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Directions: You are the leader of an English Corner. Write an invitation letter to ask an internatio...
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配对阅读请仔细阅读第1－2题中五项关于遵循指令的活动从A.－G.中选择出相应的活动名称其中有两项为多
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Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 11
设fx在[0+∞上连续且f0＞0设fx在[0x]上的平均值等于f0与fx的几何平均数求fx．
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 9
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 15
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 3
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 7
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheeventualnomineeoftheRepublicPartyoftheelection
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 41
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. 49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 19
Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive. Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanieshoweverhavejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingresults. Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising. GeneralMotorstheUSautomanufacturergotacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroletNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor"newstar"andmeans"star"inmanylanguagesbutinspokenSpanishitcansoundlike"nova"meaning"itdoesn’tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribesales"pickedup"dramatically. Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.OneAmericanfoodcompany’sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"foradvertisingvegetablesbecamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre". WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi’spopularslogan"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".NowondercustomersinGermanydidn’trushouttobuyPepsi. Successfulinternationalmarketingdoesn’tstopwithgoodtranslations—otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodifmarketersaretoavoidblunders. Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevaluestastesgeographyclimatesuperstitionsreligionoreconomyofaculturetheyfailtocapturetheirtargetmarket. ForexampleanAmericandesignertriedtointroduceanewperfumeintotheLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.ThemainreasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsinmanySouthAmericancountries. Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertisingcompaniesarebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitivetoculturaldistinctions. Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswhounderstandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusageortouseatechniquecalled"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders. Theprocessusedonepersontotranslateamessageintothetargetlanguageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapturetheoverallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplicationoftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencausesmisunderstandings. Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountriesmessagesneedtobeshortandsimple. Theyshouldalsoavoidjokessincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepartoftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother. Onewaytopreventerrorsinadvertisingindifferentcountriesisto
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 17
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 43
设函数y=yx在-∞+∞内具有二阶导数且y’≠0x=xy是y=yx的反函数．求变换后的微分方程满足初始条件y0=0y’0=[*]的解．
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 1
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 13
Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive. Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanieshoweverhavejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingresults. Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising. GeneralMotorstheUSautomanufacturergotacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroletNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor"newstar"andmeans"star"inmanylanguagesbutinspokenSpanishitcansoundlike"nova"meaning"itdoesn’tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribesales"pickedup"dramatically. Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.OneAmericanfoodcompany’sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"foradvertisingvegetablesbecamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre". WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi’spopularslogan"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".NowondercustomersinGermanydidn’trushouttobuyPepsi. Successfulinternationalmarketingdoesn’tstopwithgoodtranslations—otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodifmarketersaretoavoidblunders. Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevaluestastesgeographyclimatesuperstitionsreligionoreconomyofaculturetheyfailtocapturetheirtargetmarket. ForexampleanAmericandesignertriedtointroduceanewperfumeintotheLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.ThemainreasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsinmanySouthAmericancountries. Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertisingcompaniesarebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitivetoculturaldistinctions. Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswhounderstandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusageortouseatechniquecalled"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders. Theprocessusedonepersontotranslateamessageintothetargetlanguageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapturetheoverallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplicationoftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencausesmisunderstandings. Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountriesmessagesneedtobeshortandsimple. Theyshouldalsoavoidjokessincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepartoftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother. Thebesttitleofthispassagemightbe
Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive. Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanieshoweverhavejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingresults. Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising. GeneralMotorstheUSautomanufacturergotacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroletNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfor"newstar"andmeans"star"inmanylanguagesbutinspokenSpanishitcansoundlike"nova"meaning"itdoesn’tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribesales"pickedup"dramatically. Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.OneAmericanfoodcompany’sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"foradvertisingvegetablesbecamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre". WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi’spopularslogan"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".NowondercustomersinGermanydidn’trushouttobuyPepsi. Successfulinternationalmarketingdoesn’tstopwithgoodtranslations—otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodifmarketersaretoavoidblunders. Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevaluestastesgeographyclimatesuperstitionsreligionoreconomyofaculturetheyfailtocapturetheirtargetmarket. ForexampleanAmericandesignertriedtointroduceanewperfumeintotheLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.ThemainreasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsinmanySouthAmericancountries. Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertisingcompaniesarebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitivetoculturaldistinctions. Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswhounderstandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusageortouseatechniquecalled"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders. Theprocessusedonepersontotranslateamessageintothetargetlanguageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapturetheoverallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplicationoftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencausesmisunderstandings. Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountriesmessagesneedtobeshortandsimple. Theyshouldalsoavoidjokessincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepartoftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother. WhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtosummarizethegistfromParagraph3toParagraph6
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 45
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 1
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationto-dayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirin-creaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9"formen5’4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcan-noteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge"youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident./ Thetextintendstotellusthat
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationto-dayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirin-creaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9"formen5’4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcan-noteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge"youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident./ Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree
设有连接两点A01与B10且位于弦AB上方的一条上凸的曲线Pxy为曲线上任一点．已知曲线与弦AP之间的面积为P点横坐标的立方求曲线方程．
Directions: Youareabouttograduatefromauniversityinthecomingmonth.Rightnowyouaredoingsomejobhunting.WritealetterofapplicationtoanAmericanbankinyourcityto 1introduceyourselfbrieflyand 2expressyourwishtojointhecompany. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationto-dayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirin-creaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9"formen5’4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcan-noteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge"youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident./ WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. ThewordderangedPara.1denotes
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. 47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.
