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Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenina wrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizethese paragraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineach numberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouin Boxes.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. [A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountains nearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthe vastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamilies perished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierra NevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyfor themitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmost desolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwas the49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]Thecompletion oftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalso broughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotheranchers whowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightcars. Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnow stretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedfor stealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank. Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyon theirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts mountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodno chance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndians wouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveand resourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwas givenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadone ofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.Congressdecidedthatthelayingof thetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothe buildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraph systemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplains progressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsor bridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867. Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarkthe occasion.[E]Desertsmountainsandforestsarestillthe frontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulated wildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymore than500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasand Reno.[F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusioned soldiersunabletofindworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydid notfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.Itwastheywho foundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorand courageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsinthe USA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeing withoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowing acourageandanenterprisewhichisun-usualinmostoftheolderEuropean countries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedy inaspeechtothenationspokeofthisNewFrontier.Thefrontierspirit certainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentof allfrontierstobecrossed.
Text3 Averyimportantworldproblemifnot themostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemoment istheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimited amountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehuge populationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inan earlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth. Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggering figureof90millionin1988alone.Thismeansthattheworldmustaccommodatea newpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythree years!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexperts believethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50 years.Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecoming knownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl— DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthe doctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowould havediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyof technologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswell asthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherate atwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreaching seventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyis becomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethis representsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisisthe verydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalon theplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreatto mankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhich keephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimate andtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromthe seasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuring therewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffecton thebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedial action.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosion arecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenough tolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinan areaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountries dohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofricher countriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundred timestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.Most peopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeat thehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-styles donotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareof therequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackinto naturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropical forestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroying thematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesof thatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmerican forestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnited Statescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheaper cardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailand forestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingapore andJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycause moretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforest itself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefuture ofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareofthe effecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itis veryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmost aggressiveenemy—man.Whichofthefollowingrecommendationsmightbemadebytheauthor
Directions: Youareabouttograduatefromauniversityinthecomingmonth.Rightnowyouaredoingsomejobhunting.WritealetterofapplicationtoanAmericanbankinyourcityto 1introduceyourselfbrieflyand 2expressyourwishtojointhecompany. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenina wrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizethese paragraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineach numberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouin Boxes.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. [A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountains nearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthe vastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamilies perished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierra NevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyfor themitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmost desolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwas the49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]Thecompletion oftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalso broughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotheranchers whowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightcars. Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnow stretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedfor stealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank. Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyon theirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts mountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodno chance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndians wouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveand resourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwas givenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadone ofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.Congressdecidedthatthelayingof thetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothe buildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraph systemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplains progressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsor bridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867. Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarkthe occasion.[E]Desertsmountainsandforestsarestillthe frontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulated wildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymore than500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasand Reno.[F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusioned soldiersunabletofindworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydid notfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.Itwastheywho foundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorand courageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsinthe USA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeing withoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowing acourageandanenterprisewhichisun-usualinmostoftheolderEuropean countries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedy inaspeechtothenationspokeofthisNewFrontier.Thefrontierspirit certainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentof allfrontierstobecrossed.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentify thecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshave thoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocial conditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshowever haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasand activitiesduringthesameperiod.47Furthermoretheideologicalorigins offeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhen historiansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurring withintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthena trulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeminist activistswhohavebeendescribedassolitaryandindividualtheoristswere inrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalready popularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedin thefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848. 48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentof nineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographical focusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeof socialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentof feminism.Theearliestandmostpopularoftheutopian socialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.Thespecificallyfeministpartof Saint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontribution toearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthe centralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’ energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstood Saint-Simonianism.Moreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedto Saint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFrance andtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.49Saint-Simon’s followersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationof hisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleof spiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaleto representreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarity reflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthat therewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesaw anequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheir utopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionof sexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthat individualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandthey ascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50The envisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwould enterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenas wellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
Text2 Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.From July1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowill restaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanoneper-sonusesthem. England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.Theotherthreebitsofthe UnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspaces andthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWestern Europe.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionis finallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus.Butbehindthis public-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmore likelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsand la-borerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessional classessmokebut42%ofunskilledworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20 cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%of singlemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher; forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshas beenhearditseemsbutnotbyall.Havingdefeatedthebig killersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthe developedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfrom howindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthe samepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsof unhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder—job prestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatand unfitandtodrinktoomuch.Thattemptsgovernmentstoshout everlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydoso moreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermore thaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandthe unemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Another reasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaim notonlytoimprovesome-thingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.Athird isthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthose whohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarmingly costly.Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointless evencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignore measuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoare alreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernment pronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautious marginoferrorbuiltin.Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingthe rootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.Marmotwhocitesresearchongroups asdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnominees thehigherratesofillhealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbe attributedtowhathecallsthestatussyndrome.Peopleinprivileged positionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthe will-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’s healthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanby targetingbehaviordirectly.Somepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocial cohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebigger undertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveand quieter.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforBritain’saggressivenessinthepublic-healthcampaign
