首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单项选择》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
热门试题
更多
Text3 Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeath Wemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedropper’sshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow. Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies. Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused. Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpractice’generatesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult. WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNature’swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebothmanandtheecosystemcouldlivemuchhappier.SomakingthehumanSocietyDarwinistisnotconformingtoNaturebutlivinginpeacebothmilitarilyandeconomicallywithothermanis. AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingwillresultfromhumancompetitionEXCEPT
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraofeasyoilisover.Whatwealldonextwill1howwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandis3likeneverbefore.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomiestake4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthe5ofalifestylethatrequiresincreasingamountsofenergy.6somesaythatin20yearstheworldwill740%moreoilandgasfieldsarematuring.Andnewenergy8aremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto9physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeetstightersuppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwait11acrisisforcesustodosomething.Orwecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthetoughquestions:Howdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseof13nationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. Webelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethecornerstones17whichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothis18.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolution19surelyastheyarepartoftheproblem.Wecalluponscientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 10
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 16
Text4 Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler. Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess. Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections. Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone. Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution. Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful. Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving. Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! Overthepastfewdecadesthecommoninterestshowninappliedmathematicsis
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraofeasyoilisover.Whatwealldonextwill1howwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandis3likeneverbefore.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomiestake4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthe5ofalifestylethatrequiresincreasingamountsofenergy.6somesaythatin20yearstheworldwill740%moreoilandgasfieldsarematuring.Andnewenergy8aremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto9physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeetstightersuppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwait11acrisisforcesustodosomething.Orwecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthetoughquestions:Howdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseof13nationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. Webelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethecornerstones17whichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothis18.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolution19surelyastheyarepartoftheproblem.Wecalluponscientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraofeasyoilisover.Whatwealldonextwill1howwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandis3likeneverbefore.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomiestake4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthe5ofalifestylethatrequiresincreasingamountsofenergy.6somesaythatin20yearstheworldwill740%moreoilandgasfieldsarematuring.Andnewenergy8aremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto9physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeetstightersuppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwait11acrisisforcesustodosomething.Orwecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthetoughquestions:Howdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseof13nationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. Webelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethecornerstones17whichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothis18.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolution19surelyastheyarepartoftheproblem.Wecalluponscientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 20
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 4
A.Townhallahappybrideandgroom B.Templeandatheisticgroom C.Weddinghall D.Angelschildrenescortingthebride E.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride F.Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41._____________________________ Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42._____________________________ Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinanymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!""No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43._____________________________ Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44._____________________________ "DoyoutakethismanasyourhusbandT"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45._____________________________ ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataAngelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage."Thespringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileWeweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcross-bordermarriage. 44
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 6
Text4 Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler. Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess. Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections. Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone. Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution. Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful. Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving. Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! Accordingtothisintroductionthebestwaytousethisbookis
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 8
Text1 MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes. BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean. Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhich’isnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite"string"ismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms. ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstruments’upanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutants"Beasleyexplains."Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours." TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekite’stethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost."Baselysays"NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain"TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays. BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipment’spowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic." ThekiteislimitedbythefollowingconditionsEXCEPTfor
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 14
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraofeasyoilisover.Whatwealldonextwill1howwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandis3likeneverbefore.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomiestake4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthe5ofalifestylethatrequiresincreasingamountsofenergy.6somesaythatin20yearstheworldwill740%moreoilandgasfieldsarematuring.Andnewenergy8aremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto9physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeetstightersuppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwait11acrisisforcesustodosomething.Orwecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthetoughquestions:Howdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseof13nationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. Webelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethecornerstones17whichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothis18.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolution19surelyastheyarepartoftheproblem.Wecalluponscientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution. Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit. MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw. Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers. Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues. OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Somecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthejurysystemprobablybecause
Theterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960’stheinterpretationof.filmimagewastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptmechanicalscannerscientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmulti-spectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.46TheselineagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrumtherefractionofradiowavesandthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Digitalmulti-spectralimaginghasnowbedomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.47Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknownanddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessingitispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmulti-spectraldigitaldatasentfromthemulti-spectralscannerMSSaboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolveby-conventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas. Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.48Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencethecurrencyoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound. Geologicmapsincorporatealargevariedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurementsbutthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposureaccessibilityandlaborresources.49Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.SincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareasthecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognizedbutinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.HoweversomecriticalinformationCannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensingandseveralcharacteristicsoftheLand3atMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.50Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsspecificallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffectiveremote-sensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveysandlaboratoryteststhetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury. 48
Theterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960’stheinterpretationof.filmimagewastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptmechanicalscannerscientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmulti-spectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.46TheselineagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrumtherefractionofradiowavesandthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Digitalmulti-spectralimaginghasnowbedomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.47Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknownanddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessingitispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmulti-spectraldigitaldatasentfromthemulti-spectralscannerMSSaboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolveby-conventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas. Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.48Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencethecurrencyoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound. Geologicmapsincorporatealargevariedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurementsbutthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposureaccessibilityandlaborresources.49Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.SincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareasthecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognizedbutinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.HoweversomecriticalinformationCannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensingandseveralcharacteristicsoftheLand3atMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.50Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsspecificallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffectiveremote-sensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveysandlaboratoryteststhetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury. 50
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 2
Text3 Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeath Wemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedropper’sshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow. Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies. Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused. Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpractice’generatesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult. WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNature’swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebothmanandtheecosystemcouldlivemuchhappier.SomakingthehumanSocietyDarwinistisnotconformingtoNaturebutlivinginpeacebothmilitarilyandeconomicallywithothermanis. Thismechanisminthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphrefersto
Text2 TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution. Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit. MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw. Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers. Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues. OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthejurysystemis
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 12
Text4 Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler. Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess. Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections. Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone. Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution. Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful. Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving. Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! SectionⅢwillbeofnohelpunlessthereader
Text2 TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution. Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit. MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw. Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers. Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues. OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Itcanbeinferredfromthefifthparagraphthat
Theterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960’stheinterpretationof.filmimagewastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptmechanicalscannerscientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmulti-spectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.46TheselineagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrumtherefractionofradiowavesandthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Digitalmulti-spectralimaginghasnowbedomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.47Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknownanddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessingitispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmulti-spectraldigitaldatasentfromthemulti-spectralscannerMSSaboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolveby-conventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas. Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.48Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencethecurrencyoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound. Geologicmapsincorporatealargevariedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurementsbutthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposureaccessibilityandlaborresources.49Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.SincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareasthecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognizedbutinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.HoweversomecriticalinformationCannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensingandseveralcharacteristicsoftheLand3atMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.50Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsspecificallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffectiveremote-sensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveysandlaboratoryteststhetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury. 46
A.Townhallahappybrideandgroom B.Templeandatheisticgroom C.Weddinghall D.Angelschildrenescortingthebride E.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride F.Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41._____________________________ Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42._____________________________ Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinanymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!""No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43._____________________________ Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44._____________________________ "DoyoutakethismanasyourhusbandT"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45._____________________________ ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataAngelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage."Thespringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileWeweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcross-bordermarriage. 42
Text1 MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes. BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean. Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhich’isnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite"string"ismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms. ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstruments’upanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutants"Beasleyexplains."Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours." TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekite’stethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost."Baselysays"NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain"TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays. BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipment’spowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic." Mylarinline1ofthethirdparagraphis
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. 18
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号