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美国各门课程中多样化的实践活动、日本的综合活动时间反映出对 ______ 在课程中地位的重视。 ( )
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美国各门课程中多样化的实践活动日本的综合活动时间反映出对在课程中地位的重视
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美国各门课程中多样化的实践活动以及日本的综合活动时间反映出对在课程中的地位的重视
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美国各门课程中多样化的实践活动日本的综合活动时间反映出对在课程中地位的重视
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Agrowingnumberofwomenarerisingtothetop--andbeginningtochangethecultureoftheworkplace. Thisshouldbeaseasonofcelebration.Afterallbymanymeasuresthere’sneverbeenabettertimetobeawoman.InplaceslikeScandinaviaandBritainathirdormoreofallcorporatemanagersarenowwomen.ThenumberoffemaleexecutivedirectorsofFISE100companiesnearlydoubledfrom2000to2004.LatinAmericahasseena50percentjumpinthenumberofwomenpoliticiansinthelastdecade.Japanvoted26newfemaleparliamentariansintoofficethisyear.Ofcoursethejewelintheequal-opportunitycrownwasthisfall’selectionofAngelaMerkel--oncenicknamed"theGirl"byHelmutKohl--toGermany’shighestoffice. Butasalwaysstatisticstellamultifacetedstory.Sureit’snolongerananomalytohaveafemaleCEO--buttherearestillonly17femaleexecutivedirectorsinthelargestFTSE100companies.IntheEUParliamentonly23outof162membersarefemale.InBritainstudiesshowthatwomenhaveneverbeenmoredissatisfiedwiththeworkplace.Nowonder:theEUpaygapbetweenmenandwomenshrankonlyonepointinthelastcoupleofyearsto17.5percent. SowheredoesallthisleaveusWithsomebigchallengesthatrequiremorefemaleleadershiptosolve.Atsomemajorcompanies--includingShellandBritishTelecom--womenarecombatingtheold-boys’clubatmospherebystartingtheirownnetworkslinkingtopfemaleleaderswithup-and-comerstheycanmentor.Laborflexibilityisalsoontheagenda;inpartsofEuropetopfemalelegislatorshavefoughttogiveemployeeswithchildrenorelderlyparentstherighttoaskforadjustablehours.Perhapsmostimportantthereisanincreasinglyvibrantdebatearoundwork-lifebalance.Studyafterstudyshowsthatitisaworkingwoman’ssecondfull-timejob--ascaregiver--thatmakesitmostdifficultforhertostayonthecareerladder.Whileextrabenefitsandlongermaternityleavecanhelptheyaren’tacompletesolution. Clearlysomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequired.Andthat’swherewomencomein.IncountrieslikeCameroonBoliviaandMalaysiagreaternumbersofwomeninpublicofficehaveresultedinlessspendingonthemilitaryandmoreonhealtheducationandinfrastructure.Norway’swoman-heavyParliamentrecentlypassedalawmandatingthat40percentofdirectorsoncorporateboardsbewomen.AndinGermanythearchetypaloutsider--awomanwhogrewuponthewrongsideoftheIronCurtain--willlikelytakethehelminacountrywithvirtuallynootherwomenintoppositionsofpower.Nolonger"theGirl"butpoisedtobecomethechancellorMerkelisasymbolofhowfarwomenhavecome--andtheworkthatremainstobedone. Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow Fromparagraph1weknowthatLondon’scongestionchargescheme
