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石膏入汤剂宜（）
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入汤剂宜后下的药物是
钩藤
砂仁
薄荷
肉桂
石膏
入汤剂宜包煎的药是
石膏
麻黄
车前子
阿胶
人参
入汤剂宜先煎的药有
石膏
附子
石决明
代赭石
下列药物用法错误的是
石斛入汤剂宜先煎
钩藤入汤剂不宜久煎
雷丸入汤剂宜先煎
砂仁入汤剂宜后下
附子入汤剂宜先煎
入汤剂宜先煎的药有
石膏
附子
石决明
代赭石
磁石
入汤剂宜先煎的药物是
炉甘石
珍珠
煅石膏
瓦楞子
入汤剂宜先煎的药物是
鱼腥草
夏枯草
石膏
生地黄
石膏入汤剂宜
先煎
后下
包煎
另煎
入汤剂宜后下的药物有
鱼腥草
赤芍
青蒿
石膏
黄连
下列各项错误的是
石斛入汤剂宜先煎
钩藤入汤剂不宜久煎
雷丸入汤剂宜先煎
砂仁入汤剂宜后下
附子入汤剂宜先煎
石膏入汤剂宜
先煎
后下
包煎
另煎
冲服
入汤剂宜打碎先煎的中药有
石膏
磁石
海蛤壳
龙骨
牡蛎
入汤剂宜包煎的药物是
石膏
麻黄
车前子
阿胶
人参
下列药物中入汤剂宜先煎的是
桂枝
芒硝
石膏
阿胶
薄荷
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EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickofftheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmers.unconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut-thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.Cut-tingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidizesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. These1et-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.MotegenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaimCloseanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Inwhatcasemighttheescapeclausesapplyinreform-aversenations
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Successitisoftensaidhasmanyfathers--andoneofthemanyfathersofcomputingthatmostsuccessfulofindustrieswasCharlesBabbagea19th-centuryBritishmathematician.ExasperatedbyerrorsinthemathematicaltablesthatwerewidelyusedascalculationaidsatthetimeBabbagedreamedofbuildingamechanicalenginethatcouldproduceflawlesstablesautomatically.Buthisattemptstomakesuchamachineinthe1920sfailedandthesignificanceofhisworkwasonlyrediscoveredthiscentury. Nextyearatlastthefirstsetofprintedtablesshouldemergefromacalculating"differenceengine"builttoBabbage’sdesign.Babbagewillhavebeenvindicated.Buttherealizationofhisdreamwillalsounderscoretheextenttowhichhewasamanbornaheadofhistime. TheefforttoprovethatBabbage’sdesignswerelogicallyandpracticallysoundbeganin1985whenateamofresearchersattheScienceMuseuminLondonsetouttobuildadifferenceengineintimeforthe200thanniversaryofBabbage’sbirthin1992.Theteamledbythemuseum’scuratorofcomputingDoronSwadeconstructedamonstrousdeviceofbronzeironandsteel.Itwas11feetlongsevenfeettallweighedthreetonscostaround$500000andtookayeartopiecetogether.Anditworkedperfectlycrankingoutsuccessivevaluesofseventh-orderpolynomialequationsto:31significantfigures.Butitwasincomplete.Tosavemoneyanentiresectionofthemachinetheprinterwasomitted. ToBabbagetheprinterwasavitalpartofdesign.Eveniftheengineproducedthecorrectanswerstherewasstilltheriskthatatranscriptionortypesettingerrorwouldresultinthefinishedmathematicaltablesbeinginaccurate.Theonlywaytoguaranteeerror-freetableswastoautomatetheprintingprocessaswell.Sohisplansincludedspecificationsforaprinteralmostascomplicatedasthecalculatingengineitselfwithadjustablemarginstwoseparatefontsandtheabilitytoprintintwothreeorfourcolumns. InJanuaryafteryearsofsearchingforasponsorfortheprintertheScienceMuseumannouncedthatabackerhadbeenfound.NathanMyhrvoldthechieftechnologyofficeratMicrosoftagreedtopayforitsconstructionwhichisexpectedtocost$373000withoneProviso:thattheScienceMuseumteamwouldbuildhimanidenticalcalculatingengineandprintertodecoratehisnewhomeonLakeWashingtonnearSeattle.Constructionoftheprinterwillbegin--infullviewofthepublic--attheScienceMuseumlaterthismonth.Thefullmachinewillbecompletednextyear. ItisaniceironythatBabbage’splansshouldberealizedonlythankstoaninfusionofcashfromamanwhogotrichinthecomputerrevolutionthatBabbagehelpedtofoment.Morestrikingstillevenusing20th-centurymanufacturingtechnologytheenginewillhavecostover$830000tobuild.AllowingforinflationthisisroughlyathirdofwhatitmighthavecosttobuildinBabbage’sday-incontrasttothecostofelectronic-computertechnologywhichhalvesinpriceevery18months.ThatsuggeststhatevenhadBabbagesucceededaVictoriancomputerrevolutionbasedonmechanicaltechnologywouldnotnecessarilyhavefollowed. TheauthorseemstoregardBabbage’sworkwith
