首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
热门试题
更多
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.7
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.9
Whydon’tmostpeoplesetandachievepersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsGoalsettingisapositivepowerfulpracticewhenitignitesenthusiasmandprovidescleardirection. Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingalsohasaseriousdownsidewhichcanundermineyoursuccess.Poorgoalsettingmakespeopleupsetwastestheirtimeandfostersconfusionaboutwheretoconcentrateactionsandenergy.Howdoessuchapotentiallysuccessfulpracticeasgoalsettinggowrongsooften Goalsettingonceexecutedpoorlythoughtlesslyorforthewrongreasonscanhaveasignificantnegativeimpactonbothpeopleandyourorganizationbusinessplan.Avoidthesefivemisusesofapotentiallypositivepowerfulpractice:goalsettingforpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoals. 41.GoalSettingUnderIntimidation Sometimesintimidationbringsdrivingforcewhichstimulatesstaffmemberstogoonbutusuallyitonlyincursfears.Organizationsoftenfailtoachievegoalsandstrategicplanningtargetsthataresettopdownbyexecutiveswholackcrucialinformationandareoutoftouchwithstaffchallenges. Thegoalsareunrealisticandtheyfailtoconsiderorganizationresourcesandcapabilities.Staffmembersdon’tbelievethattherewardstheywillreceiveforgoalaccomplishmentwillequaltheenergytheyinvesttoachievethem.Frequentlymanagersareintimidatedwhentheyfearjoblossforfailure. 42.GoalsIntendedtoImpressNotGuideEfforts WilliamHamiltonsays"’Duringtheroaringcrazydaysofthedot.cornninetiesusinggoalstoimpresswascommonplacealthoughorganizationsalsoutilizedthistechniquelongbeforetheInternetarrivedinthisprocessmanagementcreatesgoalsbasedonthedesiretoimpressormisleadoutsidegroups." AccordingtoHamiltonthisprocessis"alsousedtoavoidseriousanalysisofthecompanyandthemarketplace.Attheendofthetimeperiodthesegoalscanthenbeusedbyseniormanagementtopassthebuckandtheblameforthefailuretomeetthegoals. Thefirstpartofthisarticleemphasizedseveralproblemswithhoworganizationssetgoals.Additionalpotentialproblemswithsettingpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsincludethefollowing. 43.Can’tSeeBeyondOne’sNose Inanefforttomeetthecurrentperiod’sgoalsthelong-termviabilityoftheorganizationisputatrisk. 44.GoalSettingBecomesAboutthePlanNottheExecution Hamiltonsaysapotentialseriousdownsideoccurswhen"theratioofenergytimeandcreativitythatgoesintocreatingthegoaloutstripsandcomesoutofthehideofactuallymanagingtheproduct." 45.TooManyGoalsMakeNothingaPriority Inmyworkwithsmallandmid-sizedmanufacturingcompaniesIoftenfindthatpeoplewearsomanyhatstheyareoverwhelmedwiththesheernumberofgoalstheyareexpectedtomeet.Theydon’tknowwhatismostimportanttoaccomplishnext. Inconclusiongoalsettingisapositivepowerfulbusinesspracticewhenittellsyourstaffwhereyouaregoing.Effectivegoalsettingalsodemonstrateswhatsuccesswilllooklikeduringthejourneyanduponarrival.Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingcannegativelyimpactyourorganizationinallthewaysdescribedandmore. [A]Suchas:takeabigdreamlike"Iwanttobefamous"andbreakitdownintomorestepslike"!wanttostarinasciencefictionmovie""Iwanttogotothreeauditionsaweek""IwanttomovetoL.A."and"Iwanttosave$5000soIcanmove". [B]Suchas:useexpensivepromotionsthatactuallygeneratelessinsalesthantheycostorpushexpensesintothefutureratherthanaccountingforthemwhenincurred. [C]Tointernalstaffmemberswhowereoftenunconvincedandunmovedbytheunrealistic"’showgoals"seniormanagement’sactionsproducedseriousmoraleandcompetency-questioningissues.Tostaffmemberswhoboughtintotheeuphoriafailuretoachievethegoalswasadeadlydownwardspiral. [D]AformerSiebelSystemsexecutivesays"MynightmaregoalsettingstoryofalltimewashowSiebelsetsalesgoalsforitsDistrictManagers:everyone’squotawas$3.5million.Therenomorethoughtneededtogointoitnodiscussion--justdoitoryou’refired!SotheDistrictManagercallingonCitibankhadthesamequotaastheDistrictManagercallingontheStatesofLouisianaMississippiandAlabama.Asaresultnoonesucceeded. [E]InonesmallmanufacturingcompanyamanagementgroupdecidedtouseGanttchartstotrackgoalaccomplishment.Afterstartingwithahugeinvestmentoftimeinmakingthechartsforalloftheirgoalsthemanagementgroupsoonabandonedthecharting.Whenquestionedlatertheyaffirmedthatthechartingwastakingtoomuchofthetimetheyneededtoaccomplishthegoals. [F]Ioncefacilitatedastrategicplanningsessionduringwhichpeopleanalyzedandestablishedpriorities.Theymovednon-priorityitemstoa"B"listandbelievedtheyhadsuccessfullycreatedan"A"listofthemostimportantachievablegoals.Youcanimaginemyconsternationwhenattheendofthesessiontheseniormanagerlookedatthelistofgoalsonthe"B"listandsaid"Theseareallgivens.Wehavetoaccomplishtheseanyway." 45