Soyou’vebeenwithyourcompanyforawhileandhavebeenexceedingallofyourmanager’sexpectations.Youworkhardareagreatteamplayercomeupwithnewideastotakethebusinessfurtherandareanall-aroundjoyintheworkplace. Ifyouhaven’tbeenpromotedorbeenbumpedupinsalaryautomaticallyitmightbetimetotakethebullbythehornsandapproachthistopicyourself.Whileaskingforaraisemakesmanypeopleuncomfortableandnervousthesituationcanbeabreezeifhandledcorrectly. Thefollowingareafewstepstofollowtomakesureyourrequestdoesnotfallondeafears: 41.Doyourresearch. Likeanyotherelementofyourcareeritallstartswithresearch.Inordertopresentyourmanagerwithacompellingcaseinyourfavoryouneedtoknowwhatthegoingrateisforsomeonewithyourexperienceandinyourposition. 42.Outlineacaseforyourself. Whengoingintoanykindofnegotiationsessionyouneedtobeequippedwiththerightamountofammunition.Beforeyouwalkintoyourmeetinglookbackatyourtimewiththecompanyandhighlightyouraceomplishments.Comeupwithalistofspecificexamplesofwaysyouhavebeenavaluableassettothebusiness.Findfactsandfiguresthatdemonstratewhatyouhaveexcelledusingnumberswheneverpossible. Ifyoureallywanttoknocktheirsocksoffputyouraccomplishmentsintoaformalpresentationalbeitbriefthatoutlineseachofyourgoalsandhowyouhaveachievedthem.Thiswilldemonstratethatyouareprofessionalwillingtogotheextramileandhavethoughtaboutyourrequestthoroughly. 43.Knowwhat’sgoingoninyourneighborhood. Therearegoodtimesandbadtimestoaskforaraiseatanycompany. Scheduleampletimetopresentyourcaseandmakesureyourtimingisright. Askingforaraiseontheflyafterjustwalkingintoyourmanager’sofficetochatwillnotbenefityouorimpressyourboss. Makesureyouhavetimetopresentyourcaseandthatyourmanagerhastimetothinkaboutyourpresentation.Requestameetingwithyoursupervisoratleastahalf-hourlong.Thinkaboutyourtimingwhenyouschedulethemeetingtoo.Ifyourdepartmenthasabevyofdeadlinestomeetattheendofeachmonthdon’tscheduleyourmeetingonthe29th.Pickatimewhenyourmanagerwillbesuretobeinagoodmoodandnotoverlystressed. 44.Avoidthreatsordemands. Thelastthingyouwanttodoistoputyoursupervisoronthedefensive. Beprofessionalandifyourjobisworthkeepingwillingtolistentotheotherside.Keepthemeetingpositiveandyouroutcomewillbemorepositive. 45.Rememberthatnotallperksaremonetary. Don’tfallintothetrapofthinkingyouarenotvaluedifyoudonotgetexactlywhatyouhadexpected. [A]Ifyouapproachyourmanagerforaraiseinatimeofdownsizingandcost-cuttingyouwillnotonlybedeniedbutwillalsoshowthatyouarenotintunewiththecompany’sneeds.Makesureyouunderstandyourcompany’soverallfinancialsituation. [B]Forexampleifyoudevelopedamarketingplanthathelpedincreasesalesmakesureyouhavethosesalesfiguresonhandaswellasyourroleintheplananditsexecution.Besuretotieyourownsuccessintotheoverallsuccessofthecompany. [C]Ifyourcompanyisstrappedfinanciallybutyouandyourmanagerstillcometotheconclusionthatitistimeforyoutoberewardedforyourperformanceyoumightbeabletonegotiateforstockoptionsmorevacationtimeorothernon-monetarybenefits. [D]Whenyoucomeupwithyourdesiredraiseinyourbasesalarygoover2%.Ifyouwant8%thenaskfor10%. [E]YoucanfindoutwhatothersinyourindustryandincomparablepositionsarerakinginbylookingatonlineresourcesthroughtheBureauofLaborStatisticsorinbookslike"TheAmericanAlmanacofJobsandSalaries"byJohnW.WrightQuill. [F]Goingintoameetingwiththe"ifIdon’tgetitI’mleaving"attitudewillonlytellyourcompanyyouareuncompromisingandonlyoutfornumberone. 44
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
1interpretthefollowinggraph. 2possiblereasonsforthephenomenon. 3yourcomments. C.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.
CouldHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDSbeweakeningTheresultsofastudyconductedinBelgiumattheInstituteofTropicalMedicineinAntwerpseemtosuggestthatinonecorneroftheworlditmightbe.ThereportpublishedinthelatestissueofAIDSaspecialistjournalconcludesthatHIV’sabilitytoreplicateknowntechnicallyasitsvirulencemayhavedecreasedsincethestartofthepandemic.KevinAdentheleadauthorofthepaperstressesthatthestudyisbasedonasmallsetofsamplesanddoesnotprovethatHIV’svirulenceisattenuatingaroundtheworld.Howeveritdoesoffernewinsightsintotheevolutionofthedisease. Dr.Arienlookedat24bloodsamplescollectedfromuntreatedpatientsattendinganHIV/AIDSclinicinAntwerp.Adozenofthesesamplesweretakenbetween1986and1989;theother12werecollectedbetween2002and2003.Firstheanalyzedthesamplestofindtheirviralloadthenumberofvirusparticlespercubiccentimeterandthesubtypeofvirusinvolved.InEuropeandNorthAmericathepredominantsubtypeisB;insub-SaharanAfricawheretheepidemicisatitsworstthepredominantsubtypeisC.MostofDr.Arien’ssampleswereofsubtypeB.Havingdonethisanalysishepairedthesamplesoffforaseriesofreplicative"duels".Eachsamplefromtheearlierserieswasmatchedwiththemostsimilaronefromthelaterseriesandtheywereplacedinidenticalcellculturestoseewhichwouldmultiplythemost.Theresultwasthat75%ofthevirusesfrom2002-03werelessvirulentthanapparentlysimilarcounterpartsfrom1986-89--astatisticallysignificantobservation. Dr.Arien’scautionissensibleatleastuntilsomeonereplicatestheworkelsewhere.Buthisconclusionisnotnecessarilysurprising.Suchviralattenuationasitisknownisonewaythatvaccinesareproduced. Whatcausesattenuationinwildvirusesthoughisamatterofspeculation.DrArienbelievesthatinthiscasetheattenuationcouldbetheresultofwhathecalls"serialgeneticbottlenecks"duringtransmissionfromhosttohost.Theseacttoreducethegeneticdiversityandthusthereplicativefitnessofthevirus.GeneticdiversityisknowntobeanimportantcomponentofHIV’svirulence.Butwhatmightcausethebottlenecksisstillunclear. AsecondreasonforcautionbesidesthesmallsizeofthestudyisasGeoffreyGarnettaprofessorofmicroparasiteepidemiologyatImperialCollegeLondonpointsoutthattheabilityofavirustoinfectcellsinatest-tubeisnotthesameasitsabilitytocausediseaseanddeathinahumanhost.NeverthelessDrAden’sresultisintriguingandsurelyworthfollowingupinalargerpieceofresearch. BysayingDr.Arien’scautionissensibleLine1Paragraph3theauthorimpliesthat
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
YoucannotbuyPradashoesonPrada.com.InfacttherearenoworkinglinksontheWebsite.Thisisnotatechnicaldisorder.Sincethelate’9OsthesitehasbeenasinglepagewithonlythenameoftheItalianfashionhouseandtwophotographs.Nostorelocationsorhelpnumbers.Nothing."IlovePrada"pondersNinaDietzelpresidentofWeb-designcompany300FeetOut."Butwhat’supwiththeir’site’" PradaclaimsanewWebsiteis"underdevelopment."Buthavingamysteriouslyuselesshomepageitadmitshasanallure.Itscreamsexclusivity:youcanseebutyoucan’tclick.It’sauniquelyPradasolutiontothisriddle:howtomakeyourluxurybrandworkontheInternetwithoutdiminishingitsvalue.InasensetheInternetisantitheticaltothe"hightouch"luxuryexperience.ThereisnoindulgencebysalesstaffandcustomershavecometoseetheNetasapathtocheappricesnottop-dollargoods.There’snovelvetrope:anyonecanplaceanorderorsetupshop.That’swhyPradastrivestomaintainthelinkbetweenitsnameandtheextravagantexperienceofshoppingatstoreslikeits$40millionNewYorkflagshipdesignedbyRemKoolhaas. UnlikePradamostluxurycompaniescan’taffordtoignoretheWeb:intheUnitedStatesecommerceaccountedfor$2.5billioninluxurysales.Thatfigureisexpectedtogrowto$7billionby2010saysForresterResearch.It’sstillasmallfractionofthetotalmarketcomparedtootherretailsectorsbutfiveyearsagoanalystssaidtherewas"noway"luxurywouldsellonline.Theywerebettingcustomerswouldn’tpaythatmuchontheWebandtopbrandswouldn’tgoslumminginthisbargainbasement.Oneofthefirsthigh-endluxuryretailersAshford.comhadmanywell-publicizedstruggleswithitsstockdroppingtonearrockbottomin2001. CompanieslikeNeimanMarcusthathavestrongcatalogsaleshavemadethetransitiontotheWebmoreeasily;onlinesalesarethecompany’sfastest-growingsourceofrevenue.SwisswatchmakersBreitlingandPatekPhilippehavetakenanothertackwithWebsitesthatofferonlyinformationnotsales.BreitlingdirectorofmarketingBenBalmersaysaluxurybrandneedstooffer"abuyingexperience"thatonlyawell-runstorecanprovide.Howeverhenotesthatsince2002ithaspresented30percentfewercatalogsintheUnitedStatesandseensalesrisemorethan35percentthankstoexposureontheInternet.PradamaynotneedaworkingWebsiteafterall. InthefirstparagraphtheinternetofPradaismentionedto
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow. Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow. Thenewdetectiontechnologyhasanidentificationrateof
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
46.TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren.Hisownconcernwasparticularlywiththemiddle-classAmericanfamilybuttheseimportantaspectsoffamilylifearealsoapplicablemuchmorewidely.Inthepresentcontextitisworthwhiletolookespeciallyatprimarysocialization. 47.Primarysocializationreferstothetrainingofchildrenduringtheirearliestyearswhereassecondarysocializationreferstolaterinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthechild’spersonalityandlearningactivitiessuchashisinvolvementwithteachersandwithotherchildrenatschool.Primarysocializationisinmostsocietiescarriedoutessentiallywithinthefamilyaspartofchildrearing.Inthemodernfamilyparentstakeresponsibilityforraisingandteachingtheirchildrensuchbasicthingsaslanguageandcorrectbehavior.Toilettrainingteachingchildrenhowtoeatcorrectlyandencouragingchildrentogetalongwithothersareallaspectsofchildrearing.Howeveritisnotonlythesemoremundaneaspectsofbehaviorthatchildrenlearn.Childrenarealsoimplicitlyencouragedtodevelopthevaluesoftheparentsandoftilesocietyinwhichtheylive.InAmericansocietywhichwasParsons’mainconcernthesevaluesincludeindependencemotivationforachievementandcompetition.Inothersocietiesdifferentvaluessuchascooperationandegalitarianismmaybestressed.48.Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld. Howeverfewfamiliesareideal.Studiesofthefamiliesofemotionallydisturbedchildrenhaveshownthatunsatisfactoryrelationshipsbetweenhusbandsandwivescanhavedetrimentaleffectsonchildren. Sometimesachildisusedasascapegoat.Theparentsblameorevenphysicallyabusethechildinordertocoveruptheirowndifficulties.49.Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.Indeedthecyclemayberepeatedifsuchapersonintimemarrieshasafamilyofhisownandtreatshischildreninthesameway.Nonethelessthereisnoreasontosupposethatallchildrenofunsatisfactorymarriagesaretreatedinsuchawayorfailtoovercomethedifficultiestheyhaveaschildren. 50.SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.Theyclaimthatinthepastmoresupportwasofferedfromthewiderkinnetworkandfromthecommunityasawhole--asisstillthecaseinless-developedpartsoftheworldTheBritishpsychiatristsR.D.LaingandDavidCoopersuggestedthatthemodernfamilyisdysfunctionalinthatbyitsverynatureitforcesuponchildrenanundueemphasisonobediencetoauthority.Thesenegativeviewpointsasidemostexpertsaswellasmostparentsagreethattheprimarysocializationprocessinthemodernfamilyoffersbenefitsbotht6thechildandtotheparents. Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld.
