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日常生活中，我们经常听到“与人为过，善莫大焉”的说法。如果我们将其中的“过”理解为“过错”，请运用民法理论和有关法律规定对此加以分析。
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日常生活中我们经常听到有权不用过期作废的说法如果此处权限定为民事权利请用我国民法中诉讼时效与除斥期间
日常生活中我们经常听到这样的说法一人做事一人当请用民法中侵权行为法原理对此加以分析
日常生活中我们经常听到这样的说法一人做事一人当请用民法中侵权行为法原理对此加以论述
辨析题日常生活中我们经常听到与人为过善莫大焉的说法如果我们将其中的过理解为过错请运用民法理论和有关法
人谁无过过而能改善莫大焉
日常生活中我们经常听到子不教父之过的说法请运用民法的有关规定和理论对此加以辨析
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Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureoftheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfiltheneedtounderstandwhatisintrinsicandconsubstantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogresshemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionszealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmantostudynatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethat’theirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.Thepracticalscientist______.
DespiteDenmark’smanifestvirtuesDanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmarkTheyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininessitsunimportancethedifficultyofitslanguagethegeneralsmall-mindednessandself-indulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintireeyeandsayDenmarkisagreatcountry.You’resupposedtofigurethisoutforyourself.Itisthelandofthesilksafetynetwherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife’sinequalitiesandthereisplentyofmoneyforschoolsdaycareretrainingprogramsjobseminars.Danesloveseminars:Threedaysatastudycenterhearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglishinadvertisingpopmusictheInternetanddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs--thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit--olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.ItisthelandwhereasthesayinggoesFewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittleandaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevailswherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgazewhereSirandMadamehavedisappearedfromcommonusageevenMr.andMrs.It’sanationofrecyclers--about55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew--andnonuclearpowerplants.It’sanationoftirelessplanners.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.Suchanationofoverachievers--abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysaysDenmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountrieswithvirtuallynopollutioncrimeorpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernhemisphere.Soofcourseone’sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildingsForeignersoutofDenmark!brokenbeerbottlesintheguttersdrunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.Nonethelessitisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtownitcomestoanendatastonewallandontheothersideisafieldofbarleyanicecleanline:townherecountrythere.Itisnotanationofjaywalkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochangeevenifit’s2a.m.andthere’snotacarinsight.HoweverDanesdon’tthinkofthemselvesasawaiting-at-2-am.-for-the-green-lightpeople--that’showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.DanesseethemselvesasjazzypeopleimprovisersmorefreespiritedthanSwedesbutthetruthisthoughoneshouldnotsayitthatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresourceslimitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabrokerbankeranddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagenandthesebrightyoungEnglish-speakingutterlyhonesthighlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinaviatheBalticStatesandRussia.Airportsseaportshighwaysandraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn’tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormineandnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenshipandyoushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou’reentitledtoyou’reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryonethebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjobthestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytoweatherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.AttheendofthepassagetheauthorstatesallthefollowingEXCEPTthat______.
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.14
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 2
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease.ChildhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfectionsaidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950.Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection.DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting.OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixingDickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer.Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease.WhichstatementcanbesupportedbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParker’snewfindings
DespiteDenmark’smanifestvirtuesDanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmarkTheyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininessitsunimportancethedifficultyofitslanguagethegeneralsmall-mindednessandself-indulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintireeyeandsayDenmarkisagreatcountry.You’resupposedtofigurethisoutforyourself.Itisthelandofthesilksafetynetwherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife’sinequalitiesandthereisplentyofmoneyforschoolsdaycareretrainingprogramsjobseminars.Danesloveseminars:Threedaysatastudycenterhearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglishinadvertisingpopmusictheInternetanddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs--thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit--olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.ItisthelandwhereasthesayinggoesFewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittleandaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevailswherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgazewhereSirandMadamehavedisappearedfromcommonusageevenMr.andMrs.It’sanationofrecyclers--about55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew--andnonuclearpowerplants.It’sanationoftirelessplanners.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.Suchanationofoverachievers--abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysaysDenmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountrieswithvirtuallynopollutioncrimeorpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernhemisphere.Soofcourseone’sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildingsForeignersoutofDenmark!brokenbeerbottlesintheguttersdrunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.Nonethelessitisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtownitcomestoanendatastonewallandontheothersideisafieldofbarleyanicecleanline:townherecountrythere.Itisnotanationofjaywalkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochangeevenifit’s2a.m.andthere’snotacarinsight.HoweverDanesdon’tthinkofthemselvesasawaiting-at-2-am.-for-the-green-lightpeople--that’showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.DanesseethemselvesasjazzypeopleimprovisersmorefreespiritedthanSwedesbutthetruthisthoughoneshouldnotsayitthatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresourceslimitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabrokerbankeranddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagenandthesebrightyoungEnglish-speakingutterlyhonesthighlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinaviatheBalticStatesandRussia.Airportsseaportshighwaysandraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn’tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormineandnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenshipandyoushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou’reentitledtoyou’reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryonethebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjobthestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytoweatherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.Theauthor’sreactiontothestatementbytheMinistryofBusinessandIndustryis______.