Oneofthemanytheoriesaboutalcoholismisthelearningandreinforcementtheorywhichexplainsalcoholismbyconsideringalcoholdrinkingasareflexresponsetosomestimulusandasawaytoreduceaninnerdrivestatesuchasfearoranxiety.Characterizinglifesituationsintermsofapproachandavoidancethistheoryholdsthatpersonstendtobedrawntopleasantsituationsorrepelledbyunpleasantones.Inthelattercasealcoholdrinkingissaidtoreducethetensionorfeelingsofunpleasantnessandtoreplacethemwiththefeelingofpleasuregenerallyobservedinmostpersonsaftertheyhaveconsumedoneormoredrinks.Someexperimentalevidencetendstoshowthatalcoholreducesfearinanapproach-avoidancesituation.Congertrainedonegroupofratstoapproachafoodgoalandtrainedanothergrouptoavoidelectricshock.Afteraninjectionofalcoholthepullawayfromtheshockwasmeasurablyweakerwhilethepulltowardfoodwasunchanged.Theobvioustroublesexperiencedbyalcoholicpersonsappeartocontradictthelearningtheoryintheexplanationofalcoholism.Thediscomfortpainandpunishmenttheyexperienceshouldpresumablydiscouragethealcoholicsfromdrinking.Thefactthatalcoholicpersonscontinuetodrinkinthefaceoffamilydiscordlossofjobandillnessisexplainedbytheproximityofthedriveofreductiontotheconsumptionofalcohol;thatisalcoholhastheimmediateeffectofreducingtensionwhiletheunpleasantconsequencesofdrunkenbehaviorcameonlylater.Thelearningpatternthereforefavorstheestablishmentandrepetitionoftheresorttoalcohol.Infacttheanxietiesandfeelingsofguiltcausedbytheconsequencesofexcessivealcoholdrinkingmaythemselvesbecomethesignalforanothertimeofalcoholabuse.Thewayinwhichthedesireforanotherdrinkcouldbecausedbyanxietyisexplainedbytheprocessofstimulusgeneralization:conditionsoreventssecuringatthetimeofreinforcementtendtoacquireallthefeaturesofstimuli.Whenalcoholisconsumedinassociationwithastateofanxietyorfeartheemotionalstateitselftakesonthepropertiesofastimulusthustriggeringanothertimeofdrinking.TheroleofpunishmentisbecomingincreasinglyimportantinexplainingacauseofalcoholismbasedontheprinciplesoflearningtheoryWhilepunishmentmayservetosuppressaresponseexperimentshaveshownthatinsomecasesitcanserveasarewardandreinforcethebehavior.Thusifthealcoholicpersonhaslearnedtodrinkunderconditionsofbothrewardandpunishmenteithertypeofconditionmaytriggerreneweddrinking.Fromparagraph3wecanlearnthat
Whydon’tmostpeoplesetandachievepersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsGoalsettingisapositivepowerfulpracticewhenitignitesenthusiasmandprovidescleardirection. Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingalsohasaseriousdownsidewhichcanundermineyoursuccess.Poorgoalsettingmakespeopleupsetwastestheirtimeandfostersconfusionaboutwheretoconcentrateactionsandenergy.Howdoessuchapotentiallysuccessfulpracticeasgoalsettinggowrongsooften Goalsettingonceexecutedpoorlythoughtlesslyorforthewrongreasonscanhaveasignificantnegativeimpactonbothpeopleandyourorganizationbusinessplan.Avoidthesefivemisusesofapotentiallypositivepowerfulpractice:goalsettingforpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoals. 41.GoalSettingUnderIntimidation Sometimesintimidationbringsdrivingforcewhichstimulatesstaffmemberstogoonbutusuallyitonlyincursfears.Organizationsoftenfailtoachievegoalsandstrategicplanningtargetsthataresettopdownbyexecutiveswholackcrucialinformationandareoutoftouchwithstaffchallenges. Thegoalsareunrealisticandtheyfailtoconsiderorganizationresourcesandcapabilities.Staffmembersdon’tbelievethattherewardstheywillreceiveforgoalaccomplishmentwillequaltheenergytheyinvesttoachievethem.Frequentlymanagersareintimidatedwhentheyfearjoblossforfailure. 42.GoalsIntendedtoImpressNotGuideEfforts WilliamHamiltonsays"’Duringtheroaringcrazydaysofthedot.cornninetiesusinggoalstoimpresswascommonplacealthoughorganizationsalsoutilizedthistechniquelongbeforetheInternetarrivedinthisprocessmanagementcreatesgoalsbasedonthedesiretoimpressormisleadoutsidegroups." AccordingtoHamiltonthisprocessis"alsousedtoavoidseriousanalysisofthecompanyandthemarketplace.Attheendofthetimeperiodthesegoalscanthenbeusedbyseniormanagementtopassthebuckandtheblameforthefailuretomeetthegoals. Thefirstpartofthisarticleemphasizedseveralproblemswithhoworganizationssetgoals.Additionalpotentialproblemswithsettingpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsincludethefollowing. 43.Can’tSeeBeyondOne’sNose Inanefforttomeetthecurrentperiod’sgoalsthelong-termviabilityoftheorganizationisputatrisk. 44.GoalSettingBecomesAboutthePlanNottheExecution Hamiltonsaysapotentialseriousdownsideoccurswhen"theratioofenergytimeandcreativitythatgoesintocreatingthegoaloutstripsandcomesoutofthehideofactuallymanagingtheproduct." 