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ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinEnglish-Canadianuniversities.Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenturnsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories. Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem. Inthefirstparagraphtheauthorismainlyconcernedwith
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinEnglish-Canadianuniversities.Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenturnsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories. Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem. Accordingtothepassagesoundjournalisticjudgment
Successitisoftensaidhasmanyfathers--andoneofthemanyfathersofcomputingthatmostsuccessfulofindustrieswasCharlesBabbagea19th-centuryBritishmathematician.ExasperatedbyerrorsinthemathematicaltablesthatwerewidelyusedascalculationaidsatthetimeBabbagedreamedofbuildingamechanicalenginethatcouldproduceflawlesstablesautomatically.Buthisattemptstomakesuchamachineinthe1920sfailedandthesignificanceofhisworkwasonlyrediscoveredthiscentury. Nextyearatlastthefirstsetofprintedtablesshouldemergefromacalculating"differenceengine"builttoBabbage’sdesign.Babbagewillhavebeenvindicated.Buttherealizationofhisdreamwillalsounderscoretheextenttowhichhewasamanbornaheadofhistime. TheefforttoprovethatBabbage’sdesignswerelogicallyandpracticallysoundbeganin1985whenateamofresearchersattheScienceMuseuminLondonsetouttobuildadifferenceengineintimeforthe200thanniversaryofBabbage’sbirthin1992.Theteamledbythemuseum’scuratorofcomputingDoronSwadeconstructedamonstrousdeviceofbronzeironandsteel.Itwas11feetlongsevenfeettallweighedthreetonscostaround$500000andtookayeartopiecetogether.Anditworkedperfectlycrankingoutsuccessivevaluesofseventh-orderpolynomialequationsto:31significantfigures.Butitwasincomplete.Tosavemoneyanentiresectionofthemachinetheprinterwasomitted. ToBabbagetheprinterwasavitalpartofdesign.Eveniftheengineproducedthecorrectanswerstherewasstilltheriskthatatranscriptionortypesettingerrorwouldresultinthefinishedmathematicaltablesbeinginaccurate.Theonlywaytoguaranteeerror-freetableswastoautomatetheprintingprocessaswell.Sohisplansincludedspecificationsforaprinteralmostascomplicatedasthecalculatingengineitselfwithadjustablemarginstwoseparatefontsandtheabilitytoprintintwothreeorfourcolumns. InJanuaryafteryearsofsearchingforasponsorfortheprintertheScienceMuseumannouncedthatabackerhadbeenfound.NathanMyhrvoldthechieftechnologyofficeratMicrosoftagreedtopayforitsconstructionwhichisexpectedtocost$373000withoneProviso:thattheScienceMuseumteamwouldbuildhimanidenticalcalculatingengineandprintertodecoratehisnewhomeonLakeWashingtonnearSeattle.Constructionoftheprinterwillbegin--infullviewofthepublic--attheScienceMuseumlaterthismonth.Thefullmachinewillbecompletednextyear. ItisaniceironythatBabbage’splansshouldberealizedonlythankstoaninfusionofcashfromamanwhogotrichinthecomputerrevolutionthatBabbagehelpedtofoment.Morestrikingstillevenusing20th-centurymanufacturingtechnologytheenginewillhavecostover$830000tobuild.AllowingforinflationthisisroughlyathirdofwhatitmighthavecosttobuildinBabbage’sday-incontrasttothecostofelectronic-computertechnologywhichhalvesinpriceevery18months.ThatsuggeststhatevenhadBabbagesucceededaVictoriancomputerrevolutionbasedonmechanicaltechnologywouldnotnecessarilyhavefollowed. Babbagewishedtobuildamechanicalenginebecause
