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46) A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend towards "di...
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Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. 48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives.
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 20
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 18
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety. Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses. Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswith"full-time"childrenfromthepresentmarriageand"part-time"childrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried. Part-timechildren
RememberSecondLifethevirtualworldthatwassupposedtobecomealmostasimportantasthefirstoneNowpopulatedbynomorethan84000avatarsatatimeithasturnedouttobeaprimeexampleofhowshort-livedInternetfadscanbe.Yetifmanyadultsseemtohavegivenuponvirtualworldsthosethatcatertochildrenandteenagersarethriving.Severalhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoney. InAmericanearly10millionchildrenandteenagersvisitvirtualworldsregularlyestimateseMarketeramarketresearcher-anumberthefirmexpectstoincreaseto15millionby2013．AsinJanuarytherewere112virtualworldsdesignedforunder-18swithanother81indevelopmentaccordingtoEngageDigitalMediaamarketresearchfirm. Allcatertodifferentagegroupsandtastes.InClubPenguinthemarketleaderwhichwasboughtbyDisneyin2007forawhopping$700millionprimary-schoolchildrencantakeonapenguinpersonafitouttheirowniglooandplaygames.HabboHotelaservicerunfromFinlandisaglobalhangoutforteenagerswhowanttocustomisetheirownroomsandmeetinpublicplacestoattendevents.GalaOnlinebasedinSiliconValleyofferssimilaractivitiesbutisvisitedmostlybyolderteenswhoareintoMangacomics. Notahitwithadvertiserstheseonlineworldsearnmostoftheirmoneyfromthesaleofvirtualgoodssuchasitemstospruceupanavataroraprivateroom.Theyarepaidforinaprivatecurrencywhichmembersearnbyparticipatinginvariousactivitiestradingitemsorbuyingthemwithrealdollars. Thissortofstealthtaxseemstowork.AtGalaOnlineusersspendmorethan$1millionpermonthonvirtualitemssaysCraigShermanthefirm’schiefexecutive.RunningsuchavirtualeconomyisnoteasywhichiswhyGaiahashiredafull-timeeconomisttograpplewithproblemsthatarewellknownintherealworldsuchasinflationandanunequaldistributionofwealth. Thereareotherbarriersthatcouldlimitthegrowthofvirtualworldsfortheyoungbutthemainoneisparents.Manydonotwanttheiroffspringroamingvirtualworldseitherbecausetheyaretoocommercialorarethoughttobetoodangerous.Keepingthemsafeisoneofthebiggestrunningcostsbecausetheirsponsorshavetoemployrealpeopletopolicetheirrealms. YoungstersarealsoaficklebunchsaysSimonLeveneofAccelPartnersaventure-capitalfirm.Justaschildrenmovefromonetoytoanothertheyreadilyswitchworldsorsocialnetworksoftenwithoutsayinggoodbye. EvensoDebraAhoWilliamsonananalystateMarketerbelieves"theseworldsareatraininggroundforthethree-dimensionalweb".Ifvirtualworldsforadultswhichsofarhavebeenabletoretainonlyhardcoreusersmanagetohangonforafewyearstheymayyethaveasecondlife. Whydoonlinegamesnotmeanahitwithadvertisers
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 12
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 16
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 14
Rarelyhastherebeenasneatafitbetweenabook’ssubjectanditsauthor’sbiographyasin"BoundTogether:HowTradersPreachersAdventurersandWarriorsShapedGlobalization"byNayanChanda.It’seasytoseewhythesubjectfascinatesChanda;he’saself-proclaimedFrancophile崇拜法国的人ofSouthAsianoriginwhostudiedFrenchinCalcuttathentookcoursesonChinainParisranamagazineinHongKongandendeduplaunchinganonlinejournaldevotedtoglobalizationatavenerableIvyLeagueinstitution.Andinthisengaginganalysisheanswerssuchintriguingquestionsas"HowdidthecoffeebeanfirstgrownonlyinEthiopiaendupinourcoffeecupsafterajourneythroughJavaandColombia" Inexaminingthesespecificquestions--andlargeronesabouthowtheworldisinterconnectedmChandadoesnotemphasizehisownexperiences.Butwhenappropriateheeffectivelyusessmallpersonaldetailstocutverybigsocialeconomicculturalandsometimesbiologicalprocessesdowntosize.HeshowshowclosescrutinyoftheiPodhegavehissonasabirthdaypresentcanrevealmuchaboutthemultinationaloriginsofsuchobjects.Itwasofficiallytoutedas"designed"byanAmericancompanyand"assembledinChina";hefoundthatitactuallycontainedcomponentpartsandsoftwarewithtiestoIndiaJapanSouthKoreaandScotland.AndhemarvelsatthespeedwithwhichittraveledfromShanghaitoNewhavenviaAlaskaandIndianaaswellasathisabilitytotrackitsprogressthankstobarcodes. ThedebateoverglobalizationhasgrownsopolarizedthatmanyreadersareprobablyitchingtoknowwhetherChandabelongsinthe"pro"or"anti"camp.Onethemeof"BoundTogether"isthatthinkinginthesetermsdoesn’tmakesense.Thosewhogatheratwhataresomewhatmisleadinglycalled"anti-globalization"ralliesafteralldon’topposeallthewaystheworldisshrinking.AndtheircampaignsmakeuseofmanytechnologiesnotablytheInternetthatarecrucialto21st-century-styleglobalization. IndeedChanda’sstandonthesubjectmightbecalledthatofacautiouslyoptimisticfatalist.Heassertsthattheonlyreasonableresponsetoglobalizationistwofold:acceptthattheworldisnotgoingtostopshrinkingandfigureoutwaystomaximizethepositiveandminimizethenegativeeffects.Heacknowledgesthedownsidesofglobalizationsocialinequitiesthespreadofnewdiseasesandsoonyetarguesthatinmanywaysbeing"boundtogether"evermoretightlycanultimatelybeagoodthingbenefitingmoreandmoreindividualsandgroups. Thisisabookfilledwithfascinatinginformation.Evenreaderswhodisagreewithhisclaimswillcomeawaywithahostofnewfactstodrawupon.TheywillalsolearnalotaboutthehistoryanddeploymentofthetermglobalizationtowhichChandadevotesanexcellentchapter.InadditionmanywillneverlookataniPodinquitethesamewayagain. Intheauthor’sopinionthosewhoopposeglobalizationare
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 6
Farm-raisedpigsaredirtysmellyanimalsthatgetnorespect.They’realsoanenvironmentalhazard.Theirmanurecontainsphosphoruswhichwhenitrainsrunsoffintolakesandestuariesdepletingoxygenkillingfishstimulatingalgaeovergrowthandemittinggreenhousegases. 41.______.Pigsprovidemoredietaryproteinmorecheaplytomorepeoplethananyotheranimal.NorthernEuropestillmaintainsthehighestpig-to-humanratiointheworld2-1inDen-markbutEastAsiaiscatchingup.Duringthe1990sporkproductiondoubledinVietnamandgrewby70percentinChina—alongdenselypopulatedcoastlinespigdensityexceeds100animalspersquarekilometer.Theresultingpollutionis“threateningfragilecoastalmarinehabitatsincludingmangrovescoralreefsandseagrasses”accordingtoareportreleasedinFebruarybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations. Asitturnsoutthereisasolutiontothepigproblembutitrequiresachangeofmind-setamongenvironmentalistsandthepublic.42.______. TheEnviropigisoneofmanynewtechnologiesthatareputtingenvironmentalistsandorganic-foodproponentsinaquandary:shouldtheyremaincategoricallyopposedtogeneticallymodifiedGMfoodsevenattheexpenseoftheenvironment43.______.ThemostsignificantGMapplicationswillbeonesthathelpalleviatetheproblemofagriculturewhichaccountsfor38percentoftheworld’slandmassandiscrowdingoutnaturalecosystemsandspecieshabitats.GMcropsthatcanbeproducedmoreefficientlywouldallowustoreturnlandtonature. 44.______.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculturescientistEliotHermanhasalreadycreatedaless-allergenicsoybean—animportantcropforbabyfoods.ThroughgeneticsurgeryHermanturnedoffthesoygeneresponsiblefor65percentofallergicreactions.NotonlywasthemodifiedsoylessallergenicintestsbutasHermanexplained“theyieldlooksperfectlynormalplantsdevelopandgrowatanormalrateandtheyseemtohavethesamekindsofproteinoilandothergoodstuffinthem.”Otherscientistshavereportedpromisingresultsinshuttingoffallergy-causinggenesinpeanutsandshrimp.Shouldtheseadvancesbeturnedintoproductsorganicsoyorpeanutproductswillbecertifiablymoredangeroustohumanhealththancomparablenonorganicproducts. 45.______.Inthisclimatemuchoftheneededresearchisn’tbeingpursued.Chancesarefarmerswillcontinuetogrowtheirpollutingorganicporktheirallergenicorganicsoyandtheirneurotoxin-sprayedorganicapples.Worsestilltheywillmakesurethatnooneelsegetsachoiceinthematterofimprovingtheconditionsoflifeonearth—unlessthatisothersriseupanddemandanalternative. [A]TwoCanadianscientistshavecreatedapigwhosemanuredoesn’tcontainverymuchphosphorusatall.Ifthisvarietyofpigwereadoptedwidelyitcouldgreatlyreduceamajorsourceofpollution.ButtheEnviropigastheycallitistheproductofgeneticmodification—whichisanathematomanyWesterners. [B]Infactalthoughallcommonlyusedpesticidesdissipatesoquicklythattheyposeaminisculehealthrisktoconsumersallergicfoodreactionstonaturalproductskillhundredsofchildreneachyear.Geneticallymodifiedfoodscouldgreatlyreducethisrisk. [C]CanadianbiologistsCecilForsbergandJohnPhillipsforinstancehaveconstructedanovelDNAmoleculethatwhenplantedinapigembryoimbuestheEnviropigwiththeabilitytosecreteaphosphorusextractingenzymeinitssaliva.Theresultssofararedramatic—thenewpigscanextractallthephosphorustheyneedfromgrainalonewithoutthephosphorussupplementsthatfarmersnowuse.Thisreducesthephosphoruscontentoftheirmanurebyupto75percent. [D]Doingawaywiththepigisnotanoption. [E]Pigscanalsobemodifiedtodigestgrassesandhayascowsandsheepdoreducingtheenergy-intensiveuseofcornaspigfeed.Elsewheretreesgrownforpapercouldbemadeamenabletomuchmoreefficientprocessingreducingbothenergyusageandtoxicchemicalbleachineffluentsfrompapermills. [F]Ofcoursestringenttestingisneededtoshowthatageneticmodificationworksandthattheproductisnotharmfultohumans.Scientistscandobothofthesethingswithtechniquesthatallowthemtoexamineandcomparethestructureandactivityofeveryoneofananimal’sgenes. [G]Unfortunatelythiswon’thappenanytimesoon.Becausenosocietyhaseverbannedallergenicfoodsconventionalfarmershavenoincentivetoplantreduced-allergyseeds.Andmanymembersofthepublichavebeenledtobelievethatallgeneticmodificationscreatehealthrisks. 44
