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我国最早的脉学专书是
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我国现存最早的产科专书是
《经效产宝》
《十产论》
《女科撮要》
《胎产书》
《达生编》
我国最早的脉学专书是
《三指禅》
《脉经》
《濒湖脉学》
《脉决汇辨》
《脉义简摩》
我国现存最早的脉学专著是______
《脉经》
《脉诀》
《濒湖脉学》
《黄帝内经》
我国现存最早的脉学专著是
《脉经》
《脉诀》
《濒湖脉学》
《诊家枢要》
《黄帝内经》
我国最早的体系比较完整的针灸专书是______
最早的一部护理专书是
《黄帝内经》
《伤寒杂病论》
《侍疾要语》
《本草纲目》
《中医护病学》
最早的一部护理专书是
《黄帝经》
《伤寒杂病论》
《侍疾要语》
《本草纲目》
《中医护病学》
我国现存最早的一部诊治杂病的专书是
《内经》
《难经》
《中藏经》
《易经》
《金匮要略》
我国最早的脉学专书脉经提出多少种脉象
28种
27种
24种
16种
12种
我国现存最早的验舌专书是
《伤寒金镜录》
《伤寒观舌心法》
《舌胎统志》
《辨舌指南》
我国最早的脉学专书脉经提出多少种脉象
二十八种
二十七种
二十四种
十六种
十二种
我国最早的训诂专书是
《辞通》
《尔雅》
《词诠》
《辞源》
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有关胆道蛔虫症的临床表现正确的是
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis“theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya AccordingtothetexttheSupremeCourtruledthat
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Bymentioningdouble-dippingParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
下列乳腺疾病中可出现乳头内陷的有
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
根据淋巴瘤病变范围不同下述分期正确的有
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure. ItcanbeinferredfromthattextthatTonyBlair
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
有关盆腔脓肿的治疗正确的是
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure. WhatdoestheauthormeanbyaclassicnegotiatingerrorParagraph2
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis“theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya ThewordrampagingPara2denotes
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Towhichofthefollowingistheauthormostlikelytoagree
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
肺源性心脏病的形态学特征包含
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence. [A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint. [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 42
下述各项控制梭状芽孢杆菌生长繁殖的方法中正确的是
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. OneofgoalssetbytheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitisto
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
影响血液黏滞性的因素有
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis“theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya TowardstheissueofHindu-Muslimrelationsthewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe
组织细胞发生坏死时其形态改变多样包含
谷胱甘肽
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. BesidesapplyingforbreathingspacefromcreditorsmanagersinAmericanfirmscanalso
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