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It is hard to box against a southpaw, as Apollo Creed found out when he fought Rocky Balboa in the f...
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Americans are forced to be efficient against their will
Americans should do what they are willing to do
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Mourningthedeathofoneofitsownisperhapstheentertainmentindustry’smosttime-honoredtraditions.Afteranagonizingandprolongeddeclinethelong-sufferingVerticallyIntegratedMediaConglomeratepassedaway.It’sanideathatwasbornwhenTimeInc.mergedwithWarnerCommunicationsCorp.in1989toformTimeWarner.Itenduredastheindustry’sprevailingbusinessmodelfornearlyagenerationspawningsuchclonesandmongrelbreedsasViacomNewsCorpandGE’sNBCUniversal.Theverticallyintegratedmediaconglomeratewas—orwassupposedtobe—manyamazingthingsgivingahandfulofcompaniesunprecedentedpoweroverthemedia—andthechancetoearnoutsizedprofitsintheprocess.Butitsdefiningcharacteristicwasitssheersizeearningitafittingnickname.BigMedia.Butthetheorybehindthestrategyreliedonmorethansize.HousedunderoneroofasingleBigMediaentitywouldcontrolthemeansofproducinganddistributingmediacontentfrommagazineandbookstotelevisionshowsandmoviesfromcartoonsandthemeparkstosportsfranchisesandthecablenetworksthatcarrythegamestorecordedmusiclabelsandmusicpublishers.InTimeWarner’sprototypeofthemodelitwouldcontroleverythingfromthefirstletterofaTimemagazinestoryorWarnerBooksnoveltothelastalphabetofthecreditsattheendofaWarnerBrothersflickorHBOseriesbasedonthemagazinestoryorthebookdivision’sfiction.ForatimeTimeWarnerboastedawidearrayofmediaassets.Nomore.OnApril29inafilingwiththeSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionTimeWarnerCEOJeffBewkesofficiallyannouncedthedeathofBigMedia.HavingslicedoffWarnerMusicGroupafewyearsagoandTimeWarnerCablethisyearBewkesnotifiedtheSECthatheintendedtosoonspinoffAOL—itsgreatestexpansionaryefforttoachievemediagreatnessamovethatprovedlethal.AndnoweventhecorporatenamesakethemagazinecompanyTimeInc.hasafunerealatmosphereaboutit.Theentertainmentindustryisonlythelatestinwhichtheideaofverticalintegrationfailedtoliveuptoitspromise.Considertheexperiencesoftheautoindustry.HenryFordwasahugebelieverintheconcept.HisRiverRougeplantwhichoncebuilttheModelAhaditsownelectricityplantanditsownmillforturningironoreintosteel;thevastmajorityofthecomponentsthatwentintoitscarsweremadeonsite.Overtimehoweverthissoup-to-nutsstrategycametobeseenasinefficientcompaniescouldobtainbetterpricesandmoreflexibilitybydealingwithacompetingbandofoutsidesuppliers.Overtimeoncevertically-integratedcompanieslikeFordandGeneralMotorshavespunofftheirinternalsupplydivisiontoformstandalonecompaniesinanattempttotrytocreatetheflexibleleanersupplychainscreatedbyHondaandToyota.SowhatwasBigMedia’slegacyIt’sbadformofcoursetospeakillofthedepartedbutthemodelhasleftmostlyanegativemarkonthemedialandscapeandcorporateAmerica.BeforeitsdemisetheVerticallyIntegratedMediaConglomerate
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.8
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern
Technologicaldevelopmenthashistoricallybeenapowerfuldriverofglobalizationespeciallyoverthepasttwocenturies.Inagricultureinparticulartechnicalchangeunderpinnedtheindustrialrevolutionimprovementsinnutritionandasurgeinworldpopulation.Interactionsbetweenpopulationincreasesandtechnicalchangesinagricultureandindustrymostlysincethenineteenthcenturyconvergedtoexpandtradeandflowsoffinanceandlabor.Thesehavebeentheessenceofglobalization.Theintegrationoftheworldeconomywouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutthetechnologicaldevelopmentsinagriculturethatprovedwrongpredictionsoftheinevitabilityofworldfamine.Technologyfurthersupportedsignificantimprovementsinworldfoodproductionandfoodsecurity.Althoughsubstantialnumbersofpeoplearestillfoodinsecurethisisduenottolackofoverallproductionbutisrelatedtothelocationofproductionincomelevelsandaccesstofoodbycountrieshouseholdsandindividualslivingontheedgeofsubsistence.Sincethe1960sgrowthinworldfoodsuppliesoutpacedeventheunprecedentedincreasesinfooddemandcausedbyjumpsinincomesandthedoublingandredoublingofpopulation.Moreoveradditionalproductioncamefromvirtuallythesamecroplandbase.1.4billionhectaresoflandwasplantedtocropsin1961comparedwiththe1.5billionhectaresthatin1998yieldedtwicetheamountofgrainandoilseeds.Foodpricestoohavedeclinedtotheirlowestlevelsinhistory.Consumersareabletoeatbetterwhilespendinglessandlessoftheirbudgetsonfooddiversifyingdemandforothergoodsandservices.Changesindemandhavespurredcountries’specializationinproductionfuelingworldtradeandinvestmentflows.Thecurrentlyfavorabledynamicbalancebetweenoverallfoodsupplyanddemandwasnotinevitablehowever.Norshoulditbetakenforgrantedthatthebalancewillpersistwithoutpublicintervention.Progressinthepastcenturyresultedfromsuccessfulinteractionbetweenfarmersinputsuppliersandapubliclysupportedresearchandextensionsystemthatfurnishedinnovationsandknowledgetotheworldforfree.Littlelandnowremainsonwhichtoexpandagriculturalproductionsocropandlivestockyieldsmustcontinuetoincreaseforthenextseveraldecades.Productionmustbesustainedatthesemuchhigherlevelsfortheforeseeablefutureinthefaceofenvironmentalbiologicalandotherfactorsthatmayunderminepastgains.Thuscontinuedstrongperformanceinresearchandinnovationisessentialtomaintainfavorablefoodbalancesoverthenexthalfcentury.TechnicalchangesinagriculturehavebroughtallthefollowingbenefitsEXCEPT
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.2
Technologicaldevelopmenthashistoricallybeenapowerfuldriverofglobalizationespeciallyoverthepasttwocenturies.Inagricultureinparticulartechnicalchangeunderpinnedtheindustrialrevolutionimprovementsinnutritionandasurgeinworldpopulation.Interactionsbetweenpopulationincreasesandtechnicalchangesinagricultureandindustrymostlysincethenineteenthcenturyconvergedtoexpandtradeandflowsoffinanceandlabor.Thesehavebeentheessenceofglobalization.Theintegrationoftheworldeconomywouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutthetechnologicaldevelopmentsinagriculturethatprovedwrongpredictionsoftheinevitabilityofworldfamine.Technologyfurthersupportedsignificantimprovementsinworldfoodproductionandfoodsecurity.Althoughsubstantialnumbersofpeoplearestillfoodinsecurethisisduenottolackofoverallproductionbutisrelatedtothelocationofproductionincomelevelsandaccesstofoodbycountrieshouseholdsandindividualslivingontheedgeofsubsistence.Sincethe1960sgrowthinworldfoodsuppliesoutpacedeventheunprecedentedincreasesinfooddemandcausedbyjumpsinincomesandthedoublingandredoublingofpopulation.Moreoveradditionalproductioncamefromvirtuallythesamecroplandbase.1.4billionhectaresoflandwasplantedtocropsin1961comparedwiththe1.5billionhectaresthatin1998yieldedtwicetheamountofgrainandoilseeds.Foodpricestoohavedeclinedtotheirlowestlevelsinhistory.Consumersareabletoeatbetterwhilespendinglessandlessoftheirbudgetsonfooddiversifyingdemandforothergoodsandservices.Changesindemandhavespurredcountries’specializationinproductionfuelingworldtradeandinvestmentflows.Thecurrentlyfavorabledynamicbalancebetweenoverallfoodsupplyanddemandwasnotinevitablehowever.Norshoulditbetakenforgrantedthatthebalancewillpersistwithoutpublicintervention.Progressinthepastcenturyresultedfromsuccessfulinteractionbetweenfarmersinputsuppliersandapubliclysupportedresearchandextensionsystemthatfurnishedinnovationsandknowledgetotheworldforfree.Littlelandnowremainsonwhichtoexpandagriculturalproductionsocropandlivestockyieldsmustcontinuetoincreaseforthenextseveraldecades.Productionmustbesustainedatthesemuchhigherlevelsfortheforeseeablefutureinthefaceofenvironmentalbiologicalandotherfactorsthatmayunderminepastgains.Thuscontinuedstrongperformanceinresearchandinnovationisessentialtomaintainfavorablefoodbalancesoverthenexthalfcentury.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.18
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.6
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.4
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.12
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety.