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 4
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Adealisadeal—exceptapparentlywhenEntergyisinvolved.ThecompanyamajorenergysupplierinNewEnglandprovokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations. InsteadthecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourtaspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove. Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplantanagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesalethecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006thestatewentastepfurtherrequiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Thentoothecompanywentalong. EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitmentsoritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidentsincludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakageraisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehaviortheVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension. Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislationandthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpowerlegalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainlytherearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStatesincludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafelythecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionNRCreviewsthecompany’sapplicationitshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
RememberSecondLifethevirtualworldthatwassupposedtobecomealmostasimportantasthefirstoneNowpopulatedbynomorethan84000avatarsatatimeithasturnedouttobeaprimeexampleofhowshort-livedInternetfadscanbe.Yetifmanyadultsseemtohavegivenuponvirtualworldsthosethatcatertochildrenandteenagersarethriving.Severalhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoney. InAmericanearly10millionchildrenandteenagersvisitvirtualworldsregularlyestimateseMarketeramarketresearcher-anumberthefirmexpectstoincreaseto15millionby2013．AsinJanuarytherewere112virtualworldsdesignedforunder-18swithanother81indevelopmentaccordingtoEngageDigitalMediaamarketresearchfirm. Allcatertodifferentagegroupsandtastes.InClubPenguinthemarketleaderwhichwasboughtbyDisneyin2007forawhopping$700millionprimary-schoolchildrencantakeonapenguinpersonafitouttheirowniglooandplaygames.HabboHotelaservicerunfromFinlandisaglobalhangoutforteenagerswhowanttocustomisetheirownroomsandmeetinpublicplacestoattendevents.GalaOnlinebasedinSiliconValleyofferssimilaractivitiesbutisvisitedmostlybyolderteenswhoareintoMangacomics. Notahitwithadvertiserstheseonlineworldsearnmostoftheirmoneyfromthesaleofvirtualgoodssuchasitemstospruceupanavataroraprivateroom.Theyarepaidforinaprivatecurrencywhichmembersearnbyparticipatinginvariousactivitiestradingitemsorbuyingthemwithrealdollars. Thissortofstealthtaxseemstowork.AtGalaOnlineusersspendmorethan$1millionpermonthonvirtualitemssaysCraigShermanthefirm’schiefexecutive.RunningsuchavirtualeconomyisnoteasywhichiswhyGaiahashiredafull-timeeconomisttograpplewithproblemsthatarewellknownintherealworldsuchasinflationandanunequaldistributionofwealth. Thereareotherbarriersthatcouldlimitthegrowthofvirtualworldsfortheyoungbutthemainoneisparents.Manydonotwanttheiroffspringroamingvirtualworldseitherbecausetheyaretoocommercialorarethoughttobetoodangerous.Keepingthemsafeisoneofthebiggestrunningcostsbecausetheirsponsorshavetoemployrealpeopletopolicetheirrealms. YoungstersarealsoaficklebunchsaysSimonLeveneofAccelPartnersaventure-capitalfirm.Justaschildrenmovefromonetoytoanothertheyreadilyswitchworldsorsocialnetworksoftenwithoutsayinggoodbye. EvensoDebraAhoWilliamsonananalystateMarketerbelieves"theseworldsareatraininggroundforthethree-dimensionalweb".Ifvirtualworldsforadultswhichsofarhavebeenabletoretainonlyhardcoreusersmanagetohangonforafewyearstheymayyethaveasecondlife. WhatcanweinferfromSimonLevene’scomments
