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Wesometimeshearthatessaysareanold-fashionedform.thatso-and-soisthelastessayistbutthefactsofthemarketplacearguequiteotherwise.Essaysofnearlyanykindaresomucheasierthanshortstoriesforawritertosellsomanymoreseeprintit’’sstrangethatthoughtwofineanthologiescollectionsremainthatpublishtheyear’’sbeststoriesnocomparablecollectionexistsforessays.Suchchangesinthereadingpublic’’stastearen’’talwaystothegoodneedlesstosay.Theartoftellingstoriespredatedevencavepaintingsurely;andifweeverfindourselveslivingincavesagainitwithpaintinganddrummingwillbetheonlyartleftaftermoviesnovelsphotographyessaysbiographyandalltheresthavegonedownthedrain―thearttobuildfrom. Essayshoweverhangsomewhereonalinebetweentwosturdypoles:thisiswhatIthinkandthisiswhatIam.Autobiographieswhicharen’’tnovelsaregenerallyextendedessaysindeed.Apersonalessayislikethehumanvoicetalkingitsorderbeingthemind’’snaturalflowinsteadofasystematizedoutlineofideas.Thoughmorechangeableorinformalthananarticleortreatisesomewhereitcontainsapointwhichisitsrealcenterevenifthepointcouldn’’tbeutteredinfewerwordsthantheessayisthasused.Essaysdon’’tusuallyboildowntoasummaryasarticlesdoandthestyleofthewriterhasanaptoitacombinationofpersonalityandoriginalityandenergeticlooseendsthatstanduplikethenap绒毛onapieceofwoolandcan’’tbebrushedflat.Essaysbelongtotheanimalkingdomwithasurfacethatgeneratessparkslikeacoatoffurcomparedwiththeflatconventionalcottonofthemagazinearticlewriterwhoworksinthevegetablekingdominstead.Butessaysontheotherhandmayhavefewerlevelsthanfictionbecausewearenotsupposedtoarguemuchabouttheirmeaning.Intheolddistinctionbetweenteachingandstorytellingtheessayisthowevercleverlyhetriestoconcealhisintentionsisabitofateacherorreformerandanessayisintendedtoconveythesamepointtoeachofus. Anessayistdoesn’’thavetotellthewholetruthandnothingbutthetruth;hecanshapeorshavehismemoriesaslongasthepurposeisservedofexplainingatruthfulpoint.Apersonalessayfrequentlyisnotautobiographicalataltbutwhatitdoeskeepincommonwithautobiographyisthatthroughitstoneandtumblingprogressionitconveysthequalityoftheauthor’’smind.Nothinggetsintheway.Becauseessaysaredirectlyconcernedwiththemindandthemind’’speculiaritytheveryfreedomthemindpossessesisconferredonthisbranchofliteraturethatdoeshonortoitandthefascinationofthemindisthefascinationoftheessay. Whatchieflydistinguishesessaysfromarticlesmaybein
Wesometimeshearthatessaysareanold-fashionedform.thatso-and-soisthelastessayistbutthefactsofthemarketplacearguequiteotherwise.Essaysofnearlyanykindaresomucheasierthanshortstoriesforawritertosellsomanymoreseeprintit’’sstrangethatthoughtwofineanthologiescollectionsremainthatpublishtheyear’’sbeststoriesnocomparablecollectionexistsforessays.Suchchangesinthereadingpublic’’stastearen’’talwaystothegoodneedlesstosay.Theartoftellingstoriespredatedevencavepaintingsurely;andifweeverfindourselveslivingincavesagainitwithpaintinganddrummingwillbetheonlyartleftaftermoviesnovelsphotographyessaysbiographyandalltheresthavegonedownthedrain―thearttobuildfrom. Essayshoweverhangsomewhereonalinebetweentwosturdypoles:thisiswhatIthinkandthisiswhatIam.Autobiographieswhicharen’’tnovelsaregenerallyextendedessaysindeed.Apersonalessayislikethehumanvoicetalkingitsorderbeingthemind’’snaturalflowinsteadofasystematizedoutlineofideas.Thoughmorechangeableorinformalthananarticleortreatisesomewhereitcontainsapointwhichisitsrealcenterevenifthepointcouldn’’tbeutteredinfewerwordsthantheessayisthasused.Essaysdon’’tusuallyboildowntoasummaryasarticlesdoandthestyleofthewriterhasanaptoitacombinationofpersonalityandoriginalityandenergeticlooseendsthatstanduplikethenap绒毛onapieceofwoolandcan’’tbebrushedflat.Essaysbelongtotheanimalkingdomwithasurfacethatgeneratessparkslikeacoatoffurcomparedwiththeflatconventionalcottonofthemagazinearticlewriterwhoworksinthevegetablekingdominstead.Butessaysontheotherhandmayhavefewerlevelsthanfictionbecausewearenotsupposedtoarguemuchabouttheirmeaning.Intheolddistinctionbetweenteachingandstorytellingtheessayisthowevercleverlyhetriestoconcealhisintentionsisabitofateacherorreformerandanessayisintendedtoconveythesamepointtoeachofus. Anessayistdoesn’’thavetotellthewholetruthandnothingbutthetruth;hecanshapeorshavehismemoriesaslongasthepurposeisservedofexplainingatruthfulpoint.Apersonalessayfrequentlyisnotautobiographicalataltbutwhatitdoeskeepincommonwithautobiographyisthatthroughitstoneandtumblingprogressionitconveysthequalityoftheauthor’’smind.Nothinggetsintheway.Becauseessaysaredirectlyconcernedwiththemindandthemind’’speculiaritytheveryfreedomthemindpossessesisconferredonthisbranchofliteraturethatdoeshonortoitandthefascinationofthemindisthefascinationoftheessay. Theessayists’’maintaskseemstobe
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
全国__如果认为特别行政区立法机关制定的法律与基本法相抵触有权
Wesometimeshearthatessaysareanold-fashionedform.thatso-and-soisthelastessayistbutthefactsofthemarketplacearguequiteotherwise.Essaysofnearlyanykindaresomucheasierthanshortstoriesforawritertosellsomanymoreseeprintit’’sstrangethatthoughtwofineanthologiescollectionsremainthatpublishtheyear’’sbeststoriesnocomparablecollectionexistsforessays.Suchchangesinthereadingpublic’’stastearen’’talwaystothegoodneedlesstosay.Theartoftellingstoriespredatedevencavepaintingsurely;andifweeverfindourselveslivingincavesagainitwithpaintinganddrummingwillbetheonlyartleftaftermoviesnovelsphotographyessaysbiographyandalltheresthavegonedownthedrain―thearttobuildfrom. Essayshoweverhangsomewhereonalinebetweentwosturdypoles:thisiswhatIthinkandthisiswhatIam.Autobiographieswhicharen’’tnovelsaregenerallyextendedessaysindeed.Apersonalessayislikethehumanvoicetalkingitsorderbeingthemind’’snaturalflowinsteadofasystematizedoutlineofideas.Thoughmorechangeableorinformalthananarticleortreatisesomewhereitcontainsapointwhichisitsrealcenterevenifthepointcouldn’’tbeutteredinfewerwordsthantheessayisthasused.Essaysdon’’tusuallyboildowntoasummaryasarticlesdoandthestyleofthewriterhasanaptoitacombinationofpersonalityandoriginalityandenergeticlooseendsthatstanduplikethenap绒毛onapieceofwoolandcan’’tbebrushedflat.Essaysbelongtotheanimalkingdomwithasurfacethatgeneratessparkslikeacoatoffurcomparedwiththeflatconventionalcottonofthemagazinearticlewriterwhoworksinthevegetablekingdominstead.Butessaysontheotherhandmayhavefewerlevelsthanfictionbecausewearenotsupposedtoarguemuchabouttheirmeaning.Intheolddistinctionbetweenteachingandstorytellingtheessayisthowevercleverlyhetriestoconcealhisintentionsisabitofateacherorreformerandanessayisintendedtoconveythesamepointtoeachofus. Anessayistdoesn’’thavetotellthewholetruthandnothingbutthetruth;hecanshapeorshavehismemoriesaslongasthepurposeisservedofexplainingatruthfulpoint.Apersonalessayfrequentlyisnotautobiographicalataltbutwhatitdoeskeepincommonwithautobiographyisthatthroughitstoneandtumblingprogressionitconveysthequalityoftheauthor’’smind.Nothinggetsintheway.Becauseessaysaredirectlyconcernedwiththemindandthemind’’speculiaritytheveryfreedomthemindpossessesisconferredonthisbranchofliteraturethatdoeshonortoitandthefascinationofthemindisthefascinationoftheessay. Theauthorassertsthatthechangesinreaders’’taste
MuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicysuchassteeringtheeconomytoasoftlandingoratouchonthebrakesmakesitsoundLikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelongvariablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreenacrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel. Givenallthesedisadvantagescentralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyearclosetoitslowestlevelin30yearsbeforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s. Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infactitfellto2.6%inAugustandisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.ThisisnoflashinthepanoverthepastcoupleofyearsinflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica. EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavourableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStatessinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomiesandespeciallyAmerica’’shavelittleproductiveslack.America’’scapacityutilisationforexamplehithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyearanditsjoblessrate5.6%inAugusthasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment―theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast. WhyhasinflationprovedsomildThemostthrillingexplanationisunfortunatelyalittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation. Fromthepassagewelearnthat____________.
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicture 2analyzethecausesoftheproblemand 3proposepossiblesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout160―200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
人民法院在审理行政案件过程中遇到部门规章与地方政府规章之间对同一事项的规定不一致时的解决机制是
分析题经济区域化就是指经济全球化
论述经济全球化与经济国际化的区别及经济全球化的双重作用
AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravellingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner―amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.ForexamplewhenanAmericanusesthewordfriendtheculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld___________.
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
战后国际垄断组织的最主要形式是
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques. 71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
经济基础决定法意味着
我国上级人民法院与下级人民法院之间是
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. TheauthorquotesCartier-Bressoninorderto
AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravellingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner―amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.ForexamplewhenanAmericanusesthewordfriendtheculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers___________.
创立了三三制政权组织形式和保障人权等崭新内容的__或者__性文件是
世界经济全球化时期的特点有
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizestheportraitureexperienceasviewedbyAvedon
当今经济全球化浪潮中
MuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicysuchassteeringtheeconomytoasoftlandingoratouchonthebrakesmakesitsoundLikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelongvariablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreenacrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel. Givenallthesedisadvantagescentralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyearclosetoitslowestlevelin30yearsbeforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s. Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infactitfellto2.6%inAugustandisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.ThisisnoflashinthepanoverthepastcoupleofyearsinflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica. EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavourableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStatessinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomiesandespeciallyAmerica’’shavelittleproductiveslack.America’’scapacityutilisationforexamplehithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyearanditsjoblessrate5.6%inAugusthasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment―theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast. WhyhasinflationprovedsomildThemostthrillingexplanationisunfortunatelyalittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation. ThesentenceThisisnoflashinthepanLine5Paragraph3meansthat___________.
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