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“公室告”与“非公室告”的诉讼类别出现于
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秦朝的诉讼程序中官府不予受理的有
州告
非公室告
甲告
公室告
秦朝把杀伤盗窃等危害封建统治的犯罪称为
家罪
公罪
公室告
非公室告
简述秦朝的公室告和非公室告
在秦代子盗父母父母擅刑属于
公罪
私罪
公室告
非公室告
秦朝的诉讼制度在息诉方面分为
告劾
纠举
公室告
告诉
非公室告
秦朝诉讼制度反映了其对宗法制度的维护
“非公室告”
“公室告”
“笞掠为下”
“不当得告律”
秦朝民间相告分为
自诉
公室告
官告
非公室告
朝案件有公室告和非公室告之分其__室告属于受诉案件而非 公室告则不予受理
秦在诉讼程序上将贼杀人盗他人的案件称为此类案件官府必须受理
州告
缚诣告
公室告
非公室告
睡虎地秦墓竹简·法律答问公室告何也非公室告何也贼杀伤盗他人为公室子盗父母父母擅杀刑髡子及奴妾不为公室
在秦代髡子和奴妾属于
州告
公室告
诬告
非公室告
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"Makingmoneyisadirtygame"saystheInstituteofEconomicAffairs.summinguptheattitudeofBritishnoveliststowardsbusiness.TheIEA.afreemarketthink-tankhasjustpublishedacollectionofessaysTheRepresentationofBusinessinEnglishLiteraturebyfiveacademicschroniclingthehostilityofthecountry’smenandwomenofletterstothesordidbusinessofmakingmoney.TheimplicationisthatBritain’seconomicperformanceIsretardedbyananti-industrialculture. RatherthanblamingrebelliousworkersandincompetentmanagersforBritain’seconomicworries.thenwecanputGeorgeOrwellandMartinAmisinthedockinstead.FromDickens’sScroogetoAmis’sJohnSelfinhis1980snovelMoneynovelistshaveconjureduparogue’sgalleryofmean.greedyamoralmoney-menthathasalienatedtheirimpressionablereadersfromthenoblepursuitofcapitalism. Theargumenthasbeenwellmadebeforemostfamouslyin1981byMartinWiener.anAmericanacademicinhisEnglishCultureandtheDeclineoftheIndustrialSpirit.LadyThatcherwasanadmirerofMr.Wiener’s.andsheledacrusadetorevivethe"entrepreneurialculture"whichtheliberalelitehadallegedlytrampledunderfoot.ThepresentChancelloroftheExchequerGordonBrownsoundsasthoughheagreeswithher.AtarecentspeechtotheConfederationofBritishIndustryhedeclaredthatitshouldbethedutyofeveryteacherinthecountryto"communicatethevirtuesofbusinessandenterprise". Certainlymostnovelistsarehostiletocapitalismbutthisrefrainrisksscapegoatingwritersforfailingsforwhichtheyarenottoblame.Britain’scultureisnomoreanti-businessthanthatofothercountries.TheRomanticMovement.whichstartedasareactionagainsttheindustrialrevolutionofthe21stcenturywasbornandflourishedinGermanybuthasnotstoppedtheGermansfrombeingEurope’smostsuccessfulentreprcneursandindustrialists. EventheAmericansareguiltyofblackeningbusiness’sname.SMERSHandSPECTREwentourwiththecoldwarJamesBondnowtakesoninternationalmediamagnatesratherthanRosaKleb.HisfilmssuchasErinBrockovichhavepitcheddowntroddenmoralheroesagainsttheeviloffacelesscorporatism.YetnoneofthisseemstohavedentedAmerica’slustforfreeenterprise. Theironyisthatthenovelflourishedasanartformonlyafterandasaresultof.thecreationofthenewcommercialclassesofVictorianEnglandjustasthemodemHollywoodfilmcanexistonlyinaneraofmassconsumerism.Perhapsthemoralisthatcapitalistsocietiesconsumeliteratureandfilmtoletoffsteamratherthantochangetheworld. ThewordsordidLine4.Para.1implies
WinstonChurchillwhofoughtontheAfghanborderin1897.warnedofthedangersofpeacekeepingamongthePathansandofmixingpoliticsandwar46"Exceptatharvest-timewhenself-preservationenjoinsatemporarypausethePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarriorapoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfort...withbattlementsturrets[and]drawbridges`Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitshate;everyclan.itsfeud. "Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgottenandveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid...47ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleysnourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwaterarefertileen0ught9yieldwithlittlelabourthematerialrequirementsofasmallpopulation. "Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:thebreech-loadingrifleandtheBritishgovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecondacontinuoustrouble.Theconvenienceofthebreech-loadingandstillmoreofthemagazineriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.48Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyaufifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewsceneofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbournearlyamileaway... "TheactionoftheBritishgovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganisingadvancingabsorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthana’monstrousspoil-sport. "Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome.hadafightandthengoneawayagain...Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys...Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquietnottoshootoneanother.andaboveallnotmshootattravellersalongtheroad.49Itwastoomuchtoaskandawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource. "ThePoliticalOfficerswhoaccompaniedtheforce...wereveryunpopularwiththearmyofficers...50Theywereaccusedoftheseverecrimeof’shilly-shallying’whichbeinginterpretedmeansdoingeverythingyoupossiblycanbeforeyoushoot.Wehadwithusaverybrilliantpoliticalofficer...whowasmuchdislikedbecausehealwaysstoppedmilitaryoperations.Justwhenwewerelookingforwardtohavingasplendidfightandall-thegunswereloadedandeveryonekeyedup[he]wouldcomealongandputastoptoit." Exceptatharvest-timewhenself-preservationenjoinsatemporarypausethePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarriorapoliticianandatheologian.
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"Cars:ShouldWeLoveThemorHateThem"Intheessayyoushould1describethepicture;2interpretitsmeaning;3giveyouropinionaboutthephenomenon Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
"Makingmoneyisadirtygame"saystheInstituteofEconomicAffairs.summinguptheattitudeofBritishnoveliststowardsbusiness.TheIEA.afreemarketthink-tankhasjustpublishedacollectionofessaysTheRepresentationofBusinessinEnglishLiteraturebyfiveacademicschroniclingthehostilityofthecountry’smenandwomenofletterstothesordidbusinessofmakingmoney.TheimplicationisthatBritain’seconomicperformanceIsretardedbyananti-industrialculture. RatherthanblamingrebelliousworkersandincompetentmanagersforBritain’seconomicworries.thenwecanputGeorgeOrwellandMartinAmisinthedockinstead.FromDickens’sScroogetoAmis’sJohnSelfinhis1980snovelMoneynovelistshaveconjureduparogue’sgalleryofmean.greedyamoralmoney-menthathasalienatedtheirimpressionablereadersfromthenoblepursuitofcapitalism. Theargumenthasbeenwellmadebeforemostfamouslyin1981byMartinWiener.anAmericanacademicinhisEnglishCultureandtheDeclineoftheIndustrialSpirit.LadyThatcherwasanadmirerofMr.Wiener’s.andsheledacrusadetorevivethe"entrepreneurialculture"whichtheliberalelitehadallegedlytrampledunderfoot.ThepresentChancelloroftheExchequerGordonBrownsoundsasthoughheagreeswithher.AtarecentspeechtotheConfederationofBritishIndustryhedeclaredthatitshouldbethedutyofeveryteacherinthecountryto"communicatethevirtuesofbusinessandenterprise". Certainlymostnovelistsarehostiletocapitalismbutthisrefrainrisksscapegoatingwritersforfailingsforwhichtheyarenottoblame.Britain’scultureisnomoreanti-businessthanthatofothercountries.TheRomanticMovement.whichstartedasareactionagainsttheindustrialrevolutionofthe21stcenturywasbornandflourishedinGermanybuthasnotstoppedtheGermansfrombeingEurope’smostsuccessfulentreprcneursandindustrialists. EventheAmericansareguiltyofblackeningbusiness’sname.SMERSHandSPECTREwentourwiththecoldwarJamesBondnowtakesoninternationalmediamagnatesratherthanRosaKleb.HisfilmssuchasErinBrockovichhavepitcheddowntroddenmoralheroesagainsttheeviloffacelesscorporatism.YetnoneofthisseemstohavedentedAmerica’slustforfreeenterprise. Theironyisthatthenovelflourishedasanartformonlyafterandasaresultof.thecreationofthenewcommercialclassesofVictorianEnglandjustasthemodemHollywoodfilmcanexistonlyinaneraofmassconsumerism.Perhapsthemoralisthatcapitalistsocietiesconsumeliteratureandfilmtoletoffsteamratherthantochangetheworld. AmericanacademicMartinWiener’sargument
JosephRykwertenteredhisfieldwhenpost-warmodernistarchitecturewascomingunderfireforitsalienatingembodimentofoutmodedsocialideals.ThinkoftheUNbuildinginNewYork.thecityofBrasilia.theUNESCObuildinginParistheblocksofhousing"projects"throughouttheworld.Thesetall.uniformboxesaresetbackfromthestreetisolatedbywindsweptplazas.Theylookinwardtotheirownfunctionspresentingno"face"totheinhabitantsofthecityno"place"forsocialinteraction.ForMr.Rykwert.whorejectsthefunctionalistspiritoftheAthensCharterof1933.amanifestoformuchpost-warbuildingsuchfacelessnessdestroysthehumanmeaningofthecity.Architecturalformshouldnotrigidlyfollowfunctionbutoughttoreflecttheneedsofthesocialbodyitrepresents. Likeotherformsofrepresentationarchitectureistheembodimentofthedecisionsthatgointoitsmakingnottheresultofimpersonalforcesmarketorhistory.Therefore.saysMr.RykwertadaptingJosephdeMaistre’sdictumthatanationhasthegovernmentitdeservesourcitieshavethefacestheydeserve. Inthisbook.Mr.Rykwert.anotedurbanhistorianofanthropologicalloveoffersaflaneur’sapproachtothecity’sexteriorsurfaceratherthananurbanhistoryfromtheconceptualinsideout.Hedoesnotdrivesohisinteractionwiththecityaffordshimawarts-and-allviewwithasensualgraspofwhatitistobea"place". Hisstoryofurbanizationbeginsnotsurprisinglywiththeindustrialrevolutionwhenpopulationsshiftedandincreasedexacerbatingproblemsofhousingandcrime.Inthe19thcenturymanyplanningprogramsandutopiasEbenezerHoward’sgardencityandCharlesFourier’s"phalansteries"amongthemwereproposedasremedies.Thesehavelefttheirmarkon20th-centurycitiesasdidBaronHausmann’sboulevardsinParisEugeneViollet-le-Duc’sandOwenJones’sargumentsforhistoricalstyleandAdolfLoos’sfatefulturn-of-the-centurycalltoabolishornamentwhichinturninspiredLeCorbusier’sbarefunctionalism.Thereaderwillrecognizealltheseideasinthesurfacesofthecitiesthathostedthem:NewYork.Paris.LondonandVienna. CitieschangedagainaftertheSecondWorldWaraspopulationsgrew.technologyracedandprosperityspread.Likeitornottoday’scitiesarethemuddledproductamongotherthingsofspeed.greedoutmodedsocialagendasandill-suitedpostmodernaesthetics.Somelamenttheoldcity’sdeath;otherswelcomeitsreplacementbytheelectronicallydriven"globalvillage".MrRykwerthashisworriestobesure.buthedoesnotseeruinorchaoseverywhere.Hedefendsthecityasahumanandsocialnecessity.InChandigarhCanberraandNewYorkheseesoverallsuccess;inNewDelhiParisandShanghailargeareasoffalling.ForMr.Rykwert.amanonfootintheageofspeedingvirtualgoodarchitecturemaystillshowusafacewhereflaneurscanreadthestoryoftheirurbansettinginfamiliarmetaphors. Theauthorassociatestheissueoffunctionismwithpost-warmodernistarchitecturebecause
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. WhichstatementisprobablyTRUE