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.16
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrinesfreedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturymostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwatersgenerallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshorelinewithinwhichithadtheauthoritybutnottheresponsibilitytoregulateallactivities.Butbecausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimitedmostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaterslargeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurposeincludingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizensnonationhadtheresponsibilitytocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.Andsincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseastherewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlargemarinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantprobleminpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognizedandpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreoverthefreedomtofishorover-fishwasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinallythetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresourcessuchasoildidnotyetexist.Todatecontrollingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylawbuttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.Firsttheestablishmentofextensivefisheryzonesextendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoasthasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunitycombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulationscouldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Secondtheinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Thusitwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.Fromthelastparagraphwelearnthattheextensionoffisheryzonesmaybeagoodthinginthat
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicallyrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt.Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective.Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemaylearnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’theoriesorpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsaretested;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgement.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownfallibility.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswe.wouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheailmentweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.Ethicalprinciplesaregenerallythoughttobe
WhenNewsweekrecentlyasked1000U.S.citizenstotakeAmerica’sofficialcitizenshiptest29percentcouldn’tnamethevicepresident.Seventy-threepercentcouldn’tcorrectlysaywhywefoughttheColdWar.Forty-fourpercentwereunabletodefinetheBillofRights.And6percentcouldn’tevencircleIndependenceDayonacalendar.Don’tgetuswrong:civicignoranceisnothingnew.Foraslongasthey’veexistedAmericanshavebeenmisunderstandingchecksandbalancesandmisidentifyingtheirsenators.Andthey’vebeenlamentingtheignoranceoftheirpeerseversincepollstersstartedpublishingthesedispiritingsurveysbackinHarryTruman’sday.AccordingtoastudybyMichaelX.DelliCarpinideanoftheAnnenbergSchoolforCommunicationtheyearlyshiftsincivicknowledgesinceWorldWarIIhaveaveragedouttoslightlyunder1percent.Buttheworldhaschanged.Andunfortunatelyit’sbecomingmoreandmoreinhospitabletoincuriousknow-nothings—likeus.Toappreciatetherisksinvolvedit’simportanttounderstandwhereAmericanignorancecomesfrom.InMarch2009theEuropeanJournalofCommunicationaskedcitizensofBritainDenmarkFinlandandtheU.S.toanswerquestionsoninternationalaffairs.TheEuropeansoutdidus.ItwasonlythelatestinaseriesofpollsthathaveshownuslaggingbehindourFirstWorldpeers.MostexpertsagreethattherelativecomplexityoftheU.S.politicalsystemmakesithardforAmericanstokeepup.InmanyEuropeancountriesparliamentshaveproportionalrepresentationandthemajoritypartyruleswithouthavingtosharepowerwithalotofsubnationalgovernmentsnotesYalepoliticalscientistJacobHacker.Incontrastwe’resaddledwithanonproportionalSenate;atangleofstatelocalandfederalbureaucracies;andnear-constantelectionsforeveryimaginableofficejudgesheriffschool-boardmemberandsoon.NobodyiscompetenttounderstanditallwhichyourealizeeverytimeyouvotesaysMichaelSchudsonauthorofTheGoodCitizen.Youknowyou’regoingtocomeupshortandthatdiscouragesyoufromlearningmore.Itdoesn’thelpthattheUnitedStateshasoneofthehighestlevelsofincomeinequalityinthedevelopedworldwiththetop400householdsrakinginmoremoneythanthebottom60percentcombined.AsDaltonConleyanNYUsociologistexplainsit’slikecomparingapplesandoranges.UnlikeDenmarkwehavealotofverypoorpeoplewithoutaccesstogoodeducationandahugeimmigrantpopulationthatdoesn’tevenspeakEnglish.Whensurveysfocusonwell-offnative-bornrespondentstheU.S.actuallyholdsitsownagainstEurope.FormorethantwocenturiesAmericanshavegottenawaywithnotknowingmuchabouttheworldaroundthem.Buttimeshavechanged—andthey’vechangedinwaysthatmakecivicignoranceabigproblemgoingforward.Wesufferfromalackofinformationratherthanalackofability.Whetherthat’satreatableafflictionoraterminalillnessremainstobeseen.Butnow’sthetimetostartsearchingforacure.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph3that