[A]Convenientpackaging [B]Healthandwellness [C]Skepticalcustomers [D]Enormousmarkets [E]Soaringsales [F]Trendydrink Inthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding."Ithinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstoday"saysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity."Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree." 41.______ Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry."Thedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecades"saysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold."It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries." Noactualvariety Somepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness."Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvariety"saysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst. 42.______. Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994."Perrierpopularisedbottledwater"hesays."Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable."Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap. 43.______. FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers."Perrierbecameabadge"saysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation."WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters." 44.______. Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit."Peopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressed"saysMr.Fishman."Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment." 45.______. WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry."StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplode"saysMr.Bellas."ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks." Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies. 42
Adealisadeal—exceptapparentlywhenEntergyisinvolved.ThecompanyamajorenergysupplierinNewEnglandprovokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations. InsteadthecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourtaspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove. Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplantanagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesalethecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006thestatewentastepfurtherrequiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Thentoothecompanywentalong. EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitmentsoritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidentsincludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakageraisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehaviortheVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension. Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislationandthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpowerlegalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainlytherearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStatesincludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafelythecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionNRCreviewsthecompany’sapplicationitshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth. AccordingtoParagraph4Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety. Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses. Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswith"full-time"childrenfromthepresentmarriageand"part-time"childrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried. DivorcedAmericans
[A]Convenientpackaging [B]Healthandwellness [C]Skepticalcustomers [D]Enormousmarkets [E]Soaringsales [F]Trendydrink Inthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding."Ithinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstoday"saysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity."Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree." 41.______ Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry."Thedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecades"saysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold."It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries." Noactualvariety Somepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness."Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvariety"saysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst. 42.______. Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994."Perrierpopularisedbottledwater"hesays."Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable."Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap. 43.______. FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers."Perrierbecameabadge"saysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation."WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters." 44.______. Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit."Peopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressed"saysMr.Fishman."Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment." 45.______. WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry."StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplode"saysMr.Bellas."ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks." Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies. 44
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 2
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. 48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface.
