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廷行事是秦朝的法律形式之一指的是
文书程式
法廷成例
条文解释
皇帝命令
秦朝类似于后世法律解释的法律形式是
律
令
法律答问
封诊式
文书工作制度初步以法律形式确定的时期是
西周
秦朝
汉代
唐代
秦朝的法律形式中司法机关判案的成例是
决事比
封诊式
指挥
廷行事
法律答问作为一种法律形式始于
汉朝
战国
秦朝
春秋
秦朝的法律形式有
律
法律答问
令
比
秦朝法律答问是指国家官吏统一用问答形式对秦律的条文术语以及立法意 图所做的解释
我国文书工作初步以法律形式固定下来的时期是
西周
东周
秦朝
汉朝
秦朝的法律形式之一叫做
法律答疑
廷行事
考课
定杀
不属于秦朝法律形式的是
决事比
封诊式
法律答问
廷行事
秦朝的法律形式有
律
令
式
廷行事
课
式作为一种法律形式最早出现于
战国
春秋
秦朝
汉朝
中国古代以法律形式确立土地私有制是在
商周
春秋
战国
秦朝
秦朝的法律形式有
廷行事
格
科
比
秦朝的法律形式有
律、 令、 比、 式
律、 令、 科、 比
律、 令、 式、 课、 程
律、 令、 格、 式
秦朝的法律形式有
律
廷行事
法律答问
决事比
秦朝的立法形式有
律
式
法律答问
廷行事
秦朝的立法形式有
律
式
法律答间
廷行事
秦朝具有最高效力的法律形式是
律
令
封珍式
廷行事
下列属于秦朝的法律形式是
廷行事
格
科
比
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CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 42
Text4 HereisaquickwaytospoilaBrussels dinnerparty.Simplysuggestthatworldgovernanceisslippingawayfromthe G20G7G8orotherbodiesinwhichEuropeansmayhoguptohalftheseats. ThenproposewithgloomyrelishthatthefuturebelongstotheG2:newly fashionablejargonforaputativebodyformedbyChinaandAmerica. ThefearofirrelevancehauntsEuro-typesforalltheirpublicboasting aboutEurope’sfuturemight.ThethoughtthattheEuropeanUnionmightnot greatlyinterestChinaisespeciallypainful.Afterallthe21stcenturywas meanttobedifferent.IndeedtoearlierleaderslikeFrance’sJacquesChirac arisingChinawaswelcomeasanotherchallengetoAmericanhegemonyushering inamultipolarworldinwhichtheEUwouldplayabigrole.Ifthatmeant kow-towingtoChinesedemandstoshunTaiwansnubtheDalaiLamaortonedown criticismofhuman-rightsabusessobeit.MostEUcountriesfocusedon commercialdiplomacywithChinatoensurethattheirleaders’visitscouldend withflashingcamerasandthesigningofjuicycontracts. MeanwhileEurope’stradedeficitwithChinahitnearly∈170billion$ 250billionlastyear.InfiveyearsChinawants60%ofcarpartsinnew Chinesevehiclestobelocallymade.ThisisalarmingnewsforGermanythe leadingEuropeanexportertoChinathankstocarpartsmachinetoolsandother widgets.AseverEuropeansdisagreeoverhowtorespond.Some arewillingtochallengeChinapolitically—forexampleGermanyBritain SwedenandtheNetherlands.Buttheyaremostlyfreetraders.Thatmakesthem hostilewhenothercountriescallforprotectionagainstallegedChinese cheating.IncontrastablockofmostlysouthernandcentralEuropeansdubbed accommodatingmercantilistsbytheECFRTheEuropeanCouncilonForeign Relationsarequicktocallforanti-dumpingmeasures:Butthatmakesthem anxioustokeepbroaderrelationssweetbybowingtoChinaonpolitical issues.TheresultisthatEuropeanpoliticiansoftenfind themselvesdefendingunconditionalengagementwithChina.Theusualclaimis thatthiswillslowlytransformthecountryintoafreermoreresponsible stakeholderintheworld.ThesecretitismurmuredistoletEuropeweave Chinaintoanentanglingwebofagreementsandsectoraldialogues.In2007no fewerthan450EuropeandelegationsvisitedChina.BigcountrieslikeFranceand BritainaddtheirownbilateraldialoguesnottrustingtheEUtoprotecttheir interestsordothejobproperly.TherearenowsixparallelEUandnational dialogueswithChinaonclimatechangefor example.WhatisEuropeanfearofirrelevance
Text1 Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandof cardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythe gameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongand healthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterrible diseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsare dealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeoplenever knewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefuture onlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsor grandparents.Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofind dangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretested positiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelse exceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethe firstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortest results.Sofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestfora fatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsfor sevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’s geneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseof geneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthe testsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswer isclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcost lifeinsurersdearly.Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgenetic answerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskof deathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththerisk ofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticor environmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredict whetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyears researcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenes andwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwith them.Thefunctionofgenetictestingis
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.