TherichestmaninAmericasteppedtothepodiumanddeclaredwaronthenation’sschoolsystems.Highschoolshadbecomeobsoleteandwerelimiting—evenruining—thelivesofmillionsofAmericanseveryyear.Thesituationhadbecomealmostshameful.BillGatesprep-schoolgradandcollegedropouthadcomebeforetheNationalGovernorsAssociationseekingconvertstohisplantodosomethingaboutit—aplanhewouldbackwith$2billionofhisowncash.Gates’sspeechinFebruary2005wasasignaturemomentinwhathasbecomeadecade-longcampaigntoimprovetestscoresandgraduationrateswagedbyalooseallianceofwealthyCEOswhoarrivedwithnoparticularbackgroundineducationpolicy—afactthathasledcriticstodismissthemasthebillionaireboys’club.Theirbetsonpoorurbanschoolshavebeenasbigastheiregosandtheirbankaccounts.Hasthisbigmoneymadethebigimpactthatthey—aswellasteachersadministratorsparentsandstudents—hopedforTheresultsthoughmixedaredispiritingproofthatmoneyalonecan’trepairthedesperatestateofurbaneducation.Forallthemillionsspentonreformsnineofthe10schooldistrictsstudiedsubstantiallytrailedtheirstate’sproficiencyandgraduationrates—oftenby10pointsormore.That’snottosaythattheurbandistrictsdidn’tmakegains.Thegoodnewsismanydidimproveandataratefasterthantheirstates’60percentofthetime—proofthatthebillionairesmadesomesolidbets.Butthosespikesupweren’tenoughtoerasethedeepgulfbetweenpoorinner-cityschoolswherethebiggiversfocusedandtheirsuburbanandruralcounterparts.Alotofthingswedodon’tworkoutadmittedBroadaproductofDetroitpublicschoolsandMichiganStatewhomadeafortuneinhomebuildingandfinancialservices:Butwecantakethecriticism.TheconfidencethatmarkedGates’slandmarkspeechtothegovernors’associationin2005hasgivenwaytohumility.Thebillionaireshavenotretreated.Buttheyhaveretooledandlearnedavaluablelessonabouttheirlimitations.It’ssohardinthiscountrytospreadgoodpractice.WhenwestartedfundingwehopeditwouldspreadmorereadilyacknowledgesVickiPhillipsthedirectorofK-12educationattheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation.Whatwelearnedisthattheonlythingsthatspreadwellinschoolarekids’viruses.ThebusinesstitansenteredtheeducationarenaconvincedthatAmerica’sschoolswouldbenefitgreatlyfromthetoolsoftheboardroom.Theysoughttoboostincentivesforimprovingperformancedeploynewtechnologiesandbackinnovatorswillingtoshatteroldorthodoxies.Theypressedtocloseschoolsthatwerefailingandsoughttolaunchnewsmallerones.Theysentprincipalstobootcamp.Battlingthelong-termworrythatthebestandbrightestpasseduptheclassroomformorelucrativeprofessionstheyopenedtheircheckbookstoboostteacherpay.Itwasanimpressiveamountofindustry.Andinsomeplacesithasworkedout—butwithunanticipatedcomplications.VickilPhillipsadmitsthat
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.20
Mourningthedeathofoneofitsownisperhapstheentertainmentindustry’smosttime-honoredtraditions.Afteranagonizingandprolongeddeclinethelong-sufferingVerticallyIntegratedMediaConglomeratepassedaway.It’sanideathatwasbornwhenTimeInc.mergedwithWarnerCommunicationsCorp.in1989toformTimeWarner.Itenduredastheindustry’sprevailingbusinessmodelfornearlyagenerationspawningsuchclonesandmongrelbreedsasViacomNewsCorpandGE’sNBCUniversal.Theverticallyintegratedmediaconglomeratewas—orwassupposedtobe—manyamazingthingsgivingahandfulofcompaniesunprecedentedpoweroverthemedia—andthechancetoearnoutsizedprofitsintheprocess.Butitsdefiningcharacteristicwasitssheersizeearningitafittingnickname.BigMedia.Butthetheorybehindthestrategyreliedonmorethansize.HousedunderoneroofasingleBigMediaentitywouldcontrolthemeansofproducinganddistributingmediacontentfrommagazineandbookstotelevisionshowsandmoviesfromcartoonsandthemeparkstosportsfranchisesandthecablenetworksthatcarrythegamestorecordedmusiclabelsandmusicpublishers.InTimeWarner’sprototypeofthemodelitwouldcontroleverythingfromthefirstletterofaTimemagazinestoryorWarnerBooksnoveltothelastalphabetofthecreditsattheendofaWarnerBrothersflickorHBOseriesbasedonthemagazinestoryorthebookdivision’sfiction.ForatimeTimeWarnerboastedawidearrayofmediaassets.Nomore.OnApril29inafilingwiththeSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionTimeWarnerCEOJeffBewkesofficiallyannouncedthedeathofBigMedia.HavingslicedoffWarnerMusicGroupafewyearsagoandTimeWarnerCablethisyearBewkesnotifiedtheSECthatheintendedtosoonspinoffAOL—itsgreatestexpansionaryefforttoachievemediagreatnessamovethatprovedlethal.AndnoweventhecorporatenamesakethemagazinecompanyTimeInc.hasafunerealatmosphereaboutit.Theentertainmentindustryisonlythelatestinwhichtheideaofverticalintegrationfailedtoliveuptoitspromise.Considertheexperiencesoftheautoindustry.HenryFordwasahugebelieverintheconcept.HisRiverRougeplantwhichoncebuilttheModelAhaditsownelectricityplantanditsownmillforturningironoreintosteel;thevastmajorityofthecomponentsthatwentintoitscarsweremadeonsite.Overtimehoweverthissoup-to-nutsstrategycametobeseenasinefficientcompaniescouldobtainbetterpricesandmoreflexibilitybydealingwithacompetingbandofoutsidesuppliers.Overtimeoncevertically-integratedcompanieslikeFordandGeneralMotorshavespunofftheirinternalsupplydivisiontoformstandalonecompaniesinanattempttotrytocreatetheflexibleleanersupplychainscreatedbyHondaandToyota.SowhatwasBigMedia’slegacyIt’sbadformofcoursetospeakillofthedepartedbutthemodelhasleftmostlyanegativemarkonthemedialandscapeandcorporateAmerica.TheexperienceofBigMedia
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.14
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrinesfreedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturymostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwatersgenerallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshorelinewithinwhichithadtheauthoritybutnottheresponsibilitytoregulateallactivities.Butbecausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimitedmostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaterslargeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurposeincludingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizensnonationhadtheresponsibilitytocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.Andsincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseastherewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlargemarinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantprobleminpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognizedandpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreoverthefreedomtofishorover-fishwasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinallythetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresourcessuchasoildidnotyetexist.Todatecontrollingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylawbuttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.Firsttheestablishmentofextensivefisheryzonesextendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoasthasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunitycombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulationscouldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Secondtheinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Thusitwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.Theauthorsuggestsinthethirdparagraphthatbeforethemid-twentiethcenturymostnations’actionsindicatedthat
WhenNewsweekrecentlyasked1000U.S.citizenstotakeAmerica’sofficialcitizenshiptest29percentcouldn’tnamethevicepresident.Seventy-threepercentcouldn’tcorrectlysaywhywefoughttheColdWar.Forty-fourpercentwereunabletodefinetheBillofRights.And6percentcouldn’tevencircleIndependenceDayonacalendar.Don’tgetuswrong:civicignoranceisnothingnew.Foraslongasthey’veexistedAmericanshavebeenmisunderstandingchecksandbalancesandmisidentifyingtheirsenators.Andthey’vebeenlamentingtheignoranceoftheirpeerseversincepollstersstartedpublishingthesedispiritingsurveysbackinHarryTruman’sday.AccordingtoastudybyMichaelX.DelliCarpinideanoftheAnnenbergSchoolforCommunicationtheyearlyshiftsincivicknowledgesinceWorldWarIIhaveaveragedouttoslightlyunder1percent.Buttheworldhaschanged.Andunfortunatelyit’sbecomingmoreandmoreinhospitabletoincuriousknow-nothings—likeus.Toappreciatetherisksinvolvedit’simportanttounderstandwhereAmericanignorancecomesfrom.InMarch2009theEuropeanJournalofCommunicationaskedcitizensofBritainDenmarkFinlandandtheU.S.toanswerquestionsoninternationalaffairs.TheEuropeansoutdidus.ItwasonlythelatestinaseriesofpollsthathaveshownuslaggingbehindourFirstWorldpeers.MostexpertsagreethattherelativecomplexityoftheU.S.politicalsystemmakesithardforAmericanstokeepup.InmanyEuropeancountriesparliamentshaveproportionalrepresentationandthemajoritypartyruleswithouthavingtosharepowerwithalotofsubnationalgovernmentsnotesYalepoliticalscientistJacobHacker.Incontrastwe’resaddledwithanonproportionalSenate;atangleofstatelocalandfederalbureaucracies;andnear-constantelectionsforeveryimaginableofficejudgesheriffschool-boardmemberandsoon.NobodyiscompetenttounderstanditallwhichyourealizeeverytimeyouvotesaysMichaelSchudsonauthorofTheGoodCitizen.Youknowyou’regoingtocomeupshortandthatdiscouragesyoufromlearningmore.Itdoesn’thelpthattheUnitedStateshasoneofthehighestlevelsofincomeinequalityinthedevelopedworldwiththetop400householdsrakinginmoremoneythanthebottom60percentcombined.AsDaltonConleyanNYUsociologistexplainsit’slikecomparingapplesandoranges.UnlikeDenmarkwehavealotofverypoorpeoplewithoutaccesstogoodeducationandahugeimmigrantpopulationthatdoesn’tevenspeakEnglish.Whensurveysfocusonwell-offnative-bornrespondentstheU.S.actuallyholdsitsownagainstEurope.FormorethantwocenturiesAmericanshavegottenawaywithnotknowingmuchabouttheworldaroundthem.Buttimeshavechanged—andthey’vechangedinwaysthatmakecivicignoranceabigproblemgoingforward.Wesufferfromalackofinformationratherthanalackofability.Whetherthat’satreatableafflictionoraterminalillnessremainstobeseen.Butnow’sthetimetostartsearchingforacure.Paragraphs4and5arewrittento
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicallyrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt.Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective.Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemaylearnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’theoriesorpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsaretested;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgement.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownfallibility.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswe.wouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheailmentweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.Theauthorassertsthatthetruevalueofethicaltheoryliesin
Technologicaldevelopmenthashistoricallybeenapowerfuldriverofglobalizationespeciallyoverthepasttwocenturies.Inagricultureinparticulartechnicalchangeunderpinnedtheindustrialrevolutionimprovementsinnutritionandasurgeinworldpopulation.Interactionsbetweenpopulationincreasesandtechnicalchangesinagricultureandindustrymostlysincethenineteenthcenturyconvergedtoexpandtradeandflowsoffinanceandlabor.Thesehavebeentheessenceofglobalization.Theintegrationoftheworldeconomywouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutthetechnologicaldevelopmentsinagriculturethatprovedwrongpredictionsoftheinevitabilityofworldfamine.Technologyfurthersupportedsignificantimprovementsinworldfoodproductionandfoodsecurity.Althoughsubstantialnumbersofpeoplearestillfoodinsecurethisisduenottolackofoverallproductionbutisrelatedtothelocationofproductionincomelevelsandaccesstofoodbycountrieshouseholdsandindividualslivingontheedgeofsubsistence.Sincethe1960sgrowthinworldfoodsuppliesoutpacedeventheunprecedentedincreasesinfooddemandcausedbyjumpsinincomesandthedoublingandredoublingofpopulation.Moreoveradditionalproductioncamefromvirtuallythesamecroplandbase.1.4billionhectaresoflandwasplantedtocropsin1961comparedwiththe1.5billionhectaresthatin1998yieldedtwicetheamountofgrainandoilseeds.Foodpricestoohavedeclinedtotheirlowestlevelsinhistory.Consumersareabletoeatbetterwhilespendinglessandlessoftheirbudgetsonfooddiversifyingdemandforothergoodsandservices.Changesindemandhavespurredcountries’specializationinproductionfuelingworldtradeandinvestmentflows.Thecurrentlyfavorabledynamicbalancebetweenoverallfoodsupplyanddemandwasnotinevitablehowever.Norshoulditbetakenforgrantedthatthebalancewillpersistwithoutpublicintervention.Progressinthepastcenturyresultedfromsuccessfulinteractionbetweenfarmersinputsuppliersandapubliclysupportedresearchandextensionsystemthatfurnishedinnovationsandknowledgetotheworldforfree.Littlelandnowremainsonwhichtoexpandagriculturalproductionsocropandlivestockyieldsmustcontinuetoincreaseforthenextseveraldecades.Productionmustbesustainedatthesemuchhigherlevelsfortheforeseeablefutureinthefaceofenvironmentalbiologicalandotherfactorsthatmayunderminepastgains.Thuscontinuedstrongperformanceinresearchandinnovationisessentialtomaintainfavorablefoodbalancesoverthenexthalfcentury.Whathavebeenthedrivingforcesofglobalizationaccordingtotheauthor
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed.
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicallyrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt.Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective.Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemaylearnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’theoriesorpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsaretested;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgement.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownfallibility.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswe.wouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheailmentweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatwemaylearnmoralprinciplesthehardway