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
CouldHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDSbeweakeningTheresultsofastudyconductedinBelgiumattheInstituteofTropicalMedicineinAntwerpseemtosuggestthatinonecorneroftheworlditmightbe.ThereportpublishedinthelatestissueofAIDSaspecialistjournalconcludesthatHIV’sabilitytoreplicateknowntechnicallyasitsvirulencemayhavedecreasedsincethestartofthepandemic.KevinAdentheleadauthorofthepaperstressesthatthestudyisbasedonasmallsetofsamplesanddoesnotprovethatHIV’svirulenceisattenuatingaroundtheworld.Howeveritdoesoffernewinsightsintotheevolutionofthedisease. Dr.Arienlookedat24bloodsamplescollectedfromuntreatedpatientsattendinganHIV/AIDSclinicinAntwerp.Adozenofthesesamplesweretakenbetween1986and1989;theother12werecollectedbetween2002and2003.Firstheanalyzedthesamplestofindtheirviralloadthenumberofvirusparticlespercubiccentimeterandthesubtypeofvirusinvolved.InEuropeandNorthAmericathepredominantsubtypeisB;insub-SaharanAfricawheretheepidemicisatitsworstthepredominantsubtypeisC.MostofDr.Arien’ssampleswereofsubtypeB.Havingdonethisanalysishepairedthesamplesoffforaseriesofreplicative"duels".Eachsamplefromtheearlierserieswasmatchedwiththemostsimilaronefromthelaterseriesandtheywereplacedinidenticalcellculturestoseewhichwouldmultiplythemost.Theresultwasthat75%ofthevirusesfrom2002-03werelessvirulentthanapparentlysimilarcounterpartsfrom1986-89--astatisticallysignificantobservation. Dr.Arien’scautionissensibleatleastuntilsomeonereplicatestheworkelsewhere.Buthisconclusionisnotnecessarilysurprising.Suchviralattenuationasitisknownisonewaythatvaccinesareproduced. Whatcausesattenuationinwildvirusesthoughisamatterofspeculation.DrArienbelievesthatinthiscasetheattenuationcouldbetheresultofwhathecalls"serialgeneticbottlenecks"duringtransmissionfromhosttohost.Theseacttoreducethegeneticdiversityandthusthereplicativefitnessofthevirus.GeneticdiversityisknowntobeanimportantcomponentofHIV’svirulence.Butwhatmightcausethebottlenecksisstillunclear. AsecondreasonforcautionbesidesthesmallsizeofthestudyisasGeoffreyGarnettaprofessorofmicroparasiteepidemiologyatImperialCollegeLondonpointsoutthattheabilityofavirustoinfectcellsinatest-tubeisnotthesameasitsabilitytocausediseaseanddeathinahumanhost.NeverthelessDrAden’sresultisintriguingandsurelyworthfollowingupinalargerpieceofresearch. Wecanlearnfrompara.2that
YoucannotbuyPradashoesonPrada.com.InfacttherearenoworkinglinksontheWebsite.Thisisnotatechnicaldisorder.Sincethelate’9OsthesitehasbeenasinglepagewithonlythenameoftheItalianfashionhouseandtwophotographs.Nostorelocationsorhelpnumbers.Nothing."IlovePrada"pondersNinaDietzelpresidentofWeb-designcompany300FeetOut."Butwhat’supwiththeir’site’" PradaclaimsanewWebsiteis"underdevelopment."Buthavingamysteriouslyuselesshomepageitadmitshasanallure.Itscreamsexclusivity:youcanseebutyoucan’tclick.It’sauniquelyPradasolutiontothisriddle:howtomakeyourluxurybrandworkontheInternetwithoutdiminishingitsvalue.InasensetheInternetisantitheticaltothe"hightouch"luxuryexperience.