Text2 Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.From July1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowill restaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanoneper-sonusesthem. England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.Theotherthreebitsofthe UnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspaces andthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWestern Europe.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionis finallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus.Butbehindthis public-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmore likelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsand la-borerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessional classessmokebut42%ofunskilledworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20 cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%of singlemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher; forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshas beenhearditseemsbutnotbyall.Havingdefeatedthebig killersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthe developedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfrom howindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthe samepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsof unhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder—job prestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatand unfitandtodrinktoomuch.Thattemptsgovernmentstoshout everlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydoso moreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermore thaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandthe unemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Another reasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaim notonlytoimprovesome-thingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.Athird isthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthose whohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarmingly costly.Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointless evencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignore measuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoare alreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernment pronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautious marginoferrorbuiltin.Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingthe rootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.Marmotwhocitesresearchongroups asdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnominees thehigherratesofillhealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbe attributedtowhathecallsthestatussyndrome.Peopleinprivileged positionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthe will-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’s healthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanby targetingbehaviordirectly.Somepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocial cohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebigger undertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveand quieter.Theauthorseemstobesuspiciousofthepublic-healthsuccessbecause
Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenina wrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizethese paragraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineach numberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouin Boxes.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. [A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountains nearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthe vastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamilies perished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierra NevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyfor themitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmost desolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwas the49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]Thecompletion oftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalso broughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotheranchers whowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightcars. Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnow stretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedfor stealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank. Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyon theirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts mountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodno chance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndians wouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveand resourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwas givenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadone ofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.Congressdecidedthatthelayingof thetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothe buildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraph systemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplains progressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsor bridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867. Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarkthe occasion.[E]Desertsmountainsandforestsarestillthe frontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulated wildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymore than500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasand Reno.[F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusioned soldiersunabletofindworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydid notfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.Itwastheywho foundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorand courageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsinthe USA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeing withoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowing acourageandanenterprisewhichisun-usualinmostoftheolderEuropean countries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedy inaspeechtothenationspokeofthisNewFrontier.Thefrontierspirit certainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentof allfrontierstobecrossed.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfear andhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutliving incoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStates getstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantslivein largeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacaste systemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenand aworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyare consideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurare stungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreaction calledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcan damagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanical equipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyas fireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyon largeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Even thoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybe beneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescan reducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexample theypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsand budworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedto beaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fire antsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsare consideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—we hadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand 1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethat completeeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anew long-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassical biologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnited Statesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.Classicalbiological controlinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsin SouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnative plantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulation intheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundanthere thaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthis approach.Thewordcasteline4paragraph1mostprobablymeans
Text3 Averyimportantworldproblemifnot themostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemoment istheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimited amountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehuge populationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inan earlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth. Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggering figureof90millionin1988alone.Thismeansthattheworldmustaccommodatea newpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythree years!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexperts believethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50 years.Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecoming knownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl— DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthe doctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowould havediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyof technologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswell asthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherate atwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreaching seventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyis becomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethis representsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisisthe verydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalon theplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreatto mankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhich keephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimate andtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromthe seasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuring therewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffecton thebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedial action.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosion arecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenough tolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinan areaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountries dohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofricher countriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundred timestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.Most peopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeat thehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-styles donotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareof therequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackinto naturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropical forestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroying thematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesof thatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmerican forestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnited Statescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheaper cardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailand forestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingapore andJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycause moretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforest itself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefuture ofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareofthe effecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itis veryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmost aggressiveenemy—man.Paragraph2iswritteninthepassage
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfear andhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutliving incoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStates getstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantslivein largeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacaste systemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenand aworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyare consideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurare stungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreaction calledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcan damagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanical equipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyas fireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyon largeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Even thoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybe beneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescan reducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexample theypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsand budworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedto beaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fire antsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsare consideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—we hadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand 1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethat completeeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anew long-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassical biologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnited Statesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.Classicalbiological controlinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsin SouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnative plantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulation intheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundanthere thaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthis approach.Theauthor’stoneintalkingaboutfireantsintheUSseemstobe
