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细菌直接摄取外源DNA的是
转化
转导
接合
原生质体融合
转染
把外源质粒导入细菌的方法叫
转导
转化
转入
转染
把外源质粒导入细菌中的方法称为
转导
转化
转染
转入
克隆
转化和转染是同一概念
将表达载体导入真核细胞的转染方法有
磷酸钙转染
DEAE葡聚糖介导转染
电穿孔
脂质体转染
显微注射
位点特异性重组的是
转化
转导
性导
转染
共转染
以质粒为载体将重组DNA导入受体细胞的过程称为
转化
转导
接合
转染
常用的真核表达体系有哪些常用于细胞转染的方法有哪些
体细胞基因治疗总体效果迄今并不理想的主要原因是
转染效率太低
转染方法太少
用于基因转移的载体还不理想
微注射方法还不理想
何谓转化何谓转染转染与转化有何不同
把构建好的DNA分子送到原核生物里称之为转染送到动植物细胞中则称之为转化
何谓转导何谓转染转染与转导有何不同
将重组DNA导入宿主细胞所用的方法中不包括
感染
转化
转染
转导
转座
关于遗传物质的转移的主要方式下列不是的是
转变
转化
转导
转染
以噬菌体为载体细菌为宿主的导入方式是
转染
转化
感染
转导
转位
将重组DNA导入大肠埃希菌菌体的方式是
转导
转染
转化
转录
转换
下列那项不能作为表达载体导入真核细胞的方法
磷酸钙转染
电穿孔
脂质体转染
显微注射
氯化钙转染
转染transfection
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Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 11
Text1 InanessayentitledMakingItinAmericatheauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestodayamanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines. Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolutionwhicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker. InthepastworkerswithaverageskillsdoinganaveragejobcouldearnanaveragelifestyleButtodayaverageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlaborcheaproboticscheapsoftwarecheapautomationandcheapgenius.Thereforeeveryoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment. Yesnewtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforeverandalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotesInthe10yearsendingin2009[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared. Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobsnewproductsnewservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolutionthebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage. InaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyovertherearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemploymentbutnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation. ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat______
Text2 AcenturyagotheimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincluedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostayand7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrantsforexanmleeventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenicknameuccellidipassaggiobirdsofpassage. Todaywearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenemcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegalgoodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemakingorourbrokenimmigrantionsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategoriesbutweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostartwecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassagethoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges. Croppickersviolinistsconstructionworkersentrepreneursengineershomehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofworkmoneyandideas.TheyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthemTheycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother. Withorwithoutpermissiontheystraddlelawsjurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably. Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem. Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated__
Text4 Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticularthecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily—friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisionsandEuropestopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.indeedwomenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropecorporateboards. TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen-upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.LastyearEuropeCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup. DoweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateLadderfairyastheybalanceworkandfamily PersonallyIdon’tlikequotasRedingsaidrecently.Butilikewhatthequotasdo.Quotasgetaction:theyopenthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceilingaccordingtoRedingaresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions. IunderstandReding’sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon’tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracygovernmentbythecapable.Burwhenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticidealitdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered. AfterallfourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuchsoftpressureisputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower--asforexampleSherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule. Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen---whetherCEOsortheirchildren’scaregivers--andallfamiliesSandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety. Theauthor’sattitudetowardReding’sappealisoneof_________.
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 7
Supposeyourclassistoholdacharitysalefoekidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto 1informthemaboutthedetailsandencouragethemtoparticipate. 2Don’tuseyourownnameuse“LiMing”instead.Don’twriteyouraddress.10points
Text2 AcenturyagotheimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincluedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostayand7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrantsforexanmleeventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenicknameuccellidipassaggiobirdsofpassage. Todaywearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenemcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegalgoodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemakingorourbrokenimmigrantionsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategoriesbutweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostartwecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassagethoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges. Croppickersviolinistsconstructionworkersentrepreneursengineershomehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofworkmoneyandideas.TheyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthemTheycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother. Withorwithoutpermissiontheystraddlelawsjurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably. Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem. Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationstystemintheUS____
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 9
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 9
Text3 Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactionsifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreactwecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquickhard-wiredresponses. Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerousourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquicklywithinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociablestudiesshowweneedatleastaminutepreferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonalitylikeneuroticismoropen-mindedness. Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfastereventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoingSubjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong. Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyfaceonereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmilingwecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicantswecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners. JohnGottmanthemarriageexpertexplainsthatwequicklythinsliceinformationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsinthickslicedlong-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogetherheinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodaysnottwoseconds. Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereactithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend. Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisionsweshould____.
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 13
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 11
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 15
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 13
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 3
Text4 Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticularthecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily—friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisionsandEuropestopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.indeedwomenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropecorporateboards. TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen-upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.LastyearEuropeCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup. DoweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateLadderfairyastheybalanceworkandfamily PersonallyIdon’tlikequotasRedingsaidrecently.Butilikewhatthequotasdo.Quotasgetaction:theyopenthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceilingaccordingtoRedingaresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions. IunderstandReding’sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon’tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracygovernmentbythecapable.Burwhenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticidealitdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered. AfterallfourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuchsoftpressureisputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower--asforexampleSherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule. Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen---whetherCEOsortheirchildren’scaregivers--andallfamiliesSandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety. TheEuropeanUnion’sintendedlegislationis________.
Text1 InanessayentitledMakingItinAmericatheauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestodayamanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines. Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolutionwhicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker. InthepastworkerswithaverageskillsdoinganaveragejobcouldearnanaveragelifestyleButtodayaverageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlaborcheaproboticscheapsoftwarecheapautomationandcheapgenius.Thereforeeveryoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment. Yesnewtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforeverandalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotesInthe10yearsendingin2009[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared. Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobsnewproductsnewservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolutionthebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage. InaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyovertherearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemploymentbutnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 5
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 15
Text3 Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactionsifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreactwecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquickhard-wiredresponses. Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerousourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquicklywithinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociablestudiesshowweneedatleastaminutepreferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonalitylikeneuroticismoropen-mindedness. Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfastereventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoingSubjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong. Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyfaceonereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmilingwecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicantswecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners. JohnGottmanthemarriageexpertexplainsthatwequicklythinsliceinformationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsinthickslicedlong-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogetherheinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodaysnottwoseconds. Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereactithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend. Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay____.
Text3 Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactionsifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreactwecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquickhard-wiredresponses. Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerousourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquicklywithinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociablestudiesshowweneedatleastaminutepreferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonalitylikeneuroticismoropen-mindedness. Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfastereventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoingSubjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong. Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyfaceonereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmilingwecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicantswecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners. JohnGottmanthemarriageexpertexplainsthatwequicklythinsliceinformationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsinthickslicedlong-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogetherheinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodaysnottwoseconds. Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereactithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend. Theauthor’sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis____.
[A]Livelikeapeasant [B]Balanceyourdiet [C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends [D]Remembertotreatyourself [E]Sticktowhatyouneed [F]Planningisevervthing [G]Wastenotwantnot ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.AfterbillsTonyhas￡60aweektospend￡40ofwhichgoesonfoodbut10yearsagohewasearning￡130000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon’sbetftrestaurants’"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailedhiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagaintoacertaindegreewhenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI’dlost.Butit’sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe’slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He’sfeelingpositivebuthe’llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestatewithbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn’tanoptionsoplanyourweek’smenuinadvancemakingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfastlunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it’snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It’salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweeklybecausebeing-humanyou’llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthemthere’snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperlyyou’llknowthatyouonlyneedsay350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbaconnotwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller. 43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that’snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftoversbreadstockmeatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastagebutifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou’lldoavegetablesoupandallfruitsthreateningto"gooff’willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthisbutitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchersdelisandfish-sellersregularlyevenforsmallthingsandbesuperfriendly.Soonyou’llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey’veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstewsorbeefboneschickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhichmoreoftenthannotTheyilletyouhaveforfree. 45__________________Youwon’tbeeatingoutalotbutsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou￡21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It’s￡16.95there-or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino’s:IknowwhichI’drathereat. 41
Text1 InanessayentitledMakingItinAmericatheauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestodayamanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines. Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolutionwhicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker. InthepastworkerswithaverageskillsdoinganaveragejobcouldearnanaveragelifestyleButtodayaverageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlaborcheaproboticscheapsoftwarecheapautomationandcheapgenius.Thereforeeveryoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment. Yesnewtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforeverandalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotesInthe10yearsendingin2009[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared. Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobsnewproductsnewservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolutionthebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage. InaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyovertherearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemploymentbutnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation. ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate_______
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 1
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 17
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 19
[A]Livelikeapeasant [B]Balanceyourdiet [C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends [D]Remembertotreatyourself [E]Sticktowhatyouneed [F]Planningisevervthing [G]Wastenotwantnot ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.AfterbillsTonyhas￡60aweektospend￡40ofwhichgoesonfoodbut10yearsagohewasearning￡130000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon’sbetftrestaurants’"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailedhiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagaintoacertaindegreewhenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI’dlost.Butit’sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe’slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He’sfeelingpositivebuthe’llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestatewithbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn’tanoptionsoplanyourweek’smenuinadvancemakingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfastlunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it’snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It’salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweeklybecausebeing-humanyou’llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthemthere’snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperlyyou’llknowthatyouonlyneedsay350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbaconnotwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller. 43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that’snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftoversbreadstockmeatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastagebutifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou’lldoavegetablesoupandallfruitsthreateningto"gooff’willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthisbutitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchersdelisandfish-sellersregularlyevenforsmallthingsandbesuperfriendly.Soonyou’llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey’veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstewsorbeefboneschickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhichmoreoftenthannotTheyilletyouhaveforfree. 45__________________Youwon’tbeeatingoutalotbutsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou￡21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It’s￡16.95there-or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino’s:IknowwhichI’drathereat. 43
[A]Livelikeapeasant [B]Balanceyourdiet [C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends [D]Remembertotreatyourself [E]Sticktowhatyouneed [F]Planningisevervthing [G]Wastenotwantnot ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.AfterbillsTonyhas￡60aweektospend￡40ofwhichgoesonfoodbut10yearsagohewasearning￡130000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon’sbetftrestaurants’"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailedhiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagaintoacertaindegreewhenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI’dlost.Butit’sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe’slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He’sfeelingpositivebuthe’llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestatewithbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn’tanoptionsoplanyourweek’smenuinadvancemakingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfastlunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it’snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It’salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweeklybecausebeing-humanyou’llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthemthere’snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperlyyou’llknowthatyouonlyneedsay350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbaconnotwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller. 43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that’snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftoversbreadstockmeatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastagebutifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou’lldoavegetablesoupandallfruitsthreateningto"gooff’willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthisbutitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchersdelisandfish-sellersregularlyevenforsmallthingsandbesuperfriendly.Soonyou’llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey’veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstewsorbeefboneschickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhichmoreoftenthannotTheyilletyouhaveforfree. 45__________________Youwon’tbeeatingoutalotbutsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou￡21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It’s￡16.95there-or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino’s:IknowwhichI’drathereat. 45
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 7
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 5
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