AsanadultIchoosetoflippagesnotchannels.Afterfouryearsofnotwatchingthetubeandtwoyearsofnotowningonetheempiricalevidenceisin:MylifeisbetterwithoutaTV.Here’swhy. TVconsumesanenormousamountoftime Let’sdothemath.Accordingtoa2009NielsonstudytheaverageamountoftimeanAmericanspendswatchingTVisaroundfivehoursperday!Fivehours!Excludingtimespentsleepingthismeanstheaveragepersonisspendingathirdoftheirdaydistractedordownrightcomatose.Byextensionthisworksouttomorethan3.5months15weeksofnonstopTVwatchingeachyear. 41TVnewsisapoorwaytobeinformed TVnewsjustlyreceivesmuchcriticism.Ithasfollowedthepathofprofessionalwrestling:oncegenuineyetnowmostlyforentertainment. 42TVhindersthedevelopmentofrelationships 43TVhastoomanycommercials Theaverage30minuteslotoftelevisionprogramminghas8~9minutesofcommercials. 44TVisn’tthathardtogetridof Youmightthink"Icouldn’tpossiblyquitwatching."Firstlyyoudon’tneedto.TherearealternativesincludingdownloadingtheshoworwatchingitonDVDbothofwhichofferstop/playcontrolwithnocommercialinterruptions.Secondlyit’sreallynotthathardtogiveupashow.They’renotlikenicotine.There’snochemicaldependence. 45TVsarethelastnon-portablerelic Forthemostpartwe’vemanagedtomakeourtechnologymobile. Nowdon’tgetmewrong.Ivalueentertainmentandrelaxationasmuchasthenextperson.ThereareshowsIdownloadandwatchregularlysumminguptoperhapsfourhoursperweek.Thetruthisonceyoutargetafewspecificshowsandcutoutcommercialsthere’sreallynotthatmuchtowatch. SosavetimelearnsomethingnewtrysomethingdifferentbuildyourrelationshipsandforyourownsaketurnofftheTV. [A]Sureyoumightgetdisappointedthefirsttimeyou’releftoutofaconversationaboutlastnight’sepisodebutyoucanoffsetthisdisappointmentbytellingpeopleabouthowyoulearnttohangglideinstead.I’velikedalotofTVshowsbutI’veneverseenonethatwasn’tcompletelydisposableatanygivenminute. [B]Internetandphoneservicesareavailablealmosteverywhere.TVsincontrastarelikethecoil-cordedphonesofthepastkeepingpeoplecoopedupindoorsgluedtothecouch.AstationaryTVsetsencouragesasedentarylifestylethatseldomservesuswell. [C]Gettingnewsfromarollingticker滚动新闻条oratalkingheadislikegoingtoarestaurantandwaitingpatientlytobeservedwheneverthestaffgetsaroundtoit.Newsshouldbereadyondemand.WiththeInternetitis.WithTVyouwait.Iftheyhaveastoryaboutakittencaughtinatreeyouendureitlestyoumissaminuteofsomethingthatisactuallyrelevanttoyou. [D]Basedonourearliercalculationsthiscanworkouttomorethanamontheachyearspentwatchingadvertisements.Bookshavenoadvertisements.EvenadsontheInternetcanquicklybeignoredifthey’reofnorelevance.TVadsincontrastaretimewastersthatareforceduponyou. [E]AtonepointIwasabletorecountmyfavoriteepisodewordbyword.Bywatchingtheserepeatsyoudon’tevengettohearauniquejokeorlearnsomethingnew.TVrerunsaretimewastersnotonlyareyouveggingout慵懒发呆you’realsonottakinginanythingnovel. [F]TimespentwatchingTVistimeyou’renotenjoyingqualityexperienceswithfriendsandfamily.Insteadoftubetimetrysomethingnewandoutoftheordinarywiththepeopleinyourlife.Playbilliards.Flyakite.Orjusttalktoeachother 44
AsanadultIchoosetoflippagesnotchannels.Afterfouryearsofnotwatchingthetubeandtwoyearsofnotowningonetheempiricalevidenceisin:MylifeisbetterwithoutaTV.Here’swhy. TVconsumesanenormousamountoftime Let’sdothemath.Accordingtoa2009NielsonstudytheaverageamountoftimeanAmericanspendswatchingTVisaroundfivehoursperday!Fivehours!Excludingtimespentsleepingthismeanstheaveragepersonisspendingathirdoftheirdaydistractedordownrightcomatose.Byextensionthisworksouttomorethan3.5months15weeksofnonstopTVwatchingeachyear. 41TVnewsisapoorwaytobeinformed TVnewsjustlyreceivesmuchcriticism.Ithasfollowedthepathofprofessionalwrestling:oncegenuineyetnowmostlyforentertainment. 42TVhindersthedevelopmentofrelationships 43TVhastoomanycommercials Theaverage30minuteslotoftelevisionprogramminghas8~9minutesofcommercials. 44TVisn’tthathardtogetridof Youmightthink"Icouldn’tpossiblyquitwatching."Firstlyyoudon’tneedto.TherearealternativesincludingdownloadingtheshoworwatchingitonDVDbothofwhichofferstop/playcontrolwithnocommercialinterruptions.Secondlyit’sreallynotthathardtogiveupashow.They’renotlikenicotine.There’snochemicaldependence. 