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. ThisnovelisattentivetoeachofthefollowingEXCEPT
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. Thesecondparagraphtellsus
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
JosephRykwertenteredhisfieldwhenpost-warmodernistarchitecturewascomingunderfireforitsalienatingembodimentofoutmodedsocialideals.ThinkoftheUNbuildinginNewYork.thecityofBrasilia.theUNESCObuildinginParistheblocksofhousing"projects"throughouttheworld.Thesetall.uniformboxesaresetbackfromthestreetisolatedbywindsweptplazas.Theylookinwardtotheirownfunctionspresentingno"face"totheinhabitantsofthecityno"place"forsocialinteraction.ForMr.Rykwert.whorejectsthefunctionalistspiritoftheAthensCharterof1933.amanifestoformuchpost-warbuildingsuchfacelessnessdestroysthehumanmeaningofthecity.Architecturalformshouldnotrigidlyfollowfunctionbutoughttoreflecttheneedsofthesocialbodyitrepresents. Likeotherformsofrepresentationarchitectureistheembodimentofthedecisionsthatgointoitsmakingnottheresultofimpersonalforcesmarketorhistory.Therefore.saysMr.RykwertadaptingJosephdeMaistre’sdictumthatanationhasthegovernmentitdeservesourcitieshavethefacestheydeserve. Inthisbook.Mr.Rykwert.anotedurbanhistorianofanthropologicalloveoffersaflaneur’sapproachtothecity’sexteriorsurfaceratherthananurbanhistoryfromtheconceptualinsideout.Hedoesnotdrivesohisinteractionwiththecityaffordshimawarts-and-allviewwithasensualgraspofwhatitistobea"place". Hisstoryofurbanizationbeginsnotsurprisinglywiththeindustrialrevolutionwhenpopulationsshiftedandincreasedexacerbatingproblemsofhousingandcrime.Inthe19thcenturymanyplanningprogramsandutopiasEbenezerHoward’sgardencityandCharlesFourier’s"phalansteries"amongthemwereproposedasremedies.Thesehavelefttheirmarkon20th-centurycitiesasdidBaronHausmann’sboulevardsinParisEugeneViollet-le-Duc’sandOwenJones’sargumentsforhistoricalstyleandAdolfLoos’sfatefulturn-of-the-centurycalltoabolishornamentwhichinturninspiredLeCorbusier’sbarefunctionalism.Thereaderwillrecognizealltheseideasinthesurfacesofthecitiesthathostedthem:NewYork.Paris.LondonandVienna. CitieschangedagainaftertheSecondWorldWaraspopulationsgrew.technologyracedandprosperityspread.Likeitornottoday’scitiesarethemuddledproductamongotherthingsofspeed.greedoutmodedsocialagendasandill-suitedpostmodernaesthetics.Somelamenttheoldcity’sdeath;otherswelcomeitsreplacementbytheelectronicallydriven"globalvillage".MrRykwerthashisworriestobesure.buthedoesnotseeruinorchaoseverywhere.Hedefendsthecityasahumanandsocialnecessity.InChandigarhCanberraandNewYorkheseesoverallsuccess;inNewDelhiParisandShanghailargeareasoffalling.ForMr.Rykwert.amanonfootintheageofspeedingvirtualgoodarchitecturemaystillshowusafacewhereflaneurscanreadthestoryoftheirurbansettinginfamiliarmetaphors. Anargumentmadebysupportersoffunctionismisthat
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. FIAwouldgiveitspartnertherighttostagetheracingtill
Afteritsmisadventuresin1993.whenAmericanmarinesweredrivenoutofSomaliabyskinnygunmenAmericahasusedalongspooninsuppingwithSomalia’swarlords.This.tikesomuchelsechangedonSeptember11th.41 Clandestine.uptoapoint:withinhoursofthearrivalinBaidoaofninecloselycroppedAmericanssportingmatchingsatellitephonesandshadestheiractivitieswerebroadcast.Aftermeetingvariouswarlordsthegroupinspectedacompoundthathadapparentlybeenofferedtothemastheirfuturebase.Theyalsosawanoldmilitarydepot.Neithercanhavebeenencouraging:thecompoundhasbeentakenoverbywar-displacedfamiliesandthedepotbythorn-scrub. Americawasalreadyconvincedofal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.IthadlistedaSomaliIslamicgroupal-ltihaadal-IslamiyaIslamicUnityasaterroristorganisation.42.ItfearsthatlawlessSomaliacouldbecomeahavenforescapesfromAfghanistan.TheAmericannavyIscurrentlypatrollingthecountry’slongcoastlinewhilespyplanesaresaidtobecrisscrossingtheheavens. 