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Back when we were kids, the hours spent with friends were too numerous to count. There were marat...
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III阅读理解共15小题每小题2分满分30分阅读下列短文从每篇短文后所给各题的四个选项A.B.C和D
TheysaytherearethreewaystoexperiencetheGrandCanyon
TheysaytherearethreewaystoexperiencetheGrandCanyon
Ireallyhadn’tmeanttoyellatthem.Butthatgreyafternoo
TheysaytherearethreewaystoexperiencetheGrandCanyon
WhenwewereyoungeveryeveningmybrotherandI______stay
would
might
should
could
从括号内选择适当的词填空1.Wewentswimmingintheafternoon________
Mr.Smithfoundthatgasfromthepipewhenhecamebackbecau
escaped, being punished
was escaping, being punished
escaped, punishment
was escaping, punishing
MannersaremuchmorethanjustsayingpleaseandThankyou.
IntheafternoonthekidsandI___homewhenI___awrongturn
drove; was making
were driving; made
had driven; made
were driving; had made
Toysofthechildrentodayhardlybearanyresemblanceto__
that; ours
those; us
that; us
those; ours
Onlywhenhereturned_________thatthewarhadendedandth
we tell
we told
did we tell
were we told
TheysaytherearethreewaystoexperiencetheGrandCanyon
AfewyearsagoItaughtemotionallydisturbedteenagersin
Todayourclassgotoclimbamountain.Thismorningwesetof
NowIwanttostartwithaquestion:Whenwasthelasttimeyou
TheysaytherearethreewaystoexperiencetheGrandCanyon
08·陕西A.篇TheysaytherearethreewaystoexperiencetheGra
Wewerejustabouttoturntothehighwaywhenwordcamethatt
in that case
in which case
in case which
in whose case
IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywewere_____
hung up
hung back
cut down
cut off
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SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems-thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges-allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround￡5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly￡1150risingto￡3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast￡10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof￡4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe￡52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound￡20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyaloneitwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecross-subsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.ThetermbursariesLine7Paragraph5mostprobablymeans______.
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems-thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges-allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround￡5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly￡1150risingto￡3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast￡10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof￡4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe￡52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound￡20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyaloneitwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecross-subsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardJohnHoodisoneof______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned-andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEuropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPolandonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion-aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotestedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionaswreckingtheEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtotheawkwardsquad.Thatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmakethe’parliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificantthefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommissi6n.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections--eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.ThewordireLine1Paragraph4mostprobablymeans______.
Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodoMontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Todaythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear-afteramere18yearsinthejob-someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.Atpresentcentra1banksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates-ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources-encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting-thefadofthe1990s-istoocrude.ItisimpliedinthefourthparagraphthatMr.Greenspanisskepticalof______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry.ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesforasilentepidemicofmediadesensitisationandstealingtheinnocenceofourchildren.ThegamingfurorecentersonGrandTheftAuto:SanAndreasapopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrommaturewhichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyittoadultsonlywhichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry.SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwouldcreateforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves.Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetextalwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer.Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames.Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobeintoxicatinganddepravedandthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums.VideogameswouldhavebeenrecommendedbySocratesduetoits______.
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems-thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges-allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround￡5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly￡1150risingto￡3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast￡10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof￡4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe￡52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound￡20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyaloneitwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecross-subsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry.ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesforasilentepidemicofmediadesensitisationandstealingtheinnocenceofourchildren.ThegamingfurorecentersonGrandTheftAuto:SanAndreasapopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrommaturewhichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyittoadultsonlywhichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry.SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwouldcreateforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves.Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetextalwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer.Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames.Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobeintoxicatinganddepravedandthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums.Whenmentioningnovelswaltzmusicandrockandrolltheauthorissuggesting______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritaintheydidmorethanslaughterthepopulationransackthecitiesandscorchtheearth.TheyalsoleftsubstantialinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagewordslikeslaughterransackandscorch. 46NowasinglewordinanancientmanuscripthasledaU.S.linguisttoconcludethattheinfluenceoftheNorseontheEnglishlanguagemayhavecomeasmuchasacenturyearlierthanmostscholarshadthought.ThefindcamewhenEnglishprofessorJonathanEvansoftheUniversityofGeorgiawasreadingapassagetohisOldEnglishclassfromtheAnglo-SaxonChronicleandaNorsewordtheorajumpedoutathim. The1122textaccordingtogenerationsofscholarswassupposedtobetooearlytocontainevidenceofDanishinfluenceonOldEnglish.47ButthefactthatthetextusedtheNordicformof"their"ratherthantheOldEnglishhieraorheorasuggestedthatNorsemenandtheirEnglishhostswerenotonlylivingside-by-sideinEngland’sEastMidlandsbutalsowerein"frequentpeacefulcommunication"Evanscontends. "IthoughtIhadmadeamistake"whenhefirstsawthewordhesaid."Thereitwassittingthereinplainsight.NobodysawthisDanishwordsittingthere.IkeptitquietbecauseIthoughtImadeamistake.’ ButhewasurgedtoinvestigatebyavisitingDanishscholarHansNielsen.48SoEvansspentseveralyearspursuingahunchthataRomanCatholicmonkslippedintothelocaldialectwhilecopyingouttheancienthistoricalworkforhismonastery.IfsothatsuggeststoEvansthatNorseandWest-SaxondialectsofOldEnglishhadmingledsignificantlybythe12thcenturyifnotearlier. TheresultofEvans’researchisapaperrecentlypublishedinthejournalNorth-WesternEuropeanLanguageEvolution.49Hisparerputsforththetheorythatthemonk’suseoftheNorsewordisthefirstdatableexampleinEnglishofScandinavian-derivedpluralpronounsantecedentsofthemodernEnglishwords"theythem"and"their". 50"Thisisafootnoteinamuchmorewell-knownstory--thestoryofScandinavianborrowingsintheEnglishlanguage.’saidEvanswhocanreadtextsinDanishFrenchOldEnglishandOldIcelandic."It’sgoingtobeinterestingtoseehowotherscholarsviewthisdiscoverybutIthinkI’vemademycaseforit./ 47
