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蔡元培就任北京大学校长后提出以( )为办学方针。
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蔡元培自1916年任北京大学校长后采取的办学方针
1917年出任北京大学校长的是
李大钊
陈独秀
蔡元培
胡适
1917年就任北京大学校长对学校进行全面改革的是
胡适
蔡元培
严复
蒋梦麟
材料一京师大学堂遗址材料二1917年蔡元培出任北京大学校长上任伊始他就大刀阔斧整顿北大北大很快就成为
【历史——选修4中外历史人物评说】15分第12小题分别为4分11分 材料 蔡元培在德国
16.新文化运动兴起的重要标志是
蔡元培任北京大学校长
鲁迅发表《狂人日记》
陈独秀创办《青年杂志》
胡适发表《文学改良刍议》
1918年歌谣研究会创办了歌谣周刊对发表的适合于儿童歌唱的歌谣冠以儿歌之名倡导者中除了沈尹默刘半农等
周作人
蔡元培
赵景深
叶圣陶
.【历史——选修4中外历史人物评说】15分材料蔡元培在德国留学期间发现德国大学校长和各科学长都是每年
北京大学已经成为国家培养高素质创造性人才的摇篮科学研究的前沿和知识创新的重要基地和国际交流的重要桥梁
北京大学作为新文化运动的中心
北京大学作为中国__最早的活动基地
北京大学初名京师大学堂，是中国第一所国立综合性大学
教育和民主主义革命家蔡元培出任北京大学校长
对就任北京大学校长之演说一文下面说法中错误的一项是
本文是蔡元培在就任北大校长时的演讲辞，他演讲的主要目的是针对当时道德日益沦丧的社会现实。
从这篇演讲辞中，我们可以看出蔡元培先生重视良好的学风、注重人的品德修养，推重人人以礼相待的教育观念。
从这篇讲辞中，可以看出蔡元培先生力求改变不良世风，力求营造文明向上的社会氛围的忧国思想。
从蔡元培先生对北大青年学子的劝诫中，我们可知，当时的青年学子也受到了当时颓俗的社会风气的影响，沾染了很多不良习气。
北京大学校长蔡元培提出无论何种学派苟其言之成理持之有故尚不达自然淘汰之命运即使彼此相反也听他们自由发
新旧文化学派之间的争论
资产阶级思想文化在北大传播
守旧派宣传“尊王”“尊孔”
学术研究，消除意识形态分歧
蔡元培任北京大学校长期间北大成为新文化运动主要活动基地主要是因为他
率先提出民主和科学的口号
提出“思想自由,兼容并包”的办学方针
第一个举起文学革命的大旗
对封建礼教进行最猛烈的批判
蔡元培先生在我是怎样做北京大学校长的里称我们第一要改革的是学生的观念尤其北京大学的学生是从京师大学堂
反对复古尊孔潮流
传播民主科学思想
造就现代知识分子
维护民主共和制度
思想自由兼容并包是近代民主教育家在任北京大学校长时倡导的教育思想
蔡元培在担任北京大学校长期间采取了兼容并包的办学方针这在当时的最主要意义是
使各种思想能够平等竞争
吸收消化“尊孔复古”的思想
鼓励新思想新文化的发展
缓和各种思想的矛盾
北京大学是我们每个同学向往的名牌大学新文化运动时期担任北京大学校长并提出兼容并包思想自由办学方针的是
陈独秀
李大钊
蔡元培
胡适
在北京大学改革中蔡元培贯彻了______________的办学原则
【历史——选修4中外历史人物评说】15分 材料 蔡元培在德国留学期间发现德国大学校长和各科学长都是
最早提出把服务社会作为大学重要职能的是
柏林洪堡大学创始人威廉·冯·洪堡
北京大学校长蔡元培
威斯康星大学校长范·海斯
美国著名教育家哈佛大学校长科南特
8.阅读以下图文材料用简洁的语言描述此校徽并写出其内涵5分创立于1898年的北京大学初名京师大学堂1
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Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.FromthepassagewecaninferthatFeng-ShuiisNOTusedin______.
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly; 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3stateyourpointsofview. YonshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.AccordingtotheauthoronceonMarsastronautsgeologistsandbiologists
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Abouthowlonghavesharkslivedontheplanet
Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.InancientGreecetheOlympicGames______.
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.GeomantsthinkthatthereasonforBruceLee’sdeathisthat______.
Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.TheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics______.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.GeorgeBush’scomparisonofLewisandClark’sexpeditionandaMarsmissionismentioned
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.WearealsotoldthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ThehabitofreflectionhelpedLincoln______.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Howdidenvironmentalistsmanagetoprotectdolphins
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesgeomancy
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.Nowadaystheathletes’expensesarepaidfor______.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.Scientistsaresurethat
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
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