45.TooManyGoalsMakeNothingaPriority Inmyworkwithsmallandmid-sizedmanufacturingcompaniesIoftenfindthatpeoplewearsomanyhatstheyareoverwhelmedwiththesheernumberofgoalstheyareexpectedtomeet.Theydon’tknowwhatismostimportanttoaccomplishnext. Inconclusiongoalsettingisapositivepowerfulbusinesspracticewhenittellsyourstaffwhereyouaregoing.Effectivegoalsettingalsodemonstrateswhatsuccesswilllooklikeduringthejourneyanduponarrival.Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingcannegativelyimpactyourorganizationinallthewaysdescribedandmore. [A]Suchas:takeabigdreamlike"Iwanttobefamous"andbreakitdownintomorestepslike"!wanttostarinasciencefictionmovie""Iwanttogotothreeauditionsaweek""IwanttomovetoL.A."and"Iwanttosave$5000soIcanmove". [B]Suchas:useexpensivepromotionsthatactuallygeneratelessinsalesthantheycostorpushexpensesintothefutureratherthanaccountingforthemwhenincurred. [C]Tointernalstaffmemberswhowereoftenunconvincedandunmovedbytheunrealistic"’showgoals"seniormanagement’sactionsproducedseriousmoraleandcompetency-questioningissues.Tostaffmemberswhoboughtintotheeuphoriafailuretoachievethegoalswasadeadlydownwardspiral. [D]AformerSiebelSystemsexecutivesays"MynightmaregoalsettingstoryofalltimewashowSiebelsetsalesgoalsforitsDistrictManagers:everyone’squotawas$3.5million.Therenomorethoughtneededtogointoitnodiscussion--justdoitoryou’refired!SotheDistrictManagercallingonCitibankhadthesamequotaastheDistrictManagercallingontheStatesofLouisianaMississippiandAlabama.Asaresultnoonesucceeded. [E]InonesmallmanufacturingcompanyamanagementgroupdecidedtouseGanttchartstotrackgoalaccomplishment.Afterstartingwithahugeinvestmentoftimeinmakingthechartsforalloftheirgoalsthemanagementgroupsoonabandonedthecharting.Whenquestionedlatertheyaffirmedthatthechartingwastakingtoomuchofthetimetheyneededtoaccomplishthegoals. [F]Ioncefacilitatedastrategicplanningsessionduringwhichpeopleanalyzedandestablishedpriorities.Theymovednon-priorityitemstoa"B"listandbelievedtheyhadsuccessfullycreatedan"A"listofthemostimportantachievablegoals.Youcanimaginemyconsternationwhenattheendofthesessiontheseniormanagerlookedatthelistofgoalsonthe"B"listandsaid"Theseareallgivens.Wehavetoaccomplishtheseanyway." 43
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.19
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.5
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.15
46Duringtheadolescencethedevelopmentofpoliticalideologybecomesapparentintheindividual;ideologyhereisdefinedasthepresenceofroughlyconsistentattitudesmoreorlessorganizedinreferencetoamoreencompassingsetofgeneralprinciples.Assuchpoliticalideologyisdimorabsentatthebeginningofadolescence.Itsacquisitionbytheadolescentineventhemostmodestsenserequirestheacquisitionofrelativelysophisticatedcognitiveskills:theabilitytomanageabstractnesstosynthesizeandgeneralizetoimaginethefuture.Theseareaccompaniedbyasteadyadvanceintheabilitytounderstandprinciples. Thechild’srapidacquisitionofpoliticalknowledgealsopromotesthegrowthofpoliticalideologyduringadolescence.47ByknowledgeImeanmorethanthedull"facts"suchasthecompositionofcountrygovernmentthatthechildisexposedtointheconventionalninth-gradeschoolcourse.NordoImeanonlyinformationoncurrentpoliticalrealities.48Thesearefactsofknowledgebuttheyarelesscriticalthantheadolescent’sabsorptionofafeelingforthosemanyunspokenassumptionsaboutthepoliticalsystemthatcomprisethecommongroundofunderstandingforexamplewhatthestatecan"appropriately"demandofitscitizensandviceversaorthe"proper"relationshipofgovernmenttosubsidiarysocialinstitutionssuchastheschoolsandchurches.Thuspoliticalknowledgeistheawarenessofsocialassumptionsandrelationshipsaswellasofobjectivefacts.49Muchofthenaivetéthatcharacterizestheyoungeradolescent’sgraspofpoliticsstemsnotfromanignoranceof"facts"butfromanincompletecomprehensionofthecommonconventionsofthesystemofwhatisandisnotcustomarilydoneandofhowandwhyitisorisnotdone. YetIdonotwanttooveremphasizethesignificanceofincreasedpoliticalknowledgeinformingadolescentideology.OvertheyearsIhavebecomeprogressivelydisenchantedaboutthecentralityofsuchknowledgeandhavecometobelievethatmuchcurrentworkinpoliticalsocializationbyrelyingtooheavilyonitsapparentacquisitionhasbeenmisledaboutthetempoofpoliticalunderstandinginadolescence.50Justasyoungchildrencancountnumbersinserieswithoutgraspingtheprincipleofordinationyoungadolescentsmayhaveintheirheadsmanyrandombitsofpoliticalinformationwithoutasecureunderstandingofthoseconceptsthatwouldgiveorderandmeaningtotheinformation. Children’smindspickupbitsandpiecesofdatabutuntiltheadolescenthasgraspedtheencompassingfunctionthatconceptsandprinciplesprovidethedataremainfragmentedrandomdisordered. 47
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.
Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheelectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffense;societymustgetevenwhichcanbedoneonlybyinflictinganequalinjuryuponhim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoadministerapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthedenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Theexecutionofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministeredthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefoundwhat’smoreprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.Theexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatoothwascitedinorderto
46Duringtheadolescencethedevelopmentofpoliticalideologybecomesapparentintheindividual;ideologyhereisdefinedasthepresenceofroughlyconsistentattitudesmoreorlessorganizedinreferencetoamoreencompassingsetofgeneralprinciples.Assuchpoliticalideologyisdimorabsentatthebeginningofadolescence.Itsacquisitionbytheadolescentineventhemostmodestsenserequirestheacquisitionofrelativelysophisticatedcognitiveskills:theabilitytomanageabstractnesstosynthesizeandgeneralizetoimaginethefuture.Theseareaccompaniedbyasteadyadvanceintheabilitytounderstandprinciples. Thechild’srapidacquisitionofpoliticalknowledgealsopromotesthegrowthofpoliticalideologyduringadolescence.47ByknowledgeImeanmorethanthedull"facts"suchasthecompositionofcountrygovernmentthatthechildisexposedtointheconventionalninth-gradeschoolcourse.NordoImeanonlyinformationoncurrentpoliticalrealities.48Thesearefactsofknowledgebuttheyarelesscriticalthantheadolescent’sabsorptionofafeelingforthosemanyunspokenassumptionsaboutthepoliticalsystemthatcomprisethecommongroundofunderstandingforexamplewhatthestatecan"appropriately"demandofitscitizensandviceversaorthe"proper"relationshipofgovernmenttosubsidiarysocialinstitutionssuchastheschoolsandchurches.Thuspoliticalknowledgeistheawarenessofsocialassumptionsandrelationshipsaswellasofobjectivefacts.49Muchofthenaivetéthatcharacterizestheyoungeradolescent’sgraspofpoliticsstemsnotfromanignoranceof"facts"butfromanincompletecomprehensionofthecommonconventionsofthesystemofwhatisandisnotcustomarilydoneandofhowandwhyitisorisnotdone. YetIdonotwanttooveremphasizethesignificanceofincreasedpoliticalknowledgeinformingadolescentideology.OvertheyearsIhavebecomeprogressivelydisenchantedaboutthecentralityofsuchknowledgeandhavecometobelievethatmuchcurrentworkinpoliticalsocializationbyrelyingtooheavilyonitsapparentacquisitionhasbeenmisledaboutthetempoofpoliticalunderstandinginadolescence.50Justasyoungchildrencancountnumbersinserieswithoutgraspingtheprincipleofordinationyoungadolescentsmayhaveintheirheadsmanyrandombitsofpoliticalinformationwithoutasecureunderstandingofthoseconceptsthatwouldgiveorderandmeaningtotheinformation. Children’smindspickupbitsandpiecesofdatabutuntiltheadolescenthasgraspedtheencompassingfunctionthatconceptsandprinciplesprovidethedataremainfragmentedrandomdisordered. 49
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.1
AclassactionlawsuithasbeenfiledagainstaprominentTorontodoctorbypatientswhoallegeheinjectedabannedsubstanceintotheirfacesforcosmeticpurposes.ThedoctorhadalreadybeeninvestigatedmorethanthreeyearsagoforusingtheliquidsiliconeaproductnotauthorizedforuseinCanada.Somepatientssaytheyarenowsufferinghealthproblemsandthinktheliquidsiliconemaybetoblame.OneofthosepatientsisAnnaBarbiero.ShesaysherTorontodermatologisttoldherhewasusingliquidsiliconetosmoothoutwrinkles.Whatshesayshedidn’ttellheristhatitisn’tapprovedforuseinCanada.Ididn’tknowwhatliquidsiliconewasandhejustcalledit’liquidgold’Barbieroremembers.AfterherlasttreatmentAnnadiscoveredDr.SheldonPollackhadbeenorderedtostopusingthesiliconetwoyearsearlierbyHealthCanada.Expertssaysiliconecanmigratethroughthebodyandcauseinflammationanddeformities.MyupperlipisalwaysnumbanditburnsBarbierosays.Barbieroisspearheadingalawsuitagainstthedoctorwhoherlawyerthinksmightinvolveupto100patientsinjectedwiththesamematerial.ThefactaphysicianofhisstaturewoulduseanunauthorizedproductonapatientbecausehethoughtitwasokayisreallyverydisturbingsayslawyerDouglasElliott.Ontario’sCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonsOCPSisalsoinvestigatingDr.Pollacktoseeifinfacthecontinuedtousethesiliconeafteragreeingtostopandwhetherhewroteinpatientrecordsthatheusedanotherlegalproductwhenhehadusedsilicone.HoweverinalettertotheCollegeDr.PollackwrotethathehadalwaystoldpatientsthatthesiliconewasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadaandhadwarnedthemoftherisks.AndinBarbiero’scase...atthetimeofherfirstvisitpriortohereverreceivingIGLStreatmentIspecificallyinformedherthatthematerialwasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadabytheHealthProtectionBranchandthatIdidreceivethematerialfromoutsidethecountry...IwouldliketoemphasizethatasisevidentonMs.Barbiero’schartIdrewaspecificdiagramonthechartwhich1carefullydiscussedwithandexplainedtoMs.BarbieroasIdowitheveryotherpatienttoexplainthenatureandlikelihoodofpossiblecomplicationsandthereasonsandconsequencesofthosepossiblecomplications.Dr.PollackdeclinedtospeaktoCTVNewsortohavehislawyerdiscussthecase.Noneoftheallegationshavebeenprovenincourt.Butthecaseraisesquestionsabouttheabilityofgoverningbodiestomonitordoctors.There’salargermessageandthatis.buyerbewaresaysNancyNeilsenofCosmeticSurgeryCanada.It’sincumbentonconsumerstodotheirresearch./WhywasDoctorSheldonPollackcharged