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinEnglish-Canadianuniversities.Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenturnsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories. Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem. Theauthorwritesthisarticleprimarilyinorderto
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainedtobeawizardattheHogwartsSchoolofMagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheWorldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast. HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-Cola.insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammedevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix";noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban"thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwarning." Ms.Rowling’sreadinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHallismentionedtoshow
Directions:Lastmonthyouboughtapairofleathershoesfromashop.Butnowyoufindthattheshoesareinbadquality.Writealettertothemanageroftheshoptoexplain 1yourcomplain 2theproblemwiththeshoesand 3yourrequest. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickofftheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmers.unconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut-thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.Cut-tingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidizesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. These1et-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.MotegenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaimCloseanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
AfterashakystarttheMartianflotillathathasarrivedoverthepastfewweeksisgettingdowntobusiness.Twoofthefivecraftinitseemtobeworkingperfectly.TwoarelostAndafifthissickbutundergoingtreatment. ThemostspectacularpicturessofarhavebeenprovidedbyMarsEmpresstheEuropeanSpaceAgency’scontributiontothefleet.OnJanuary28ththisreacheditsfinalworkingorbitwhichtakesitoverbothpolesandthusallowsittoseethewholeofMarsoverthecourseofafewdaysastheplanetrevolvesbeneathit.IthashoweverbeensendingbackdatasinceshortlyafteritarrivedandafewdaysagoitscontrollersreleasedaseriesofbeautifulphotographsincludingastereoimageofVallesMarinerisahugecanyonthatmayhavebeenformedbyflowingwater. ThemostscientificallysignificantresultthoughhascomefromOpportunityAmerica’ssecondMarsrover.OneofOpportunity’scamerashasphotographedevidenceofstratification.innearbyrocks.Suchstratificationindicatesthattherocksconcernedaresedimentary.Thelayerscouldberepeatedwind-blowndepositsorconsistofashfromsuccessivevolcaniceruptions.Buttheterrestrialrockstheymostresembleareonesthathaveformedunderwater. ThereasoneveryoneisgettingsoexcitedisBecausethereisawidespreadassumptionthatanyformoftirewhichmightdwellonMarswouldneedliquidwatertolive--orevenifitcouldnowsubsistbyextractingmoisturefromicewouldhaveneededliquidwatertoevolvetothatstage.Marshasseenmoreprobeslaunchedtowardsitthanalloftheotherplanetsputtogetherpreciselybecauseofthishopethatitmightharbourlife.Sothereisalotridingontheanswer--notleastthefundingoffuturemissions. BesidesitsscientificsignificancethesuccessofOpportunityhasalsohelpedtodistractattentionfromthesuddenrefusalofSpiritthefirstAmericanrovertoarriveonMarstotalktoitscontrollers.Thiscrafthadtentativelybutsuccessfullynoseditswayoffitslandingplatformandwasabouttodrillitswayintoanearbyrockpriortodoingaspotofchemicalanalysiswhenitwentsilent. HowevertheengineersatNASAAmerica’sspaceagencyarenothingifnotresourcefulandtheyhaveagoodrecordofcarryingoutrunningrepairsonspacecraftthataremillionsofkilometresaway.InthecaseofSpirittheythinkthatoneofthecraft’smemorychipshasgotclutteredupwithfilescreatedOnthejourneytoMars.Thatcausedanotherchipwhichmanagesthefirsttothrowawobblyandtokeeprebootingthecomputer.Theyarecurrentlytestingthisideabyloadingadiagnosticprogramontothecomputer.InadditionasaprecautiontheyhavedeletedexcessfilesfromtheequivalentmemorychiponOpportunity. Spirit’sspiritsmaythusrevive.AstothefailurestheJapaneseabandonedtheirfly-bycraftNozomiinDecemberandtheBritishteaminchargeofBeagle2whichispresumedtohavelandedonDecember25thbutfromwhichnosignalhasbeenreceivedalsoseemstohavecalleditquits.Stilla40～60%successratedependingonwhetherSpiritisbroughtbackintocommissionisnotbadbythehistoricalstandardsofmissionstoMars.Nowtherealsciencebegins Spiritfailedtotalktoitscontrollersprobablybecauseof
PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainedtobeawizardattheHogwartsSchoolofMagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheWorldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast. HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-Cola.insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammedevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix";noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban"thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwarning." Paragraph5intendsmainlytoshowWarner’s
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
AfterashakystarttheMartianflotillathathasarrivedoverthepastfewweeksisgettingdowntobusiness.Twoofthefivecraftinitseemtobeworkingperfectly.TwoarelostAndafifthissickbutundergoingtreatment. ThemostspectacularpicturessofarhavebeenprovidedbyMarsEmpresstheEuropeanSpaceAgency’scontributiontothefleet.OnJanuary28ththisreacheditsfinalworkingorbitwhichtakesitoverbothpolesandthusallowsittoseethewholeofMarsoverthecourseofafewdaysastheplanetrevolvesbeneathit.IthashoweverbeensendingbackdatasinceshortlyafteritarrivedandafewdaysagoitscontrollersreleasedaseriesofbeautifulphotographsincludingastereoimageofVallesMarinerisahugecanyonthatmayhavebeenformedbyflowingwater. ThemostscientificallysignificantresultthoughhascomefromOpportunityAmerica’ssecondMarsrover.OneofOpportunity’scamerashasphotographedevidenceofstratification.innearbyrocks.Suchstratificationindicatesthattherocksconcernedaresedimentary.Thelayerscouldberepeatedwind-blowndepositsorconsistofashfromsuccessivevolcaniceruptions.Buttheterrestrialrockstheymostresembleareonesthathaveformedunderwater. ThereasoneveryoneisgettingsoexcitedisBecausethereisawidespreadassumptionthatanyformoftirewhichmightdwellonMarswouldneedliquidwatertolive--orevenifitcouldnowsubsistbyextractingmoisturefromicewouldhaveneededliquidwatertoevolvetothatstage.Marshasseenmoreprobeslaunchedtowardsitthanalloftheotherplanetsputtogetherpreciselybecauseofthishopethatitmightharbourlife.Sothereisalotridingontheanswer--notleastthefundingoffuturemissions. BesidesitsscientificsignificancethesuccessofOpportunityhasalsohelpedtodistractattentionfromthesuddenrefusalofSpiritthefirstAmericanrovertoarriveonMarstotalktoitscontrollers.Thiscrafthadtentativelybutsuccessfullynoseditswayoffitslandingplatformandwasabouttodrillitswayintoanearbyrockpriortodoingaspotofchemicalanalysiswhenitwentsilent. HowevertheengineersatNASAAmerica’sspaceagencyarenothingifnotresourcefulandtheyhaveagoodrecordofcarryingoutrunningrepairsonspacecraftthataremillionsofkilometresaway.InthecaseofSpirittheythinkthatoneofthecraft’smemorychipshasgotclutteredupwithfilescreatedOnthejourneytoMars.Thatcausedanotherchipwhichmanagesthefirsttothrowawobblyandtokeeprebootingthecomputer.Theyarecurrentlytestingthisideabyloadingadiagnosticprogramontothecomputer.InadditionasaprecautiontheyhavedeletedexcessfilesfromtheequivalentmemorychiponOpportunity. Spirit’sspiritsmaythusrevive.AstothefailurestheJapaneseabandonedtheirfly-bycraftNozomiinDecemberandtheBritishteaminchargeofBeagle2whichispresumedtohavelandedonDecember25thbutfromwhichnosignalhasbeenreceivedalsoseemstohavecalleditquits.Stilla40～60%successratedependingonwhetherSpiritisbroughtbackintocommissionisnotbadbythehistoricalstandardsofmissionstoMars.Nowtherealsciencebegins WhatdoesthewordtheyPara.3Line5referto