Adealisadeal—exceptapparentlywhenEntergyisinvolved.ThecompanyamajorenergysupplierinNewEnglandprovokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations. InsteadthecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourtaspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove. Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplantanagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesalethecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006thestatewentastepfurtherrequiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Thentoothecompanywentalong. EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitmentsoritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidentsincludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakageraisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehaviortheVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension. Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislationandthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpowerlegalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainlytherearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStatesincludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafelythecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionNRCreviewsthecompany’sapplicationitshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth. Thephraserenegingonkine3.para.1isclosestinmeaningto
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 8
Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. 50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations.
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. 50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.
Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. 46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift
Rarelyhastherebeenasneatafitbetweenabook’ssubjectanditsauthor’sbiographyasin"BoundTogether:HowTradersPreachersAdventurersandWarriorsShapedGlobalization"byNayanChanda.It’seasytoseewhythesubjectfascinatesChanda;he’saself-proclaimedFrancophile崇拜法国的人ofSouthAsianoriginwhostudiedFrenchinCalcuttathentookcoursesonChinainParisranamagazineinHongKongandendeduplaunchinganonlinejournaldevotedtoglobalizationatavenerableIvyLeagueinstitution.Andinthisengaginganalysisheanswerssuchintriguingquestionsas"HowdidthecoffeebeanfirstgrownonlyinEthiopiaendupinourcoffeecupsafterajourneythroughJavaandColombia" Inexaminingthesespecificquestions--andlargeronesabouthowtheworldisinterconnectedmChandadoesnotemphasizehisownexperiences.Butwhenappropriateheeffectivelyusessmallpersonaldetailstocutverybigsocialeconomicculturalandsometimesbiologicalprocessesdowntosize.HeshowshowclosescrutinyoftheiPodhegavehissonasabirthdaypresentcanrevealmuchaboutthemultinationaloriginsofsuchobjects.Itwasofficiallytoutedas"designed"byanAmericancompanyand"assembledinChina";hefoundthatitactuallycontainedcomponentpartsandsoftwarewithtiestoIndiaJapanSouthKoreaandScotland.AndhemarvelsatthespeedwithwhichittraveledfromShanghaitoNewhavenviaAlaskaandIndianaaswellasathisabilitytotrackitsprogressthankstobarcodes. ThedebateoverglobalizationhasgrownsopolarizedthatmanyreadersareprobablyitchingtoknowwhetherChandabelongsinthe"pro"or"anti"camp.Onethemeof"BoundTogether"isthatthinkinginthesetermsdoesn’tmakesense.Thosewhogatheratwhataresomewhatmisleadinglycalled"anti-globalization"ralliesafteralldon’topposeallthewaystheworldisshrinking.AndtheircampaignsmakeuseofmanytechnologiesnotablytheInternetthatarecrucialto21st-century-styleglobalization. IndeedChanda’sstandonthesubjectmightbecalledthatofacautiouslyoptimisticfatalist.Heassertsthattheonlyreasonableresponsetoglobalizationistwofold:acceptthattheworldisnotgoingtostopshrinkingandfigureoutwaystomaximizethepositiveandminimizethenegativeeffects.Heacknowledgesthedownsidesofglobalizationsocialinequitiesthespreadofnewdiseasesandsoonyetarguesthatinmanywaysbeing"boundtogether"evermoretightlycanultimatelybeagoodthingbenefitingmoreandmoreindividualsandgroups. Thisisabookfilledwithfascinatinginformation.Evenreaderswhodisagreewithhisclaimswillcomeawaywithahostofnewfactstodrawupon.TheywillalsolearnalotaboutthehistoryanddeploymentofthetermglobalizationtowhichChandadevotesanexcellentchapter.InadditionmanywillneverlookataniPodinquitethesamewayagain. AccordingtothefirstparagraphNayanChanda
Rarelyhastherebeenasneatafitbetweenabook’ssubjectanditsauthor’sbiographyasin"BoundTogether:HowTradersPreachersAdventurersandWarriorsShapedGlobalization"byNayanChanda.It’seasytoseewhythesubjectfascinatesChanda;he’saself-proclaimedFrancophile崇拜法国的人ofSouthAsianoriginwhostudiedFrenchinCalcuttathentookcoursesonChinainParisranamagazineinHongKongandendeduplaunchinganonlinejournaldevotedtoglobalizationatavenerableIvyLeagueinstitution.Andinthisengaginganalysisheanswerssuchintriguingquestionsas"HowdidthecoffeebeanfirstgrownonlyinEthiopiaendupinourcoffeecupsafterajourneythroughJavaandColombia" Inexaminingthesespecificquestions--andlargeronesabouthowtheworldisinterconnectedmChandadoesnotemphasizehisownexperiences.Butwhenappropriateheeffectivelyusessmallpersonaldetailstocutverybigsocialeconomicculturalandsometimesbiologicalprocessesdowntosize.HeshowshowclosescrutinyoftheiPodhegavehissonasabirthdaypresentcanrevealmuchaboutthemultinationaloriginsofsuchobjects.Itwasofficiallytoutedas"designed"byanAmericancompanyand"assembledinChina";hefoundthatitactuallycontainedcomponentpartsandsoftwarewithtiestoIndiaJapanSouthKoreaandScotland.AndhemarvelsatthespeedwithwhichittraveledfromShanghaitoNewhavenviaAlaskaandIndianaaswellasathisabilitytotrackitsprogressthankstobarcodes. ThedebateoverglobalizationhasgrownsopolarizedthatmanyreadersareprobablyitchingtoknowwhetherChandabelongsinthe"pro"or"anti"camp.Onethemeof"BoundTogether"isthatthinkinginthesetermsdoesn’tmakesense.Thosewhogatheratwhataresomewhatmisleadinglycalled"anti-globalization"ralliesafteralldon’topposeallthewaystheworldisshrinking.AndtheircampaignsmakeuseofmanytechnologiesnotablytheInternetthatarecrucialto21st-century-styleglobalization. IndeedChanda’sstandonthesubjectmightbecalledthatofacautiouslyoptimisticfatalist.Heassertsthattheonlyreasonableresponsetoglobalizationistwofold:acceptthattheworldisnotgoingtostopshrinkingandfigureoutwaystomaximizethepositiveandminimizethenegativeeffects.Heacknowledgesthedownsidesofglobalizationsocialinequitiesthespreadofnewdiseasesandsoonyetarguesthatinmanywaysbeing"boundtogether"evermoretightlycanultimatelybeagoodthingbenefitingmoreandmoreindividualsandgroups. Thisisabookfilledwithfascinatinginformation.Evenreaderswhodisagreewithhisclaimswillcomeawaywithahostofnewfactstodrawupon.TheywillalsolearnalotaboutthehistoryanddeploymentofthetermglobalizationtowhichChandadevotesanexcellentchapter.InadditionmanywillneverlookataniPodinquitethesamewayagain. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws3animpressive"smallfire"weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors. Inthesearch7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreatertherangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14.Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame19tothenewunstablepositionthat20themthenameHomoerectusuprightman. 10
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