43.WithalittlebitofhelphetoldhisAmericanvisitorshewouldbeready"toliberatethecountryfromtheseevilforces".AmericahadalreadyheardasmuchthroughitsembassiesinNairobiandAddisAbabawhichmaintaincontactwiththewarlordsandfromEthiopia. ThewarlordsaresupportedbyEthiopia.whichhasahistoricalfearofastrongSomalia.inabidtoopposethegovernment.Buttheirdifferingviewsonwheretostrikeatthe"terrorists"revealthattheirindividualambitionsareevensharperthantheirdislikeofthegovernment. Mr.IsmailsaysthatMerca.whichisclaimedbyhisRahanweinclan.isthecapitalofterror.44.TheUNsaysthereisonlyanorphanagetherenow.ButtheislandisclosetoMr.Morgan’shometownofKismaayowhichhefailedtocapturefromapro-governmentmilitiainJulyandheisdeterminednottofailagain. NoneofthislooksgoodforSomalia’sofficialpresidentAbdiquassimSaladHassan.whosegovernmentisincontrolofabouthalfthecapitalMogadishu.Hehasformedhisownanti-terrorismunitandinvitedAmericatosendinvestigatorsoreventroops.America.armedwithstoriesaboutthepresenceofal-Itihaadmembersheldback.butonDecember18thsentanenvoytoMogadishu. BothMr.HassanandtheUNsaythatal-Itihaadisnotaterroristorganisation.Itemergedasanarmedforcein1991.battlingforpowerintheaftermathofSiadBarre’sfall.Ithadsomeearlysuccesses.brieflytakingKismaayo.Butitwasalwaysdependentontheblessingofitsmembers’clanelders.Whentheelderseventuallycalledtheirfightersback.ahardcoreofIslamistsfledtotheGedoborderregionwherein1997theywerecrushedbyEthiopiantroops45. TheBaidoaallianceplainlyhopestobesupportedasproxiesinafightagainst"terrorism"andtheMogadishuregime.Butthelatestintelligenceleakssuggestthatthefirstreportsmayhaveoverestimatedal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.NorwouldMr.binLadenandhishenchmenfinditeasytolielowinanoralculturethatconsidersrumour-mongeringtobeaformofmanners.Evenso.thewarlordsseemtobelievethattheyhavewonsomepromiseofhelp.SoonafterthearrivaloftheAmericangrouptheypulledoutofthepeacetalkstheyhadbeenholdingwiththeirgovernmentinNairobi. [A]Al-ItihaadsubsequentlyinfiltratedSomalia’sbusinessclassandnowrunsIslamicschoolscourtsandclinicswiththemoneyithasaccumulated. [B]AccordingtoAbdullahiSheikhIsmaittheactingchairmanofthelooseallianceofwarlordswhocontrolmostofSomaliaandarebasedinBaidoa.thereare"approximately20.480armedextremists"inSomaliaand"85%ofthegovernmentisal-Itihaad". [C]MuhammadHersiMorganknownasthe"butcherofHargeisa"becauseheoncerazedthattowntothegroundsaysanal-ItihaadcamponRasKamboniislandisstillactive. [D]ButsinceSeptember11th2001.westerngovernmentsanxioustoprevental-QaedafromusingSomaliaasabase.havepressedthewarlordstomakepeace. [E]Americanintelligenceofficersareworkingwithtwowarlordstogatherinformationaboutsuspectedat-QaedapeopleinSomalia. [F]OnDecember9thAmericasentaclandestinemissiontotalktoacollectionofSomaliwarlords.wholiketoclaimthattheircountryinparticulartheirUN-sponsoredgovernmentisoverrunwithterrorists [G]IthadalsoforcedtheclosureofBarakaatSomalia’sbiggestbankingandtelecomscompanywhichhandlesmostoftheremittancesthatSomalisworkingabroadsendbacktotheirfamilies. 44
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. Mr.Eccestonewillwinbecause
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.
