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人工智能的目的是让机器能够
代替人类思考
和人一样工作
完全代替人的大脑
模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能
与纸质商业汇票相比电子商业汇票具有以下特点
以数据电文形式代替实物票据
以电子签名取代实体签章
以网络传输代替人工传递
以计算机录入代替手工书写
好的药物可以代替人工呼吸和胸外心脏挤压
凡是机器能够完成的功能都应该用机器代替人
机器的作用就是用来代替人的劳动
DSS的好坏是以能否代替人做决策来评价的
分离器一般都用压力调节阀代替人手动调节
制造过程的基本动作是由代替人力劳动来完成时这就是机械化
CAD不仅是辅助设计而且可以代替人的设计
自动调节设备能代替人的哪些器官的功能
党参能补气可代替人参治疗气脱证
塔机司机在吊运货物时可以用限位装置代替人工操作
善补脾肺之气然补气之力不及人参常代替人参治疗脾肺气虚轻证的药物是
党参
白术
山药
黄芪
甘草
自动调节是用执行机构代替人工操作
机器可以用来代替人的劳动完成有用的
机器思维即人工智能
能够完全代替人类的思维
能够部分代替人类的思维
能够超越人类思维并统治人类
对人类思维不起作用
防止人失误的技术措施有用机器代替人耐失误设计警告和等
自动调节就是用自动化装置来代替人工操作
机器思维是
能够完全代替人类的思维
能够代替人类的部分思维
能够超过人类的思维并统治人类
对人类思维不起作用
塔机司机在吊运货物时可以用限位装置代替人工操作
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取消人民检察院的设置是
北洋政府制定的专门刑法典是
Thehistoryofmodempollutionproblemsshowsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehaveanappallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstancessyntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotentcompoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritorytoexploreandtodiscover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbeforeandthattheserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepastriskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime.Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednorbrief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesandyearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiosphereforgenerations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodempollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwithotherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmogfalloutorchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonaturalprocesses.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytoenvironment.Whatthepeoplereallyignoreinthedebateisthat
下列关于中华民国刑法新刑法的表述正确的是
Directions: A.Studythegraphbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words. B.Youressayshouldcovertheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow: 1interpretthegraph; 2givethepossiblecausesforthechange; 3yourcomments
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.’FightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswornAndnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Bysayingfromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeed.lines2-3paragraph3theauthormeans
根据我国选举法的规定在选举过程中每一选票所选的人数规定应选代表人数的作废规定应选代表人数的有效
PlatoaskedWhatismanandStAugustineaskedWhoamI’Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iamyou!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost$50billionandtoconsumers$5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonoverlmgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.ButnowtheyseemtobereconsideringitItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
将__反革命的活动修改为__危害国家安全的犯罪活动是在．
下列有关法律关系的表达中正确的有
Astechnologycontinuestoadvancecountriesmustdecidehowtheywilldealwiththeissueofhumancloningforreproductionorresearch.Sofarseveralnationshaveplacedstrongrestrictionsonhealingcloning;othersaremovingtowardssuchrestrictionsandafewhavestakedoutpositionsinfavorofcurativecloning.AftermonthsofbitterdebatetheUniteStatesmustdecidewhatitwilldo. Alllegislatorscanagreethatitwouldbewrongnowtomakeawalkingtalkingreallifehumanclone.TheNationalAcademyofSciencesalsosupportsthatposition.ButitsinstituteofMedicinehasrightlysaidthatitsobjectionstothesafetyofreproductivecloningdonotapplytoresearchcloning.Indeed’somescientistssaythatresearchcloningcouldyieldstemcellsthatcouldbeusedtogrowhealingtissuesforpatientswithdiseasessuchasParkinson’s.47Theyalsosaythatstudyingstemcellsmadefromthecellsofdiseasedpatientscouldhelpusunderstandwhypeoplewiththesamegeneticmake-upgetsickorstaywell. Opponentsofresearchcloningsaythereisnoproofthatitwillyieldanycures.Theyalsosaythatadultstemcellsaremorepromisingandlesscontroversial.TheyhavegainedCongressionalandpublicsupportbybeatingintowidespreadfearsaboutbiotechnologywhichsomeworryiswindingquicklydownaslipperyslopetowardsthecommodificationofthehumanspecies.48Butsuchfearsdonotrepresentasensiblebasisforabanonresearchcloningwhichislikelytogiveinsightsintotheprocessesthatcauseahostofdevastatingdiseases. TheSenateisnowmovingtowardsaslowdownontheissue.Twobillshavebeenintroduced.SenatorSamBrownbackintroducedabillthatwouldbancloningforanypurpose.HisrivalsledbySenatorDianneFeinsteinhaveintroducedcompetinglegislationthatwouldalllowscientiststocloseembryosforresearch.Andsenatorseagertoairtheirviewsontheissueforavoteonthematterinthenextfewweeks.49Brownbackissaidtohavenearly50supportersbutfortechnicalreasonsabillisunlikelytobepassedunless60senatorssupportit. AdvocatesofhealingcloninghaveoutlinedsituationsthatwouldmaketheSenatemorelikelytopassabillthatwouldallowresearchcloningsuchasamendingtheBrownbackbilltoallowresearch.InthiswaysenatorscouldsavefacebysimultaneouslyvotingforBrownbackandforresearch. HoweveranybillthatdoespasstheSenatemustbereconciledwiththeHousebillinaconferenceTheBrownbackbillisvirtuallyidenticaltoaHousecloningbanthatwaspassedlastJuly.Soitwouldspeedthroughtheconferencecommittee.ButSenateandHousenegotiatorsareunlikelytocompromiseiftheSenatevotestoallowhealingcloning50Sotheresultofthismonth’sSenatedebateislikelytobeeitherthatPresidentBushsignsabillthatbanscloningforanypurposeorthathedoesnotsignanycloningbillatall.TheissuecouldalsospilloverintotheappropriationsprocessthisautumnwhensenatorstrytoforcerulesthroughtheCongressbyattachingthemtothenecessaryspendingbills. TheCongresshasstronglysupportedtheNationalInstituteofHealthinrecentyearsbecauseitwantstheUnitedStatestobeaworldleaderinbiomedicalresearch.TheSenateshouldcontinueitsstrongsupportofbiomedicalscienceandactinthenationalinterestbyrefusingtopassabanonresearchcloning. Astechnologycontinuestoadvancecountriesmustdecidehowtheywilldealwiththeissueofhumancloningforreproductionorresearch.
DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThatquestionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherattheUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnotaphysicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidenceofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurbanmythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat.DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceoftheBritishSociologicalAssociation. Mobilephonesstartedtobecomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleofaconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.ThiswasinlargepartaresponsetothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononanoilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41.______Sonobodyquestionedtheprecautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywasthatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42.______Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfiresincreasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.RichardCoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthatoccurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwereindeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselvesweretheresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswillhaveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.Itiscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendupelectricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicletheresultissometimesaspark. 43.______ 44.______Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracytheorists. 45.______Warningsigns.aboundinBritainAmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBraziliatroducedabanlastyearAndearnertinsmonthamemberofConnecticut’s.senateproposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstatepunishablebya$250fine. [A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapplymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsforexample. [B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthosefiresseemedtobeendless. [C]Afurthercomplicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrolstations. [D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneusebychildren. [E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherulesvarywidely. [F]Bythelate1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthattherewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequiredsparks. [G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated. 42
元朝的笞杖刑共分为
根据我国__的规定由实行区域自治民族的公民担任
Astechnologycontinuestoadvancecountriesmustdecidehowtheywilldealwiththeissueofhumancloningforreproductionorresearch.Sofarseveralnationshaveplacedstrongrestrictionsonhealingcloning;othersaremovingtowardssuchrestrictionsandafewhavestakedoutpositionsinfavorofcurativecloning.AftermonthsofbitterdebatetheUniteStatesmustdecidewhatitwilldo. Alllegislatorscanagreethatitwouldbewrongnowtomakeawalkingtalkingreallifehumanclone.TheNationalAcademyofSciencesalsosupportsthatposition.ButitsinstituteofMedicinehasrightlysaidthatitsobjectionstothesafetyofreproductivecloningdonotapplytoresearchcloning.Indeed’somescientistssaythatresearchcloningcouldyieldstemcellsthatcouldbeusedtogrowhealingtissuesforpatientswithdiseasessuchasParkinson’s.47Theyalsosaythatstudyingstemcellsmadefromthecellsofdiseasedpatientscouldhelpusunderstandwhypeoplewiththesamegeneticmake-upgetsickorstaywell. Opponentsofresearchcloningsaythereisnoproofthatitwillyieldanycures.Theyalsosaythatadultstemcellsaremorepromisingandlesscontroversial.TheyhavegainedCongressionalandpublicsupportbybeatingintowidespreadfearsaboutbiotechnologywhichsomeworryiswindingquicklydownaslipperyslopetowardsthecommodificationofthehumanspecies.48Butsuchfearsdonotrepresentasensiblebasisforabanonresearchcloningwhichislikelytogiveinsightsintotheprocessesthatcauseahostofdevastatingdiseases. TheSenateisnowmovingtowardsaslowdownontheissue.Twobillshavebeenintroduced.SenatorSamBrownbackintroducedabillthatwouldbancloningforanypurpose.HisrivalsledbySenatorDianneFeinsteinhaveintroducedcompetinglegislationthatwouldalllowscientiststocloseembryosforresearch.Andsenatorseagertoairtheirviewsontheissueforavoteonthematterinthenextfewweeks.49Brownbackissaidtohavenearly50supportersbutfortechnicalreasonsabillisunlikelytobepassedunless60senatorssupportit. AdvocatesofhealingcloninghaveoutlinedsituationsthatwouldmaketheSenatemorelikelytopassabillthatwouldallowresearchcloningsuchasamendingtheBrownbackbilltoallowresearch.InthiswaysenatorscouldsavefacebysimultaneouslyvotingforBrownbackandforresearch. HoweveranybillthatdoespasstheSenatemustbereconciledwiththeHousebillinaconferenceTheBrownbackbillisvirtuallyidenticaltoaHousecloningbanthatwaspassedlastJuly.Soitwouldspeedthroughtheconferencecommittee.ButSenateandHousenegotiatorsareunlikelytocompromiseiftheSenatevotestoallowhealingcloning50Sotheresultofthismonth’sSenatedebateislikelytobeeitherthatPresidentBushsignsabillthatbanscloningforanypurposeorthathedoesnotsignanycloningbillatall.TheissuecouldalsospilloverintotheappropriationsprocessthisautumnwhensenatorstrytoforcerulesthroughtheCongressbyattachingthemtothenecessaryspendingbills. TheCongresshasstronglysupportedtheNationalInstituteofHealthinrecentyearsbecauseitwantstheUnitedStatestobeaworldleaderinbiomedicalresearch.TheSenateshouldcontinueitsstrongsupportofbiomedicalscienceandactinthenationalinterestbyrefusingtopassabanonresearchcloning. Sotheresultofthismonth’sSenatedebateislikelytobeeitherthatPresidentBushsignsabillthatbanscloningforanypurposeorthathedoesnotsignanycloningbillatall.
我国__规定社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度实行的原则
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.’FightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswornAndnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Onallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldwefind
下列说法中错误的是
法之所以有预测作用是因为法具有规范性的特点
自治州自治县的自治条例和单行条例报批准后生效并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案
DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThatquestionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherattheUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnotaphysicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidenceofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurbanmythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat.DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceoftheBritishSociologicalAssociation. Mobilephonesstartedtobecomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleofaconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.ThiswasinlargepartaresponsetothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononanoilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41.______Sonobodyquestionedtheprecautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywasthatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42.______Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfiresincreasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.RichardCoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthatoccurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwereindeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselvesweretheresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswillhaveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.Itiscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendupelectricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicletheresultissometimesaspark. 43.______ 44.______Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracytheorists. 45.______Warningsigns.aboundinBritainAmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBraziliatroducedabanlastyearAndearnertinsmonthamemberofConnecticut’s.senateproposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstatepunishablebya$250fine. [A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapplymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsforexample. [B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthosefiresseemedtobeendless. [C]Afurthercomplicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrolstations. [D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneusebychildren. [E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherulesvarywidely. [F]Bythelate1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthattherewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequiredsparks. [G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated. 44
法的历史类型的划分标准是
关于法律的空间效力下列说法中不正确的是
PlatoaskedWhatismanandStAugustineaskedWhoamI’Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iamyou!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost$50billionandtoconsumers$5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonoverlmgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.ButnowtheyseemtobereconsideringitPlatoandStAugustinearementionedinthetextto
Thehistoryofmodempollutionproblemsshowsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehaveanappallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstancessyntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotentcompoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritorytoexploreandtodiscover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbeforeandthattheserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepastriskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime.Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednorbrief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesandyearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiosphereforgenerations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodempollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwithotherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmogfalloutorchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonaturalprocesses.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytoenvironment.Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethattheoriginofenvironmentalpollutionliesin
我国__规定国家为了公共利益的需要可以依照法律规定对公民的实行征收或者征用并给予补偿
Astechnologycontinuestoadvancecountriesmustdecidehowtheywilldealwiththeissueofhumancloningforreproductionorresearch.Sofarseveralnationshaveplacedstrongrestrictionsonhealingcloning;othersaremovingtowardssuchrestrictionsandafewhavestakedoutpositionsinfavorofcurativecloning.AftermonthsofbitterdebatetheUniteStatesmustdecidewhatitwilldo. Alllegislatorscanagreethatitwouldbewrongnowtomakeawalkingtalkingreallifehumanclone.TheNationalAcademyofSciencesalsosupportsthatposition.ButitsinstituteofMedicinehasrightlysaidthatitsobjectionstothesafetyofreproductivecloningdonotapplytoresearchcloning.Indeed’somescientistssaythatresearchcloningcouldyieldstemcellsthatcouldbeusedtogrowhealingtissuesforpatientswithdiseasessuchasParkinson’s.47Theyalsosaythatstudyingstemcellsmadefromthecellsofdiseasedpatientscouldhelpusunderstandwhypeoplewiththesamegeneticmake-upgetsickorstaywell. Opponentsofresearchcloningsaythereisnoproofthatitwillyieldanycures.Theyalsosaythatadultstemcellsaremorepromisingandlesscontroversial.TheyhavegainedCongressionalandpublicsupportbybeatingintowidespreadfearsaboutbiotechnologywhichsomeworryiswindingquicklydownaslipperyslopetowardsthecommodificationofthehumanspecies.48Butsuchfearsdonotrepresentasensiblebasisforabanonresearchcloningwhichislikelytogiveinsightsintotheprocessesthatcauseahostofdevastatingdiseases. TheSenateisnowmovingtowardsaslowdownontheissue.Twobillshavebeenintroduced.SenatorSamBrownbackintroducedabillthatwouldbancloningforanypurpose.HisrivalsledbySenatorDianneFeinsteinhaveintroducedcompetinglegislationthatwouldalllowscientiststocloseembryosforresearch.Andsenatorseagertoairtheirviewsontheissueforavoteonthematterinthenextfewweeks.49Brownbackissaidtohavenearly50supportersbutfortechnicalreasonsabillisunlikelytobepassedunless60senatorssupportit. AdvocatesofhealingcloninghaveoutlinedsituationsthatwouldmaketheSenatemorelikelytopassabillthatwouldallowresearchcloningsuchasamendingtheBrownbackbilltoallowresearch.InthiswaysenatorscouldsavefacebysimultaneouslyvotingforBrownbackandforresearch. HoweveranybillthatdoespasstheSenatemustbereconciledwiththeHousebillinaconferenceTheBrownbackbillisvirtuallyidenticaltoaHousecloningbanthatwaspassedlastJuly.Soitwouldspeedthroughtheconferencecommittee.ButSenateandHousenegotiatorsareunlikelytocompromiseiftheSenatevotestoallowhealingcloning50Sotheresultofthismonth’sSenatedebateislikelytobeeitherthatPresidentBushsignsabillthatbanscloningforanypurposeorthathedoesnotsignanycloningbillatall.TheissuecouldalsospilloverintotheappropriationsprocessthisautumnwhensenatorstrytoforcerulesthroughtheCongressbyattachingthemtothenecessaryspendingbills. TheCongresshasstronglysupportedtheNationalInstituteofHealthinrecentyearsbecauseitwantstheUnitedStatestobeaworldleaderinbiomedicalresearch.TheSenateshouldcontinueitsstrongsupportofbiomedicalscienceandactinthenationalinterestbyrefusingtopassabanonresearchcloning. Butsuchfearsdonotrepresentasensiblebasisforabanonresearchcloningwhichislikelytogiveinsightsintotheprocessesthatcauseahostofdevastatingdiseases.
我国__第58条规定全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权该条属于哪种规范
在我国古代使封建五刑制度定型化的封建成文法典是
PlatoaskedWhatismanandStAugustineaskedWhoamI’Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iamyou!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost$50billionandtoconsumers$5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonoverlmgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.ButnowtheyseemtobereconsideringitTherealreasonforChoicePoint’sfastexpansionisthat
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