Text1 Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandof cardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythe gameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongand healthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterrible diseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsare dealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeoplenever knewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefuture onlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsor grandparents.Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofind dangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretested positiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelse exceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethe firstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortest results.Sofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestfora fatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsfor sevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’s geneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseof geneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthe testsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswer isclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcost lifeinsurersdearly.Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgenetic answerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskof deathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththerisk ofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticor environmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredict whetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyears researcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenes andwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwith them.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.Theexpressionseparatethewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionisclosestinmeaningto
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.ThebeginningsentenceGoodteachersmatter.probablymeansthat
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Text4 HereisaquickwaytospoilaBrussels dinnerparty.Simplysuggestthatworldgovernanceisslippingawayfromthe G20G7G8orotherbodiesinwhichEuropeansmayhoguptohalftheseats. ThenproposewithgloomyrelishthatthefuturebelongstotheG2:newly fashionablejargonforaputativebodyformedbyChinaandAmerica. ThefearofirrelevancehauntsEuro-typesforalltheirpublicboasting aboutEurope’sfuturemight.ThethoughtthattheEuropeanUnionmightnot greatlyinterestChinaisespeciallypainful.Afterallthe21stcenturywas meanttobedifferent.IndeedtoearlierleaderslikeFrance’sJacquesChirac arisingChinawaswelcomeasanotherchallengetoAmericanhegemonyushering inamultipolarworldinwhichtheEUwouldplayabigrole.Ifthatmeant kow-towingtoChinesedemandstoshunTaiwansnubtheDalaiLamaortonedown criticismofhuman-rightsabusessobeit.MostEUcountriesfocusedon commercialdiplomacywithChinatoensurethattheirleaders’visitscouldend withflashingcamerasandthesigningofjuicycontracts. MeanwhileEurope’stradedeficitwithChinahitnearly∈170billion$ 250billionlastyear.InfiveyearsChinawants60%ofcarpartsinnew Chinesevehiclestobelocallymade.ThisisalarmingnewsforGermanythe leadingEuropeanexportertoChinathankstocarpartsmachinetoolsandother widgets.AseverEuropeansdisagreeoverhowtorespond.Some arewillingtochallengeChinapolitically—forexampleGermanyBritain SwedenandtheNetherlands.Buttheyaremostlyfreetraders.Thatmakesthem hostilewhenothercountriescallforprotectionagainstallegedChinese cheating.IncontrastablockofmostlysouthernandcentralEuropeansdubbed accommodatingmercantilistsbytheECFRTheEuropeanCouncilonForeign Relationsarequicktocallforanti-dumpingmeasures:Butthatmakesthem anxioustokeepbroaderrelationssweetbybowingtoChinaonpolitical issues.TheresultisthatEuropeanpoliticiansoftenfind themselvesdefendingunconditionalengagementwithChina.Theusualclaimis thatthiswillslowlytransformthecountryintoafreermoreresponsible stakeholderintheworld.ThesecretitismurmuredistoletEuropeweave Chinaintoanentanglingwebofagreementsandsectoraldialogues.In2007no fewerthan450EuropeandelegationsvisitedChina.BigcountrieslikeFranceand BritainaddtheirownbilateraldialoguesnottrustingtheEUtoprotecttheir interestsordothejobproperly.TherearenowsixparallelEUandnational dialogueswithChinaonclimatechangefor example.Thelastsentenceofthepassagesuggeststhat
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3 Tounderstandhowastrologyworkswe shouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormous distancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinner surfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfact literallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearth spinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachday pivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.Thisdaily turningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemto riseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainfixedpatterns onthespherejustasthecontinentofAustraliamaintainsitsshapeona spinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelya reflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancients believedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsown eastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebut theancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandtheslow eastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegrees eachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesof theyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalso hasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitposition relativelyrapidly.AlthoughitappearstoriseandSeteachdayasdoesnearly everythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringas shortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearly inthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseen veryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibleto thenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundof starsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMars JupiterandSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplane astheearthdoes.Sotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic. Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveina complicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotionsonthecelestialspherereflecting boththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionas well.Accordingtothelastparagraphfiveotherplanets
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text3 Tounderstandhowastrologyworkswe shouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormous distancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinner surfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfact literallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearth spinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachday pivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.Thisdaily turningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemto riseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainfixedpatterns onthespherejustasthecontinentofAustraliamaintainsitsshapeona spinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelya reflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancients believedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsown eastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebut theancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandtheslow eastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegrees eachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesof theyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalso hasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitposition relativelyrapidly.AlthoughitappearstoriseandSeteachdayasdoesnearly everythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringas shortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearly inthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseen veryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibleto thenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundof starsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMars JupiterandSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplane astheearthdoes.Sotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic. Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveina complicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotionsonthecelestialspherereflecting boththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionas well.Itwasstatedinastrologythat
Text4 HereisaquickwaytospoilaBrussels dinnerparty.Simplysuggestthatworldgovernanceisslippingawayfromthe G20G7G8orotherbodiesinwhichEuropeansmayhoguptohalftheseats. ThenproposewithgloomyrelishthatthefuturebelongstotheG2:newly fashionablejargonforaputativebodyformedbyChinaandAmerica. ThefearofirrelevancehauntsEuro-typesforalltheirpublicboasting aboutEurope’sfuturemight.ThethoughtthattheEuropeanUnionmightnot greatlyinterestChinaisespeciallypainful.Afterallthe21stcenturywas meanttobedifferent.IndeedtoearlierleaderslikeFrance’sJacquesChirac arisingChinawaswelcomeasanotherchallengetoAmericanhegemonyushering inamultipolarworldinwhichtheEUwouldplayabigrole.Ifthatmeant kow-towingtoChinesedemandstoshunTaiwansnubtheDalaiLamaortonedown criticismofhuman-rightsabusessobeit.MostEUcountriesfocusedon commercialdiplomacywithChinatoensurethattheirleaders’visitscouldend withflashingcamerasandthesigningofjuicycontracts. MeanwhileEurope’stradedeficitwithChinahitnearly∈170billion$ 250billionlastyear.InfiveyearsChinawants60%ofcarpartsinnew Chinesevehiclestobelocallymade.ThisisalarmingnewsforGermanythe leadingEuropeanexportertoChinathankstocarpartsmachinetoolsandother widgets.AseverEuropeansdisagreeoverhowtorespond.Some arewillingtochallengeChinapolitically—forexampleGermanyBritain SwedenandtheNetherlands.Buttheyaremostlyfreetraders.Thatmakesthem hostilewhenothercountriescallforprotectionagainstallegedChinese cheating.IncontrastablockofmostlysouthernandcentralEuropeansdubbed accommodatingmercantilistsbytheECFRTheEuropeanCouncilonForeign Relationsarequicktocallforanti-dumpingmeasures:Butthatmakesthem anxioustokeepbroaderrelationssweetbybowingtoChinaonpolitical issues.TheresultisthatEuropeanpoliticiansoftenfind themselvesdefendingunconditionalengagementwithChina.Theusualclaimis thatthiswillslowlytransformthecountryintoafreermoreresponsible stakeholderintheworld.ThesecretitismurmuredistoletEuropeweave Chinaintoanentanglingwebofagreementsandsectoraldialogues.In2007no fewerthan450EuropeandelegationsvisitedChina.BigcountrieslikeFranceand BritainaddtheirownbilateraldialoguesnottrustingtheEUtoprotecttheir interestsordothejobproperly.TherearenowsixparallelEUandnational dialogueswithChinaonclimatechangefor example.TodealwiththetradedeficitwithChinaEuropeans
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 44
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.
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