WinstonChurchillwhofoughtontheAfghanborderin1897.warnedofthedangersofpeacekeepingamongthePathansandofmixingpoliticsandwar46"Exceptatharvest-timewhenself-preservationenjoinsatemporarypausethePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarriorapoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfort...withbattlementsturrets[and]drawbridges`Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitshate;everyclan.itsfeud. "Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgottenandveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid...47ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleysnourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwaterarefertileen0ught9yieldwithlittlelabourthematerialrequirementsofasmallpopulation. "Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:thebreech-loadingrifleandtheBritishgovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecondacontinuoustrouble.Theconvenienceofthebreech-loadingandstillmoreofthemagazineriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.48Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyaufifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewsceneofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbournearlyamileaway... "TheactionoftheBritishgovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganisingadvancingabsorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthana’monstrousspoil-sport. "Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome.hadafightandthengoneawayagain...Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys...Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquietnottoshootoneanother.andaboveallnotmshootattravellersalongtheroad.49Itwastoomuchtoaskandawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource. "ThePoliticalOfficerswhoaccompaniedtheforce...wereveryunpopularwiththearmyofficers...50Theywereaccusedoftheseverecrimeof’shilly-shallying’whichbeinginterpretedmeansdoingeverythingyoupossiblycanbeforeyoushoot.Wehadwithusaverybrilliantpoliticalofficer...whowasmuchdislikedbecausehealwaysstoppedmilitaryoperations.Justwhenwewerelookingforwardtohavingasplendidfightandall-thegunswereloadedandeveryonekeyedup[he]wouldcomealongandputastoptoit." Theywereaccusedoftheseverecrimeof’shilly-shallying’whichbeinginterpretedmeansdoingeverythingyoupossiblycanbeforeyoushoot
Afteritsmisadventuresin1993.whenAmericanmarinesweredrivenoutofSomaliabyskinnygunmenAmericahasusedalongspooninsuppingwithSomalia’swarlords.This.tikesomuchelsechangedonSeptember11th.41 Clandestine.uptoapoint:withinhoursofthearrivalinBaidoaofninecloselycroppedAmericanssportingmatchingsatellitephonesandshadestheiractivitieswerebroadcast.Aftermeetingvariouswarlordsthegroupinspectedacompoundthathadapparentlybeenofferedtothemastheirfuturebase.Theyalsosawanoldmilitarydepot.Neithercanhavebeenencouraging:thecompoundhasbeentakenoverbywar-displacedfamiliesandthedepotbythorn-scrub. Americawasalreadyconvincedofal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.IthadlistedaSomaliIslamicgroupal-ltihaadal-IslamiyaIslamicUnityasaterroristorganisation.42.ItfearsthatlawlessSomaliacouldbecomeahavenforescapesfromAfghanistan.TheAmericannavyIscurrentlypatrollingthecountry’slongcoastlinewhilespyplanesaresaidtobecrisscrossingtheheavens. 