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.13
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.ThewordrectifyLine8Para.1mostprobablymeans
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.11
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.3
AclassactionlawsuithasbeenfiledagainstaprominentTorontodoctorbypatientswhoallegeheinjectedabannedsubstanceintotheirfacesforcosmeticpurposes.ThedoctorhadalreadybeeninvestigatedmorethanthreeyearsagoforusingtheliquidsiliconeaproductnotauthorizedforuseinCanada.Somepatientssaytheyarenowsufferinghealthproblemsandthinktheliquidsiliconemaybetoblame.OneofthosepatientsisAnnaBarbiero.ShesaysherTorontodermatologisttoldherhewasusingliquidsiliconetosmoothoutwrinkles.Whatshesayshedidn’ttellheristhatitisn’tapprovedforuseinCanada.Ididn’tknowwhatliquidsiliconewasandhejustcalledit’liquidgold’Barbieroremembers.AfterherlasttreatmentAnnadiscoveredDr.SheldonPollackhadbeenorderedtostopusingthesiliconetwoyearsearlierbyHealthCanada.Expertssaysiliconecanmigratethroughthebodyandcauseinflammationanddeformities.MyupperlipisalwaysnumbanditburnsBarbierosays.Barbieroisspearheadingalawsuitagainstthedoctorwhoherlawyerthinksmightinvolveupto100patientsinjectedwiththesamematerial.ThefactaphysicianofhisstaturewoulduseanunauthorizedproductonapatientbecausehethoughtitwasokayisreallyverydisturbingsayslawyerDouglasElliott.Ontario’sCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonsOCPSisalsoinvestigatingDr.Pollacktoseeifinfacthecontinuedtousethesiliconeafteragreeingtostopandwhetherhewroteinpatientrecordsthatheusedanotherlegalproductwhenhehadusedsilicone.HoweverinalettertotheCollegeDr.PollackwrotethathehadalwaystoldpatientsthatthesiliconewasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadaandhadwarnedthemoftherisks.AndinBarbiero’scase...atthetimeofherfirstvisitpriortohereverreceivingIGLStreatmentIspecificallyinformedherthatthematerialwasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadabytheHealthProtectionBranchandthatIdidreceivethematerialfromoutsidethecountry...IwouldliketoemphasizethatasisevidentonMs.Barbiero’schartIdrewaspecificdiagramonthechartwhich1carefullydiscussedwithandexplainedtoMs.BarbieroasIdowitheveryotherpatienttoexplainthenatureandlikelihoodofpossiblecomplicationsandthereasonsandconsequencesofthosepossiblecomplications.Dr.PollackdeclinedtospeaktoCTVNewsortohavehislawyerdiscussthecase.Noneoftheallegationshavebeenprovenincourt.Butthecaseraisesquestionsabouttheabilityofgoverningbodiestomonitordoctors.There’salargermessageandthatis.buyerbewaresaysNancyNeilsenofCosmeticSurgeryCanada.It’sincumbentonconsumerstodotheirresearch./Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
Whydon’tmostpeoplesetandachievepersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsGoalsettingisapositivepowerfulpracticewhenitignitesenthusiasmandprovidescleardirection. Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingalsohasaseriousdownsidewhichcanundermineyoursuccess.Poorgoalsettingmakespeopleupsetwastestheirtimeandfostersconfusionaboutwheretoconcentrateactionsandenergy.Howdoessuchapotentiallysuccessfulpracticeasgoalsettinggowrongsooften Goalsettingonceexecutedpoorlythoughtlesslyorforthewrongreasonscanhaveasignificantnegativeimpactonbothpeopleandyourorganizationbusinessplan.Avoidthesefivemisusesofapotentiallypositivepowerfulpractice:goalsettingforpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoals. 41.GoalSettingUnderIntimidation Sometimesintimidationbringsdrivingforcewhichstimulatesstaffmemberstogoonbutusuallyitonlyincursfears.Organizationsoftenfailtoachievegoalsandstrategicplanningtargetsthataresettopdownbyexecutiveswholackcrucialinformationandareoutoftouchwithstaffchallenges. Thegoalsareunrealisticandtheyfailtoconsiderorganizationresourcesandcapabilities.Staffmembersdon’tbelievethattherewardstheywillreceiveforgoalaccomplishmentwillequaltheenergytheyinvesttoachievethem.Frequentlymanagersareintimidatedwhentheyfearjoblossforfailure. 