45TVsarethelastnon-portablerelic Forthemostpartwe’vemanagedtomakeourtechnologymobile. Nowdon’tgetmewrong.Ivalueentertainmentandrelaxationasmuchasthenextperson.ThereareshowsIdownloadandwatchregularlysumminguptoperhapsfourhoursperweek.Thetruthisonceyoutargetafewspecificshowsandcutoutcommercialsthere’sreallynotthatmuchtowatch. SosavetimelearnsomethingnewtrysomethingdifferentbuildyourrelationshipsandforyourownsaketurnofftheTV. [A]Sureyoumightgetdisappointedthefirsttimeyou’releftoutofaconversationaboutlastnight’sepisodebutyoucanoffsetthisdisappointmentbytellingpeopleabouthowyoulearnttohangglideinstead.I’velikedalotofTVshowsbutI’veneverseenonethatwasn’tcompletelydisposableatanygivenminute. [B]Internetandphoneservicesareavailablealmosteverywhere.TVsincontrastarelikethecoil-cordedphonesofthepastkeepingpeoplecoopedupindoorsgluedtothecouch.AstationaryTVsetsencouragesasedentarylifestylethatseldomservesuswell. [C]Gettingnewsfromarollingticker滚动新闻条oratalkingheadislikegoingtoarestaurantandwaitingpatientlytobeservedwheneverthestaffgetsaroundtoit.Newsshouldbereadyondemand.WiththeInternetitis.WithTVyouwait.Iftheyhaveastoryaboutakittencaughtinatreeyouendureitlestyoumissaminuteofsomethingthatisactuallyrelevanttoyou. [D]Basedonourearliercalculationsthiscanworkouttomorethanamontheachyearspentwatchingadvertisements.Bookshavenoadvertisements.EvenadsontheInternetcanquicklybeignoredifthey’reofnorelevance.TVadsincontrastaretimewastersthatareforceduponyou. [E]AtonepointIwasabletorecountmyfavoriteepisodewordbyword.Bywatchingtheserepeatsyoudon’tevengettohearauniquejokeorlearnsomethingnew.TVrerunsaretimewastersnotonlyareyouveggingout慵懒发呆you’realsonottakinginanythingnovel. [F]TimespentwatchingTVistimeyou’renotenjoyingqualityexperienceswithfriendsandfamily.Insteadoftubetimetrysomethingnewandoutoftheordinarywiththepeopleinyourlife.Playbilliards.Flyakite.Orjusttalktoeachother 42
Directions: Writeanessayofaround200wordsentitled"Responsibility"basedonthefollowingpicture.Youshouldinterpretthepictureanddiscusshowuniversitystudentscanhelpaclassmateaddictedtocomputergamesandhowwecanpreventyoungpeoplefrombecomingvictimsofexcessiveplaying.
Mourningthedeathofoneofitsownisperhapstheentertainmentindustry’smosttime-honoredtraditions.Afteranagonizingandprolongeddeclinethelong-sufferingVerticallyIntegratedMediaConglomeratepassedaway.It’sanideathatwasbornwhenTimeInc.mergedwithWarnerCommunicationsCorp.in1989toformTimeWarner.Itenduredastheindustry’sprevailingbusinessmodelfornearlyagenerationspawningsuchclonesandmongrelbreedsasViacomNewsCorpandGE’sNBCUniversal.Theverticallyintegratedmediaconglomeratewas—orwassupposedtobe—manyamazingthingsgivingahandfulofcompaniesunprecedentedpoweroverthemedia—andthechancetoearnoutsizedprofitsintheprocess.Butitsdefiningcharacteristicwasitssheersizeearningitafittingnickname.BigMedia.Butthetheorybehindthestrategyreliedonmorethansize.HousedunderoneroofasingleBigMediaentitywouldcontrolthemeansofproducinganddistributingmediacontentfrommagazineandbookstotelevisionshowsandmoviesfromcartoonsandthemeparkstosportsfranchisesandthecablenetworksthatcarrythegamestorecordedmusiclabelsandmusicpublishers.InTimeWarner’sprototypeofthemodelitwouldcontroleverythingfromthefirstletterofaTimemagazinestoryorWarnerBooksnoveltothelastalphabetofthecreditsattheendofaWarnerBrothersflickorHBOseriesbasedonthemagazinestoryorthebookdivision’sfiction.ForatimeTimeWarnerboastedawidearrayofmediaassets.Nomore.OnApril29inafilingwiththeSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionTimeWarnerCEOJeffBewkesofficiallyannouncedthedeathofBigMedia.HavingslicedoffWarnerMusicGroupafewyearsagoandTimeWarnerCablethisyearBewkesnotifiedtheSECthatheintendedtosoonspinoffAOL—itsgreatestexpansionaryefforttoachievemediagreatnessamovethatprovedlethal.AndnoweventhecorporatenamesakethemagazinecompanyTimeInc.hasafunerealatmosphereaboutit.Theentertainmentindustryisonlythelatestinwhichtheideaofverticalintegrationfailedtoliveuptoitspromise.Considertheexperiencesoftheautoindustry.HenryFordwasahugebelieverintheconcept.HisRiverRougeplantwhichoncebuilttheModelAhaditsownelectricityplantanditsownmillforturningironoreintosteel;thevastmajorityofthecomponentsthatwentintoitscarsweremadeonsite.Overtimehoweverthissoup-to-nutsstrategycametobeseenasinefficientcompaniescouldobtainbetterpricesandmoreflexibilitybydealingwithacompetingbandofoutsidesuppliers.Overtimeoncevertically-integratedcompanieslikeFordandGeneralMotorshavespunofftheirinternalsupplydivisiontoformstandalonecompaniesinanattempttotrytocreatetheflexibleleanersupplychainscreatedbyHondaandToyota.SowhatwasBigMedia’slegacyIt’sbadformofcoursetospeakillofthedepartedbutthemodelhasleftmostlyanegativemarkonthemedialandscapeandcorporateAmerica.WhatisessentiallywrongwithBigMediaaccordingtotheauthor
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