Successitisoftensaidhasmanyfathers--andoneofthemanyfathersofcomputingthatmostsuccessfulofindustrieswasCharlesBabbagea19th-centuryBritishmathematician.ExasperatedbyerrorsinthemathematicaltablesthatwerewidelyusedascalculationaidsatthetimeBabbagedreamedofbuildingamechanicalenginethatcouldproduceflawlesstablesautomatically.Buthisattemptstomakesuchamachineinthe1920sfailedandthesignificanceofhisworkwasonlyrediscoveredthiscentury. Nextyearatlastthefirstsetofprintedtablesshouldemergefromacalculating"differenceengine"builttoBabbage’sdesign.Babbagewillhavebeenvindicated.Buttherealizationofhisdreamwillalsounderscoretheextenttowhichhewasamanbornaheadofhistime. TheefforttoprovethatBabbage’sdesignswerelogicallyandpracticallysoundbeganin1985whenateamofresearchersattheScienceMuseuminLondonsetouttobuildadifferenceengineintimeforthe200thanniversaryofBabbage’sbirthin1992.Theteamledbythemuseum’scuratorofcomputingDoronSwadeconstructedamonstrousdeviceofbronzeironandsteel.Itwas11feetlongsevenfeettallweighedthreetonscostaround$500000andtookayeartopiecetogether.Anditworkedperfectlycrankingoutsuccessivevaluesofseventh-orderpolynomialequationsto:31significantfigures.Butitwasincomplete.Tosavemoneyanentiresectionofthemachinetheprinterwasomitted. ToBabbagetheprinterwasavitalpartofdesign.Eveniftheengineproducedthecorrectanswerstherewasstilltheriskthatatranscriptionortypesettingerrorwouldresultinthefinishedmathematicaltablesbeinginaccurate.Theonlywaytoguaranteeerror-freetableswastoautomatetheprintingprocessaswell.Sohisplansincludedspecificationsforaprinteralmostascomplicatedasthecalculatingengineitselfwithadjustablemarginstwoseparatefontsandtheabilitytoprintintwothreeorfourcolumns. InJanuaryafteryearsofsearchingforasponsorfortheprintertheScienceMuseumannouncedthatabackerhadbeenfound.NathanMyhrvoldthechieftechnologyofficeratMicrosoftagreedtopayforitsconstructionwhichisexpectedtocost$373000withoneProviso:thattheScienceMuseumteamwouldbuildhimanidenticalcalculatingengineandprintertodecoratehisnewhomeonLakeWashingtonnearSeattle.Constructionoftheprinterwillbegin--infullviewofthepublic--attheScienceMuseumlaterthismonth.Thefullmachinewillbecompletednextyear. ItisaniceironythatBabbage’splansshouldberealizedonlythankstoaninfusionofcashfromamanwhogotrichinthecomputerrevolutionthatBabbagehelpedtofoment.Morestrikingstillevenusing20th-centurymanufacturingtechnologytheenginewillhavecostover$830000tobuild.AllowingforinflationthisisroughlyathirdofwhatitmighthavecosttobuildinBabbage’sday-incontrasttothecostofelectronic-computertechnologywhichhalvesinpriceevery18months.ThatsuggeststhatevenhadBabbagesucceededaVictoriancomputerrevolutionbasedonmechanicaltechnologywouldnotnecessarilyhavefollowed. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNottrue
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon. Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41. Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42. Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43. Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit. Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina. 45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess. [A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently. [B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers. [C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily. [D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply. [E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou. [F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo. [G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation. 43