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 44
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureoftheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfiltheneedtounderstandwhatisintrinsicandconsubstantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogresshemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionszealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmantostudynatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethat’theirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.Themostimportantadvancesmadebymankindcomefrom______.
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon’t’thinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyasIregulatedfilm. TheInternetisofcoursethegreatestproblemforthiscentury.46TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.ThatsaiditwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient. 47I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin.ButinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilmsI’mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenlytasteshavechangedandit’snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstarsbutLeonardoDiCaprio--thathastakeneverybodybysurprise. 48GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn’tusherinanewviolentgenerationandfilmsarebecomingmuchmorepre-socialthanonewouldhaveexpected. Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperienceofferingperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseatsthingswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.49Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome. Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilmswithcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.50Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.Careerswillbeshorterinthefutureandonceretiredpeoplewillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem--likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasbothproducersandaudiences:insteadofwritinglettersonewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek. Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.8
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 6
Directions: Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofjob-hopping.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.presentyoursuggestions Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
DespiteDenmark’smanifestvirtuesDanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmarkTheyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininessitsunimportancethedifficultyofitslanguagethegeneralsmall-mindednessandself-indulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintireeyeandsayDenmarkisagreatcountry.You’resupposedtofigurethisoutforyourself.Itisthelandofthesilksafetynetwherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife’sinequalitiesandthereisplentyofmoneyforschoolsdaycareretrainingprogramsjobseminars.Danesloveseminars:Threedaysatastudycenterhearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglishinadvertisingpopmusictheInternetanddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs--thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit--olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.ItisthelandwhereasthesayinggoesFewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittleandaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevailswherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgazewhereSirandMadamehavedisappearedfromcommonusageevenMr.andMrs.It’sanationofrecyclers--about55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew--andnonuclearpowerplants.It’sanationoftirelessplanners.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.Suchanationofoverachievers--abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysaysDenmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountrieswithvirtuallynopollutioncrimeorpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernhemisphere.Soofcourseone’sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildingsForeignersoutofDenmark!brokenbeerbottlesintheguttersdrunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.Nonethelessitisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtownitcomestoanendatastonewallandontheothersideisafieldofbarleyanicecleanline:townherecountrythere.Itisnotanationofjaywalkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochangeevenifit’s2a.m.andthere’snotacarinsight.HoweverDanesdon’tthinkofthemselvesasawaiting-at-2-am.-for-the-green-lightpeople--that’showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.DanesseethemselvesasjazzypeopleimprovisersmorefreespiritedthanSwedesbutthetruthisthoughoneshouldnotsayitthatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresourceslimitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabrokerbankeranddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagenandthesebrightyoungEnglish-speakingutterlyhonesthighlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinaviatheBalticStatesandRussia.Airportsseaportshighwaysandraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn’tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormineandnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenshipandyoushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou’reentitledtoyou’reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryonethebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjobthestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytoweatherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.TheauthorthinksthatDanesadopta______attitudetowardstheircountry.
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 42
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon’t’thinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyasIregulatedfilm. TheInternetisofcoursethegreatestproblemforthiscentury.46TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.ThatsaiditwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient. 47I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin.ButinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilmsI’mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenlytasteshavechangedandit’snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstarsbutLeonardoDiCaprio--thathastakeneverybodybysurprise. 48GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn’tusherinanewviolentgenerationandfilmsarebecomingmuchmorepre-socialthanonewouldhaveexpected. Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperienceofferingperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseatsthingswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.49Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome. Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilmswithcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.50Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.Careerswillbeshorterinthefutureandonceretiredpeoplewillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem--likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasbothproducersandaudiences:insteadofwritinglettersonewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek. TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.2
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.20
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon’t’thinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyasIregulatedfilm. TheInternetisofcoursethegreatestproblemforthiscentury.46TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.ThatsaiditwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient. 47I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin.ButinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilmsI’mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenlytasteshavechangedandit’snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstarsbutLeonardoDiCaprio--thathastakeneverybodybysurprise. 48GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn’tusherinanewviolentgenerationandfilmsarebecomingmuchmorepre-socialthanonewouldhaveexpected. Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperienceofferingperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseatsthingswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.49Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome. Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilmswithcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.50Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.Careerswillbeshorterinthefutureandonceretiredpeoplewillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem--likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasbothproducersandaudiences:insteadofwritinglettersonewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek. GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 4
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureoftheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfiltheneedtounderstandwhatisintrinsicandconsubstantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogresshemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionszealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmantostudynatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethat’theirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.Intheparagraphthatfollowsthispassagewemayexpecttheauthortodiscuss______.
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.10
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.6
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowanunwillinggeneralagreementthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandworkTheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtaboutmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadiscouragingthought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomesLaterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeopletravelledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandplacesinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Itbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogooutpaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs.Asaresultoftheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturies______.
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease.ChildhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfectionsaidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950.Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection.DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting.OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixingDickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer.Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease.CancerResearchCampaignismostpossiblya______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 8
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowanunwillinggeneralagreementthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandworkTheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtaboutmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadiscouragingthought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomesLaterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeopletravelledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandplacesinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Itbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogooutpaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs.Thepassagesuggeststhatweshouldnowre-examineourthinkingaboutworkand______.
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.16
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