroomdoorandthedining-roomissomehowpartofatheaterbalcony;andtherearemomentsofsorroworterrorinthedreamworldthatareworsethananythingelsewehaveknownunderthesun.Yetthisotherlifehasitsinterestsitsenjoymentsitssatisfactionsandatcertainrareintervalsapeacefulgloworasuddenexcitementlikeglimpsesofanotherformofexistencealtogetherthatwecannotmatchwithopeneyes. Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthattheauthoris
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Afewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30yearssocialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomattermorethanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggestforexamplethatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirpatentssoughtoutasfriendsandpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobstheyarealsomorelikelytobehiredpaidwellandpromoted.Thescientists’typicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup--collegestudentsperhapsorteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersapieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractivepersonsomeanaveragelookingcharacterandsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributesanythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.Almostinvariablythebetterlookingthepersoninthepicturethehigherthepersonisrated.InthephraseborrowedfromSappothatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperceptionwhatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusinesshowevergoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenanddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessorwhoisanauthorityonthesubjectexplains:intermsoftheircareerstheimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendousmakingiteasierforexampleforthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernotethoughthereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomenwhomaybelessattractive. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsInsomeearlyattemptsbypsychologiststodescribethebasiclearningprocesstheterms’stimulus’’response’and’reinforcement’wereintroduced.Inaneducationalsettingthese1couldbedefinedasfollows.Whenateachergivesan2orsetsaproblemorasksaquestionthepupil3insomewayandtheteacherthentellsthepupilifhehasrespondedcorrectly.Theteacher’sfirstactioniscalledthe4.Thepupil’sactioncarryingouttheinstructionorsolvingtheproblemoransweringthequestionis5theresponse.Whentheteachertellsthepupilhisresponseis6thebondbetweenthestimulusandtheresponseisstrengthenedandreinforcementispositive.Iftheresponseisincorrectthebondisweakenedandreinforcementis7Somepsychologistslaidgreat8ontheimportanceofreinforcementforcontinuedlearning.They9thatifalearnerisnotgiveninformationabouthisresponsesfeedbackhemaynotcontinuetorespond.10ifhishomeworkisnotmarkedregularlyhewillstopdoingit.Ifinclasstheanswershegivestotheteacher’squestionsare11orbrushedasidehewillstoptryingtogiveany.Educationalpsychologistsare12movingawayfromthissimpleearly13ofthebasiclearningprocess.Theeffectsoffeedbackforexampleareseentobemore14thanthisdescriptionsuggests.Feedbackdoesnotmerelypositivelyornegatively15thestimulus-responsebond.Itmay16confirmpreviouslylearnedmeaningsandassociationscorrectmistakes17misunderstandingsandshowhowwellorbadlydifferentpartsofthematerialhavebeenlearned.Thus18mayhavetheeffectofincreasingthelearner’sconfidencebackinguphispreviously19knowledgeandshowinghimwhichitemshehasnot20grasped. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
社会主义意识形态的本质体现是
恩格斯说旧形而上学意义下的同一律是旧世界观的基本规律a=a每一个事物和它自己同一一切都是永久不变的太阳系星体有机体都是如此恩格斯在这段话中揭露形而上学的错误是
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