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Text4 Itishardtoboxagainstasouthpaw asApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofan interminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantage ofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handed peoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.And thesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuch astennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessis thatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathas concentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan. Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallother vertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180° relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthe bodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyis usuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthan right-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sporting advantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handed-nessposesa problemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondof theUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.Asthey reportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantage seeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfights enhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreased reproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportion ofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-hand-ed withtheadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbea higherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolence sincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr FaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fighting inmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthat isunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymond decidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthe levelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandeven goingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthatthe proportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwith itshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexample wasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.Rai-dingandwarfarearecentral toYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyear comparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieand DrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speaking peopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly 0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationis left-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handed peoplearemoreviolentthantheright-hand-editlooksasthoughtheyaremore successfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthe wordsinister.Traditionalbiologistsmightbelievethefollowingexcept
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Text4 Itishardtoboxagainstasouthpaw asApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofan interminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantage ofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handed peoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.And thesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuch astennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessis thatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathas concentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan. Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallother vertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180° relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthe bodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyis usuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthan right-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sporting advantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handed-nessposesa problemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondof theUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.Asthey reportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantage seeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfights enhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreased reproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportion ofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-hand-ed withtheadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbea higherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolence sincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr FaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fighting inmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthat isunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymond decidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthe levelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandeven goingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthatthe proportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwith itshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexample wasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.Rai-dingandwarfarearecentral toYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyear comparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieand DrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speaking peopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly 0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationis left-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handed peoplearemoreviolentthantheright-hand-editlooksasthoughtheyaremore successfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthe wordsinister.Thetwodoctorsmightsupportwhichofthefollowingstatements
Text3 Averyimportantworldproblemifnot themostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemoment istheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimited amountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehuge populationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inan earlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth. Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggering figureof90millionin1988alone.Thismeansthattheworldmustaccommodatea newpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythree years!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexperts believethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50 years.Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecoming knownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl— DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthe doctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowould havediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyof technologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswell asthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherate atwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreaching seventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyis becomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethis representsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisisthe verydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalon theplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreatto mankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhich keephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimate andtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromthe seasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuring therewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffecton thebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedial action.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosion arecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenough tolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinan areaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountries dohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofricher countriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundred timestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.Most peopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeat thehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-styles donotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareof therequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackinto naturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropical forestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroying thematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesof thatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmerican forestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnited Statescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheaper cardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailand forestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingapore andJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycause moretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforest itself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefuture ofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareofthe effecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itis veryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmost aggressiveenemy—man.Inparagraph3whichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasareasonforareductionindeathrates
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfear andhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutliving incoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStates getstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantslivein largeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacaste systemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenand aworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyare consideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurare stungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreaction calledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcan damagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanical equipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyas fireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyon largeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Even thoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybe beneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescan reducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexample theypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsand budworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedto beaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fire antsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsare consideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—we hadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand 1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethat completeeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anew long-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassical biologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnited Statesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.Classicalbiological controlinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsin SouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnative plantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulation intheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundanthere thaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthis approach.Thatfireantspreyonbollwormsandbudwormsismentionedtoshowthat
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentify thecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshave thoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocial conditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshowever haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasand activitiesduringthesameperiod.47Furthermoretheideologicalorigins offeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhen historiansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurring withintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthena trulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeminist activistswhohavebeendescribedassolitaryandindividualtheoristswere inrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalready popularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedin thefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848. 48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentof nineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographical focusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeof socialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentof feminism.Theearliestandmostpopularoftheutopian socialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.Thespecificallyfeministpartof Saint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontribution toearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthe centralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’ energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstood Saint-Simonianism.Moreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedto Saint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFrance andtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.49Saint-Simon’s followersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationof hisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleof spiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaleto representreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarity reflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthat therewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesaw anequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheir utopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionof sexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthat individualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandthey ascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50The envisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwould enterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenas wellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
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