43.WithalittlebitofhelphetoldhisAmericanvisitorshewouldbeready"toliberatethecountryfromtheseevilforces".AmericahadalreadyheardasmuchthroughitsembassiesinNairobiandAddisAbabawhichmaintaincontactwiththewarlordsandfromEthiopia. ThewarlordsaresupportedbyEthiopia.whichhasahistoricalfearofastrongSomalia.inabidtoopposethegovernment.Buttheirdifferingviewsonwheretostrikeatthe"terrorists"revealthattheirindividualambitionsareevensharperthantheirdislikeofthegovernment. Mr.IsmailsaysthatMerca.whichisclaimedbyhisRahanweinclan.isthecapitalofterror.44.TheUNsaysthereisonlyanorphanagetherenow.ButtheislandisclosetoMr.Morgan’shometownofKismaayowhichhefailedtocapturefromapro-governmentmilitiainJulyandheisdeterminednottofailagain. NoneofthislooksgoodforSomalia’sofficialpresidentAbdiquassimSaladHassan.whosegovernmentisincontrolofabouthalfthecapitalMogadishu.Hehasformedhisownanti-terrorismunitandinvitedAmericatosendinvestigatorsoreventroops.America.armedwithstoriesaboutthepresenceofal-Itihaadmembersheldback.butonDecember18thsentanenvoytoMogadishu. BothMr.HassanandtheUNsaythatal-Itihaadisnotaterroristorganisation.Itemergedasanarmedforcein1991.battlingforpowerintheaftermathofSiadBarre’sfall.Ithadsomeearlysuccesses.brieflytakingKismaayo.Butitwasalwaysdependentontheblessingofitsmembers’clanelders.Whentheelderseventuallycalledtheirfightersback.ahardcoreofIslamistsfledtotheGedoborderregionwherein1997theywerecrushedbyEthiopiantroops45. TheBaidoaallianceplainlyhopestobesupportedasproxiesinafightagainst"terrorism"andtheMogadishuregime.Butthelatestintelligenceleakssuggestthatthefirstreportsmayhaveoverestimatedal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.NorwouldMr.binLadenandhishenchmenfinditeasytolielowinanoralculturethatconsidersrumour-mongeringtobeaformofmanners.Evenso.thewarlordsseemtobelievethattheyhavewonsomepromiseofhelp.SoonafterthearrivaloftheAmericangrouptheypulledoutofthepeacetalkstheyhadbeenholdingwiththeirgovernmentinNairobi. [A]Al-ItihaadsubsequentlyinfiltratedSomalia’sbusinessclassandnowrunsIslamicschoolscourtsandclinicswiththemoneyithasaccumulated. [B]AccordingtoAbdullahiSheikhIsmaittheactingchairmanofthelooseallianceofwarlordswhocontrolmostofSomaliaandarebasedinBaidoa.thereare"approximately20.480armedextremists"inSomaliaand"85%ofthegovernmentisal-Itihaad". [C]MuhammadHersiMorganknownasthe"butcherofHargeisa"becauseheoncerazedthattowntothegroundsaysanal-ItihaadcamponRasKamboniislandisstillactive. [D]ButsinceSeptember11th2001.westerngovernmentsanxioustoprevental-QaedafromusingSomaliaasabase.havepressedthewarlordstomakepeace. [E]Americanintelligenceofficersareworkingwithtwowarlordstogatherinformationaboutsuspectedat-QaedapeopleinSomalia. [F]OnDecember9thAmericasentaclandestinemissiontotalktoacollectionofSomaliwarlords.wholiketoclaimthattheircountryinparticulartheirUN-sponsoredgovernmentisoverrunwithterrorists [G]IthadalsoforcedtheclosureofBarakaatSomalia’sbiggestbankingandtelecomscompanywhichhandlesmostoftheremittancesthatSomalisworkingabroadsendbacktotheirfamilies. 42
JosephRykwertenteredhisfieldwhenpost-warmodernistarchitecturewascomingunderfireforitsalienatingembodimentofoutmodedsocialideals.ThinkoftheUNbuildinginNewYork.thecityofBrasilia.theUNESCObuildinginParistheblocksofhousing"projects"throughouttheworld.Thesetall.uniformboxesaresetbackfromthestreetisolatedbywindsweptplazas.Theylookinwardtotheirownfunctionspresentingno"face"totheinhabitantsofthecityno"place"forsocialinteraction.ForMr.Rykwert.whorejectsthefunctionalistspiritoftheAthensCharterof1933.amanifestoformuchpost-warbuildingsuchfacelessnessdestroysthehumanmeaningofthecity.Architecturalformshouldnotrigidlyfollowfunctionbutoughttoreflecttheneedsofthesocialbodyitrepresents. Likeotherformsofrepresentationarchitectureistheembodimentofthedecisionsthatgointoitsmakingnottheresultofimpersonalforcesmarketorhistory.Therefore.saysMr.RykwertadaptingJosephdeMaistre’sdictumthatanationhasthegovernmentitdeservesourcitieshavethefacestheydeserve. Inthisbook.Mr.Rykwert.anotedurbanhistorianofanthropologicalloveoffersaflaneur’sapproachtothecity’sexteriorsurfaceratherthananurbanhistoryfromtheconceptualinsideout.Hedoesnotdrivesohisinteractionwiththecityaffordshimawarts-and-allviewwithasensualgraspofwhatitistobea"place". Hisstoryofurbanizationbeginsnotsurprisinglywiththeindustrialrevolutionwhenpopulationsshiftedandincreasedexacerbatingproblemsofhousingandcrime.Inthe19thcenturymanyplanningprogramsandutopiasEbenezerHoward’sgardencityandCharlesFourier’s"phalansteries"amongthemwereproposedasremedies.Thesehavelefttheirmarkon20th-centurycitiesasdidBaronHausmann’sboulevardsinParisEugeneViollet-le-Duc’sandOwenJones’sargumentsforhistoricalstyleandAdolfLoos’sfatefulturn-of-the-centurycalltoabolishornamentwhichinturninspiredLeCorbusier’sbarefunctionalism.Thereaderwillrecognizealltheseideasinthesurfacesofthecitiesthathostedthem:NewYork.Paris.LondonandVienna. CitieschangedagainaftertheSecondWorldWaraspopulationsgrew.technologyracedandprosperityspread.Likeitornottoday’scitiesarethemuddledproductamongotherthingsofspeed.greedoutmodedsocialagendasandill-suitedpostmodernaesthetics.Somelamenttheoldcity’sdeath;otherswelcomeitsreplacementbytheelectronicallydriven"globalvillage".MrRykwerthashisworriestobesure.buthedoesnotseeruinorchaoseverywhere.Hedefendsthecityasahumanandsocialnecessity.InChandigarhCanberraandNewYorkheseesoverallsuccess;inNewDelhiParisandShanghailargeareasoffalling.ForMr.Rykwert.amanonfootintheageofspeedingvirtualgoodarchitecturemaystillshowusafacewhereflaneurscanreadthestoryoftheirurbansettinginfamiliarmetaphors. 28ThewordexacerbatingLine2Para4means
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
WinstonChurchillwhofoughtontheAfghanborderin1897.warnedofthedangersofpeacekeepingamongthePathansandofmixingpoliticsandwar46"Exceptatharvest-timewhenself-preservationenjoinsatemporarypausethePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarriorapoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfort...withbattlementsturrets[and]drawbridges`Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitshate;everyclan.itsfeud. "Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgottenandveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid...47ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleysnourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwaterarefertileen0ught9yieldwithlittlelabourthematerialrequirementsofasmallpopulation. "Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:thebreech-loadingrifleandtheBritishgovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecondacontinuoustrouble.Theconvenienceofthebreech-loadingandstillmoreofthemagazineriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.48Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyaufifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewsceneofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbournearlyamileaway... "TheactionoftheBritishgovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganisingadvancingabsorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthana’monstrousspoil-sport. "Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome.hadafightandthengoneawayagain...Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys...Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquietnottoshootoneanother.andaboveallnotmshootattravellersalongtheroad.49Itwastoomuchtoaskandawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource. "ThePoliticalOfficerswhoaccompaniedtheforce...wereveryunpopularwiththearmyofficers...50Theywereaccusedoftheseverecrimeof’shilly-shallying’whichbeinginterpretedmeansdoingeverythingyoupossiblycanbeforeyoushoot.Wehadwithusaverybrilliantpoliticalofficer...whowasmuchdislikedbecausehealwaysstoppedmilitaryoperations.Justwhenwewerelookingforwardtohavingasplendidfightandall-thegunswereloadedandeveryonekeyedup[he]wouldcomealongandputastoptoit." Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyaufifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewsceneofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
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