Mydictionarydefinessubtleas"notimmediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive;[even]insidious."Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Theveryworditselfisanexampleastheletter"b"issilentinpronunciation." Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectlytothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleastoneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularlyistrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitressreceivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthatthosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhattheyrevealed."Thefirstpenny"shesaid"tellsmeyouarethrifty."Thepatronagreed."whatdoesthesecondpennysay"askedthecustomer."Ittellsmeyou’reabachelor.""Rightagain"hereplied"Andwhatdoesthethirdpennytellyou""Thethirdpenny"respondedthewaitress"tellsmeyourdaddywasabachelortoo."How’sthatforasubtlepunishment Subtletiesalsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansayacertainmanwasabiggunofindustry."Yes"isthecounter"hewasfiredseveraltimes."InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:"Hewasagoodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm." Inourdayofpoliticalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypoliceseldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyabout"personsofinterest."Iguesslawenforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.ThentoowiththecampaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFCfiguringthatfewwillthinkof"fried"thatway. Themeaningofawordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneis"withit"afauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththeterm"anexceptionalchild."Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoanespeciallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.Sotootheword"primitive"virtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageandreplacedwith"earlierculture"andIndiansareknownasNativeAmericans. Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtletieswithwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhowmuchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yetonemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect$2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaimtohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweverisreducethenumberofouncesinthepackage. Ileavethereaderwiththetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowinfriendsandinfluencepeople. Whichofthefollowinghasnothingtodowithpoliticalcorrectness
Mydictionarydefinessubtleas"notimmediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive;[even]insidious."Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Theveryworditselfisanexampleastheletter"b"issilentinpronunciation." Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectlytothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleastoneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularlyistrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitressreceivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthatthosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhattheyrevealed."Thefirstpenny"shesaid"tellsmeyouarethrifty."Thepatronagreed."whatdoesthesecondpennysay"askedthecustomer."Ittellsmeyou’reabachelor.""Rightagain"hereplied"Andwhatdoesthethirdpennytellyou""Thethirdpenny"respondedthewaitress"tellsmeyourdaddywasabachelortoo."How’sthatforasubtlepunishment Subtletiesalsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansayacertainmanwasabiggunofindustry."Yes"isthecounter"hewasfiredseveraltimes."InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:"Hewasagoodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm." Inourdayofpoliticalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypoliceseldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyabout"personsofinterest."Iguesslawenforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.ThentoowiththecampaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFCfiguringthatfewwillthinkof"fried"thatway. Themeaningofawordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneis"withit"afauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththeterm"anexceptionalchild."Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoanespeciallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.Sotootheword"primitive"virtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageandreplacedwith"earlierculture"andIndiansareknownasNativeAmericans. Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtletieswithwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhowmuchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yetonemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect$2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaimtohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweverisreducethenumberofouncesinthepackage. Ileavethereaderwiththetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowinfriendsandinfluencepeople. AccordingtoParagraph2thewaitressplaystricksonthepatronby
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. 5
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