42.GoalsIntendedtoImpressNotGuideEfforts WilliamHamiltonsays"’Duringtheroaringcrazydaysofthedot.cornninetiesusinggoalstoimpresswascommonplacealthoughorganizationsalsoutilizedthistechniquelongbeforetheInternetarrivedinthisprocessmanagementcreatesgoalsbasedonthedesiretoimpressormisleadoutsidegroups." AccordingtoHamiltonthisprocessis"alsousedtoavoidseriousanalysisofthecompanyandthemarketplace.Attheendofthetimeperiodthesegoalscanthenbeusedbyseniormanagementtopassthebuckandtheblameforthefailuretomeetthegoals. Thefirstpartofthisarticleemphasizedseveralproblemswithhoworganizationssetgoals.Additionalpotentialproblemswithsettingpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsincludethefollowing. 43.Can’tSeeBeyondOne’sNose Inanefforttomeetthecurrentperiod’sgoalsthelong-termviabilityoftheorganizationisputatrisk. 44.GoalSettingBecomesAboutthePlanNottheExecution Hamiltonsaysapotentialseriousdownsideoccurswhen"theratioofenergytimeandcreativitythatgoesintocreatingthegoaloutstripsandcomesoutofthehideofactuallymanagingtheproduct." 45.TooManyGoalsMakeNothingaPriority Inmyworkwithsmallandmid-sizedmanufacturingcompaniesIoftenfindthatpeoplewearsomanyhatstheyareoverwhelmedwiththesheernumberofgoalstheyareexpectedtomeet.Theydon’tknowwhatismostimportanttoaccomplishnext. Inconclusiongoalsettingisapositivepowerfulbusinesspracticewhenittellsyourstaffwhereyouaregoing.Effectivegoalsettingalsodemonstrateswhatsuccesswilllooklikeduringthejourneyanduponarrival.Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingcannegativelyimpactyourorganizationinallthewaysdescribedandmore. [A]Suchas:takeabigdreamlike"Iwanttobefamous"andbreakitdownintomorestepslike"!wanttostarinasciencefictionmovie""Iwanttogotothreeauditionsaweek""IwanttomovetoL.A."and"Iwanttosave$5000soIcanmove". [B]Suchas:useexpensivepromotionsthatactuallygeneratelessinsalesthantheycostorpushexpensesintothefutureratherthanaccountingforthemwhenincurred. [C]Tointernalstaffmemberswhowereoftenunconvincedandunmovedbytheunrealistic"’showgoals"seniormanagement’sactionsproducedseriousmoraleandcompetency-questioningissues.Tostaffmemberswhoboughtintotheeuphoriafailuretoachievethegoalswasadeadlydownwardspiral. [D]AformerSiebelSystemsexecutivesays"MynightmaregoalsettingstoryofalltimewashowSiebelsetsalesgoalsforitsDistrictManagers:everyone’squotawas$3.5million.Therenomorethoughtneededtogointoitnodiscussion--justdoitoryou’refired!SotheDistrictManagercallingonCitibankhadthesamequotaastheDistrictManagercallingontheStatesofLouisianaMississippiandAlabama.Asaresultnoonesucceeded. [E]InonesmallmanufacturingcompanyamanagementgroupdecidedtouseGanttchartstotrackgoalaccomplishment.Afterstartingwithahugeinvestmentoftimeinmakingthechartsforalloftheirgoalsthemanagementgroupsoonabandonedthecharting.Whenquestionedlatertheyaffirmedthatthechartingwastakingtoomuchofthetimetheyneededtoaccomplishthegoals. [F]Ioncefacilitatedastrategicplanningsessionduringwhichpeopleanalyzedandestablishedpriorities.Theymovednon-priorityitemstoa"B"listandbelievedtheyhadsuccessfullycreatedan"A"listofthemostimportantachievablegoals.Youcanimaginemyconsternationwhenattheendofthesessiontheseniormanagerlookedatthelistofgoalsonthe"B"listandsaid"Theseareallgivens.Wehavetoaccomplishtheseanyway." 41
WhenacustomerclaimedtohavefoundaseveredfingerinabowlofchiliservedataWendy’sfastfoodfranchiseinCaliforniathechain’ssalesfellbyhalfintheSanJos6areawheretheincidentwasreported.Wendy’sbrandandreputationwereatriskuntiltheclaimwasexposedasahoaxinlateAprilandthecompanyoperatorofAmerica’sthirdbiggesthamburgerchainwasvindicated.YetthesharepriceofWendy’sInternationaltheparentcompanyrosesteadilythroughMarchandAprildespitethefingerfuroreanddowngradesfromanalysts.OnereasonwasheavybuyingbyhedgefundsledbyPershingSquareCapital.ThisWeekPershingmadeitsintentionspublicsayingthatitwasworriedbymarketrumorsthatWendy’smightsoonbuymorefastfoodbrandsandarguingthatthefirmshouldbesellingassetsinstead.Pershing’sapproachindicatesrisingpressureonAmericanrestaurantcompaniestoperformatatimewhentheindustry’sgrowthprospectslookincreasinglytough.Thehitoncustomers’walletsfromhigherpetrolpricesandrisinginterestrateswillprobablymeanthatyearonyearsalesgrowthacrosstheAmericanrestaurantindustryslowstojust1%bythefourthquarterof2005downfromafiveyearhistoricaverageof5.6%sayUBSaninvestmentbankandGlobalInsightaforecastinggroup.LookingfurtheraheadsaysUBS’sDavidPalmertheindustrymayhavetostoprelyingonmostofthelongtermtrendsthatwerebehindmuchofitsrecentgrowth.ThreequartersofAmericansalreadylivewithinthreemilesofaMcDonald’srestaurantleavinglittlescopeforgreen-fieldgrowth.ObesityisagrowingissueinAmericaandwithitcomethethreatofliabilitylawsuitsagainstbigrestaurantchainsandperhapslegallimitsonadvertising.ThisweekAmerica’sbiggestfoodtradegrouptheGroceryManufacturers’Associationwassaidtobepreparingtougherguidelinesonthemarketingoffoodtochildreninthehopeofstavingoffstatutorycontrols.Homecookingmayalsobemakingacomebackhelpedbytwofactors.ThepercentageofwomenjoiningAmerica’sworkforcemayhavepeakedandsupermarketchainssuchasWal-Marthavebeenforcingdownretailfoodprices.ExpansionoverseasisoneoptionforAmericanrestaurantchains.BurgerKingtheprivatelyownednumbertwohamburgerchainopeneditsfirstoutletinChinalastmonthapparentlyaimingtomaintainstronggrowthaheadofaninitialpublicofferingnextyear.McDonald’shas600outletsinChinaandplans400more.Butathomethefutureseemstoholdonlyanevenmorecompetitiveandcost-consciousrestaurantindustry.FastfoodchainsaretryingtopoachcustomersfromcasualdiningchainssuchasApplebee’sNeighborhoodGrillwhilethosechainsaresqueezingoutindependentrestaurantsunabletocompeteoncostorinmarketingclout.Businessconditionsnotseveredfingersaretherealthreattotheweakerfirmsintherestaurantbusiness.WhydidthesharepriceofWendy’sInternationalrisesteadilyaftertheseveredfingerincident
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.MarceloandCarlaSuarze-Orozcohavealsofoundintheirstudythat
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.17
AclassactionlawsuithasbeenfiledagainstaprominentTorontodoctorbypatientswhoallegeheinjectedabannedsubstanceintotheirfacesforcosmeticpurposes.ThedoctorhadalreadybeeninvestigatedmorethanthreeyearsagoforusingtheliquidsiliconeaproductnotauthorizedforuseinCanada.Somepatientssaytheyarenowsufferinghealthproblemsandthinktheliquidsiliconemaybetoblame.OneofthosepatientsisAnnaBarbiero.ShesaysherTorontodermatologisttoldherhewasusingliquidsiliconetosmoothoutwrinkles.Whatshesayshedidn’ttellheristhatitisn’tapprovedforuseinCanada.Ididn’tknowwhatliquidsiliconewasandhejustcalledit’liquidgold’Barbieroremembers.AfterherlasttreatmentAnnadiscoveredDr.SheldonPollackhadbeenorderedtostopusingthesiliconetwoyearsearlierbyHealthCanada.Expertssaysiliconecanmigratethroughthebodyandcauseinflammationanddeformities.MyupperlipisalwaysnumbanditburnsBarbierosays.Barbieroisspearheadingalawsuitagainstthedoctorwhoherlawyerthinksmightinvolveupto100patientsinjectedwiththesamematerial.ThefactaphysicianofhisstaturewoulduseanunauthorizedproductonapatientbecausehethoughtitwasokayisreallyverydisturbingsayslawyerDouglasElliott.Ontario’sCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonsOCPSisalsoinvestigatingDr.Pollacktoseeifinfacthecontinuedtousethesiliconeafteragreeingtostopandwhetherhewroteinpatientrecordsthatheusedanotherlegalproductwhenhehadusedsilicone.HoweverinalettertotheCollegeDr.PollackwrotethathehadalwaystoldpatientsthatthesiliconewasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadaandhadwarnedthemoftherisks.AndinBarbiero’scase...atthetimeofherfirstvisitpriortohereverreceivingIGLStreatmentIspecificallyinformedherthatthematerialwasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadabytheHealthProtectionBranchandthatIdidreceivethematerialfromoutsidethecountry...IwouldliketoemphasizethatasisevidentonMs.Barbiero’schartIdrewaspecificdiagramonthechartwhich1carefullydiscussedwithandexplainedtoMs.BarbieroasIdowitheveryotherpatienttoexplainthenatureandlikelihoodofpossiblecomplicationsandthereasonsandconsequencesofthosepossiblecomplications.Dr.PollackdeclinedtospeaktoCTVNewsortohavehislawyerdiscussthecase.Noneoftheallegationshavebeenprovenincourt.Butthecaseraisesquestionsabouttheabilityofgoverningbodiestomonitordoctors.There’salargermessageandthatis.buyerbewaresaysNancyNeilsenofCosmeticSurgeryCanada.It’sincumbentonconsumerstodotheirresearch./WhatdoestheinvestigationofOCPSwanttofind
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardpreparationsforwar
Oneofthemanytheoriesaboutalcoholismisthelearningandreinforcementtheorywhichexplainsalcoholismbyconsideringalcoholdrinkingasareflexresponsetosomestimulusandasawaytoreduceaninnerdrivestatesuchasfearoranxiety.Characterizinglifesituationsintermsofapproachandavoidancethistheoryholdsthatpersonstendtobedrawntopleasantsituationsorrepelledbyunpleasantones.Inthelattercasealcoholdrinkingissaidtoreducethetensionorfeelingsofunpleasantnessandtoreplacethemwiththefeelingofpleasuregenerallyobservedinmostpersonsaftertheyhaveconsumedoneormoredrinks.Someexperimentalevidencetendstoshowthatalcoholreducesfearinanapproach-avoidancesituation.Congertrainedonegroupofratstoapproachafoodgoalandtrainedanothergrouptoavoidelectricshock.Afteraninjectionofalcoholthepullawayfromtheshockwasmeasurablyweakerwhilethepulltowardfoodwasunchanged.Theobvioustroublesexperiencedbyalcoholicpersonsappeartocontradictthelearningtheoryintheexplanationofalcoholism.Thediscomfortpainandpunishmenttheyexperienceshouldpresumablydiscouragethealcoholicsfromdrinking.Thefactthatalcoholicpersonscontinuetodrinkinthefaceoffamilydiscordlossofjobandillnessisexplainedbytheproximityofthedriveofreductiontotheconsumptionofalcohol;thatisalcoholhastheimmediateeffectofreducingtensionwhiletheunpleasantconsequencesofdrunkenbehaviorcameonlylater.Thelearningpatternthereforefavorstheestablishmentandrepetitionoftheresorttoalcohol.Infacttheanxietiesandfeelingsofguiltcausedbytheconsequencesofexcessivealcoholdrinkingmaythemselvesbecomethesignalforanothertimeofalcoholabuse.Thewayinwhichthedesireforanotherdrinkcouldbecausedbyanxietyisexplainedbytheprocessofstimulusgeneralization:conditionsoreventssecuringatthetimeofreinforcementtendtoacquireallthefeaturesofstimuli.Whenalcoholisconsumedinassociationwithastateofanxietyorfeartheemotionalstateitselftakesonthepropertiesofastimulusthustriggeringanothertimeofdrinking.TheroleofpunishmentisbecomingincreasinglyimportantinexplainingacauseofalcoholismbasedontheprinciplesoflearningtheoryWhilepunishmentmayservetosuppressaresponseexperimentshaveshownthatinsomecasesitcanserveasarewardandreinforcethebehavior.Thusifthealcoholicpersonhaslearnedtodrinkunderconditionsofbothrewardandpunishmenteithertypeofconditionmaytriggerreneweddrinking.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheelectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffense;societymustgetevenwhichcanbedoneonlybyinflictinganequalinjuryuponhim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoadministerapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthedenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Theexecutionofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministeredthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefoundwhat’smoreprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthistext
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Accordingtothetextschoolsatthepresenttime
Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheelectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffense;societymustgetevenwhichcanbedoneonlybyinflictinganequalinjuryuponhim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoadministerapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthedenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Theexecutionofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministeredthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefoundwhat’smoreprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.Thebasicdifferencebetweenretributivejusticeandcorrectivejusticeliesin
WhenacustomerclaimedtohavefoundaseveredfingerinabowlofchiliservedataWendy’sfastfoodfranchiseinCaliforniathechain’ssalesfellbyhalfintheSanJos6areawheretheincidentwasreported.Wendy’sbrandandreputationwereatriskuntiltheclaimwasexposedasahoaxinlateAprilandthecompanyoperatorofAmerica’sthirdbiggesthamburgerchainwasvindicated.YetthesharepriceofWendy’sInternationaltheparentcompanyrosesteadilythroughMarchandAprildespitethefingerfuroreanddowngradesfromanalysts.OnereasonwasheavybuyingbyhedgefundsledbyPershingSquareCapital.ThisWeekPershingmadeitsintentionspublicsayingthatitwasworriedbymarketrumorsthatWendy’smightsoonbuymorefastfoodbrandsandarguingthatthefirmshouldbesellingassetsinstead.Pershing’sapproachindicatesrisingpressureonAmericanrestaurantcompaniestoperformatatimewhentheindustry’sgrowthprospectslookincreasinglytough.Thehitoncustomers’walletsfromhigherpetrolpricesandrisinginterestrateswillprobablymeanthatyearonyearsalesgrowthacrosstheAmericanrestaurantindustryslowstojust1%bythefourthquarterof2005downfromafiveyearhistoricaverageof5.6%sayUBSaninvestmentbankandGlobalInsightaforecastinggroup.LookingfurtheraheadsaysUBS’sDavidPalmertheindustrymayhavetostoprelyingonmostofthelongtermtrendsthatwerebehindmuchofitsrecentgrowth.ThreequartersofAmericansalreadylivewithinthreemilesofaMcDonald’srestaurantleavinglittlescopeforgreen-fieldgrowth.ObesityisagrowingissueinAmericaandwithitcomethethreatofliabilitylawsuitsagainstbigrestaurantchainsandperhapslegallimitsonadvertising.ThisweekAmerica’sbiggestfoodtradegrouptheGroceryManufacturers’Associationwassaidtobepreparingtougherguidelinesonthemarketingoffoodtochildreninthehopeofstavingoffstatutorycontrols.Homecookingmayalsobemakingacomebackhelpedbytwofactors.ThepercentageofwomenjoiningAmerica’sworkforcemayhavepeakedandsupermarketchainssuchasWal-Marthavebeenforcingdownretailfoodprices.ExpansionoverseasisoneoptionforAmericanrestaurantchains.BurgerKingtheprivatelyownednumbertwohamburgerchainopeneditsfirstoutletinChinalastmonthapparentlyaimingtomaintainstronggrowthaheadofaninitialpublicofferingnextyear.McDonald’shas600outletsinChinaandplans400more.Butathomethefutureseemstoholdonlyanevenmorecompetitiveandcost-consciousrestaurantindustry.FastfoodchainsaretryingtopoachcustomersfromcasualdiningchainssuchasApplebee’sNeighborhoodGrillwhilethosechainsaresqueezingoutindependentrestaurantsunabletocompeteoncostorinmarketingclout.Businessconditionsnotseveredfingersaretherealthreattotheweakerfirmsintherestaurantbusiness.HowcanAmericanrestaurantchainsacceleratetheirbusiness
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号