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon. Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41. Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42. Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43. Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit. Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina. 45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess. [A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently. [B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers. [C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily. [D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply. [E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou. [F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo. [G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation. 45
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Britain’sbosseswouldhaveyoubelievethatbusinessinBritainisgroaningunderredtapeandpunitivetaxlevelsinhibitingenterpriseandputtingBritishfirmsatadisadvantagecomparedwithoverseascompetitors. AsusualrealitypaintsafardifferentpicturefromthetawdryimagescrawledbytheCBIandToryfrontbenchers.NotonlydoBritishbusinessespaylowerlevelsofcorporationtaxthantheircounterpartsabroadbuttheybenefitfromthemostsavagelegalhamstringingoftradeunionism. ButboardroomfatcatsinBritainhaveonefurtheradvantageovertheircompetitorswhichistheirtotalinabilitytofeelanysenseofshame. Therelativelypoorperformancesincethe1990sofpensioninvestmentfundsoverseenbythetopcompaniesthemselveshasbroughtaboutawide-rangingcullofoccupationalpensionschemes.Finalsalaryschemeshavebeenaxedinfavourofmoneypurchaseorhavebeenbarredtonewemployeesandinmanycompaniesstaffhavebeentoldthattheywillhavetoincreasepensionsfundpaymentstoensurepreviouslyguaranteedbenefits. Atatimewhenthegovernmenthasbeendeliberatelyrunningdownthevalueofthestateretirementpensionanddrivingpensionerstowardsmeans-testedbenefitstheincreasinglyshakynatureofoccupationalschemeshasbroughtabouthigherlevelsofinsecurityamongworkingpeople. Howeverit’snotalldoomandgloom.Thereisasilverlining. Unfortunatelythatsilverliningdoesn’tshinetoobrightlyoutsidethecorridorsofcorporatepowerwheredirectorsaredoingwhattheyarebestat--lookingafternumberone.Bossesarenotonlyslurpinguphugesalarieseach-waybonusesandgoldenparachutes.TheyhavealsoasTUCgeneralsecretaryBrendanBarbersaysgot"theirsnoutsinapensionstrough." Ifhavingcontributionsworthone-thirtiethoftheirsalaryeachyearpaidintoapensionschemeisgoodenoughfordirectorswhydomostworkersonlyreceiveone-sixtiethAndifcompaniesonlydonate6percentofanemployee’ssalaryformoneypurchaseschemeswhydotheygive20～30percentfordirectors’schemes TheanswerwhichwillbenosecrettomanytradeUnionistsisthatweliveinaclassdividedsocietyinwhichbigbusinessandtherichcalltheshots. TheChildPovertyActionGrouprevelationthatBritainalsohastheworstregionalsocialinequalityintheindustrialisedworld--secondonlytoMexico--illustrateshowfatuousareclaimsthatthiscountryenjoyssocialjusticeandopportunitiesforall.ThestarkfactsofinequalityBasedonclassgenderageandracethatareoutlinedintheCPAGPovertybookoughttodictateanewgovernmentapproachtotacklingpoverty. InequalityandpovertycannotbetackledbyallowingBigbusinessandtherichtododgetheirresponsibilitiestosocietyandtousetheirpositionsofpowertoseizethelion’sshare. Britishbosses’shamelessnessisrevealedinallthefollowingfactsExcept
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
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