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 41
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm.BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying.Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup.Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectationsfortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing.Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent.StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle.FortheGoodoftheGameisFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsportsscandalsare
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants-enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry. 41__________. California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower. 42__________.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday. 43__________.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition. Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions. 44__________.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork. 45__________. [A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothosewithlowerprices. [B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry. [C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission. [D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.MrNaginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople. [E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars. [F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem. [G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya. 43
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 45
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritaintheydidmorethanslaughterthepopulationransackthecitiesandscorchtheearth.TheyalsoleftsubstantialinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagewordslikeslaughterransackandscorch. 46NowasinglewordinanancientmanuscripthasledaU.S.linguisttoconcludethattheinfluenceoftheNorseontheEnglishlanguagemayhavecomeasmuchasacenturyearlierthanmostscholarshadthought.ThefindcamewhenEnglishprofessorJonathanEvansoftheUniversityofGeorgiawasreadingapassagetohisOldEnglishclassfromtheAnglo-SaxonChronicleandaNorsewordtheorajumpedoutathim. The1122textaccordingtogenerationsofscholarswassupposedtobetooearlytocontainevidenceofDanishinfluenceonOldEnglish.47ButthefactthatthetextusedtheNordicformof"their"ratherthantheOldEnglishhieraorheorasuggestedthatNorsemenandtheirEnglishhostswerenotonlylivingside-by-sideinEngland’sEastMidlandsbutalsowerein"frequentpeacefulcommunication"Evanscontends. "IthoughtIhadmadeamistake"whenhefirstsawthewordhesaid."Thereitwassittingthereinplainsight.NobodysawthisDanishwordsittingthere.IkeptitquietbecauseIthoughtImadeamistake.’ ButhewasurgedtoinvestigatebyavisitingDanishscholarHansNielsen.48SoEvansspentseveralyearspursuingahunchthataRomanCatholicmonkslippedintothelocaldialectwhilecopyingouttheancienthistoricalworkforhismonastery.IfsothatsuggeststoEvansthatNorseandWest-SaxondialectsofOldEnglishhadmingledsignificantlybythe12thcenturyifnotearlier. TheresultofEvans’researchisapaperrecentlypublishedinthejournalNorth-WesternEuropeanLanguageEvolution.49Hisparerputsforththetheorythatthemonk’suseoftheNorsewordisthefirstdatableexampleinEnglishofScandinavian-derivedpluralpronounsantecedentsofthemodernEnglishwords"theythem"and"their". 50"Thisisafootnoteinamuchmorewell-knownstory--thestoryofScandinavianborrowingsintheEnglishlanguage.’saidEvanswhocanreadtextsinDanishFrenchOldEnglishandOldIcelandic."It’sgoingtobeinterestingtoseehowotherscholarsviewthisdiscoverybutIthinkI’vemademycaseforit./ 49
Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry.ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesforasilentepidemicofmediadesensitisationandstealingtheinnocenceofourchildren.ThegamingfurorecentersonGrandTheftAuto:SanAndreasapopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrommaturewhichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyittoadultsonlywhichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry.SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwouldcreateforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves.Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetextalwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer.Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames.Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobeintoxicatinganddepravedandthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums.Wecanlearnfromthetextthathumanbeingshaveahistoryof______.
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm.BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying.Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup.Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectationsfortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing.Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent.StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle.FortheGoodoftheGameisFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.ThecontendersasmentionedinthetextcriticizedBlatterforhis
Directions:Fenghuaisoneofyourgoodfriendsandschoolmates.Hehasbeenaddictedtosmokingforalongtime2Duringalecturethisweekyoulearnedalotaboutgreatdangersinvolvedinheavysmokingandnowyoudecidetowritealettertohim.Yourlettershouldbebasedonthefollowingoutline.1yourconcernabouthishealth2andyouradviceandsuggestions.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 43
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned-andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEuropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPolandonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion-aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotestedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionaswreckingtheEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtotheawkwardsquad.Thatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmakethe’parliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificantthefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommissi6n.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections--eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthetext______.
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants-enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry. 41__________. California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower. 42__________.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday. 43__________.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition. Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions. 44__________.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork. 45__________. [A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothosewithlowerprices. [B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry. [C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission. [D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.MrNaginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople. [E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars. [F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem. [G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya. 41
Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodoMontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Todaythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear-afteramere18yearsinthejob-someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.Atpresentcentra1banksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates-ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources-encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting-thefadofthe1990s-istoocrude.AccordingtothetextitisupsettingthattheFederalReservedoesnottakeintoaccountinflationtargets______.
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