ThereisnoindulgencebysalesstaffandcustomershavecometoseetheNetasapathtocheappricesnottop-dollargoods.There’snovelvetrope:anyonecanplaceanorderorsetupshop.That’swhyPradastrivestomaintainthelinkbetweenitsnameandtheextravagantexperienceofshoppingatstoreslikeits$40millionNewYorkflagshipdesignedbyRemKoolhaas. UnlikePradamostluxurycompaniescan’taffordtoignoretheWeb:intheUnitedStatesecommerceaccountedfor$2.5billioninluxurysales.Thatfigureisexpectedtogrowto$7billionby2010saysForresterResearch.It’sstillasmallfractionofthetotalmarketcomparedtootherretailsectorsbutfiveyearsagoanalystssaidtherewas"noway"luxurywouldsellonline.Theywerebettingcustomerswouldn’tpaythatmuchontheWebandtopbrandswouldn’tgoslumminginthisbargainbasement.Oneofthefirsthigh-endluxuryretailersAshford.comhadmanywell-publicizedstruggleswithitsstockdroppingtonearrockbottomin2001. CompanieslikeNeimanMarcusthathavestrongcatalogsaleshavemadethetransitiontotheWebmoreeasily;onlinesalesarethecompany’sfastest-growingsourceofrevenue.SwisswatchmakersBreitlingandPatekPhilippehavetakenanothertackwithWebsitesthatofferonlyinformationnotsales.BreitlingdirectorofmarketingBenBalmersaysaluxurybrandneedstooffer"abuyingexperience"thatonlyawell-runstorecanprovide.Howeverhenotesthatsince2002ithaspresented30percentfewercatalogsintheUnitedStatesandseensalesrisemorethan35percentthankstoexposureontheInternet.PradamaynotneedaworkingWebsiteafterall. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthesalesoninternet
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
46.TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren.Hisownconcernwasparticularlywiththemiddle-classAmericanfamilybuttheseimportantaspectsoffamilylifearealsoapplicablemuchmorewidely.Inthepresentcontextitisworthwhiletolookespeciallyatprimarysocialization. 47.Primarysocializationreferstothetrainingofchildrenduringtheirearliestyearswhereassecondarysocializationreferstolaterinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthechild’spersonalityandlearningactivitiessuchashisinvolvementwithteachersandwithotherchildrenatschool.Primarysocializationisinmostsocietiescarriedoutessentiallywithinthefamilyaspartofchildrearing.Inthemodernfamilyparentstakeresponsibilityforraisingandteachingtheirchildrensuchbasicthingsaslanguageandcorrectbehavior.Toilettrainingteachingchildrenhowtoeatcorrectlyandencouragingchildrentogetalongwithothersareallaspectsofchildrearing.Howeveritisnotonlythesemoremundaneaspectsofbehaviorthatchildrenlearn.Childrenarealsoimplicitlyencouragedtodevelopthevaluesoftheparentsandoftilesocietyinwhichtheylive.InAmericansocietywhichwasParsons’mainconcernthesevaluesincludeindependencemotivationforachievementandcompetition.Inothersocietiesdifferentvaluessuchascooperationandegalitarianismmaybestressed.48.Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld. Howeverfewfamiliesareideal.Studiesofthefamiliesofemotionallydisturbedchildrenhaveshownthatunsatisfactoryrelationshipsbetweenhusbandsandwivescanhavedetrimentaleffectsonchildren. Sometimesachildisusedasascapegoat.Theparentsblameorevenphysicallyabusethechildinordertocoveruptheirowndifficulties.49.Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.Indeedthecyclemayberepeatedifsuchapersonintimemarrieshasafamilyofhisownandtreatshischildreninthesameway.Nonethelessthereisnoreasontosupposethatallchildrenofunsatisfactorymarriagesaretreatedinsuchawayorfailtoovercomethedifficultiestheyhaveaschildren. 50.SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.Theyclaimthatinthepastmoresupportwasofferedfromthewiderkinnetworkandfromthecommunityasawhole--asisstillthecaseinless-developedpartsoftheworldTheBritishpsychiatristsR.D.LaingandDavidCoopersuggestedthatthemodernfamilyisdysfunctionalinthatbyitsverynatureitforcesuponchildrenanundueemphasisonobediencetoauthority.Thesenegativeviewpointsasidemostexpertsaswellasmostparentsagreethattheprimarysocializationprocessinthemodernfamilyoffersbenefitsbotht6thechildandtotheparents. TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren
YoucannotbuyPradashoesonPrada.com.InfacttherearenoworkinglinksontheWebsite.Thisisnotatechnicaldisorder.Sincethelate’9OsthesitehasbeenasinglepagewithonlythenameoftheItalianfashionhouseandtwophotographs.Nostorelocationsorhelpnumbers.Nothing."IlovePrada"pondersNinaDietzelpresidentofWeb-designcompany300FeetOut."Butwhat’supwiththeir’site’" PradaclaimsanewWebsiteis"underdevelopment."Buthavingamysteriouslyuselesshomepageitadmitshasanallure.Itscreamsexclusivity:youcanseebutyoucan’tclick.It’sauniquelyPradasolutiontothisriddle:howtomakeyourluxurybrandworkontheInternetwithoutdiminishingitsvalue.InasensetheInternetisantitheticaltothe"hightouch"luxuryexperience.ThereisnoindulgencebysalesstaffandcustomershavecometoseetheNetasapathtocheappricesnottop-dollargoods.There’snovelvetrope:anyonecanplaceanorderorsetupshop.That’swhyPradastrivestomaintainthelinkbetweenitsnameandtheextravagantexperienceofshoppingatstoreslikeits$40millionNewYorkflagshipdesignedbyRemKoolhaas. UnlikePradamostluxurycompaniescan’taffordtoignoretheWeb:intheUnitedStatesecommerceaccountedfor$2.5billioninluxurysales.Thatfigureisexpectedtogrowto$7billionby2010saysForresterResearch.It’sstillasmallfractionofthetotalmarketcomparedtootherretailsectorsbutfiveyearsagoanalystssaidtherewas"noway"luxurywouldsellonline.Theywerebettingcustomerswouldn’tpaythatmuchontheWebandtopbrandswouldn’tgoslumminginthisbargainbasement.Oneofthefirsthigh-endluxuryretailersAshford.comhadmanywell-publicizedstruggleswithitsstockdroppingtonearrockbottomin2001. CompanieslikeNeimanMarcusthathavestrongcatalogsaleshavemadethetransitiontotheWebmoreeasily;onlinesalesarethecompany’sfastest-growingsourceofrevenue.SwisswatchmakersBreitlingandPatekPhilippehavetakenanothertackwithWebsitesthatofferonlyinformationnotsales.BreitlingdirectorofmarketingBenBalmersaysaluxurybrandneedstooffer"abuyingexperience"thatonlyawell-runstorecanprovide.Howeverhenotesthatsince2002ithaspresented30percentfewercatalogsintheUnitedStatesandseensalesrisemorethan35percentthankstoexposureontheInternet.PradamaynotneedaworkingWebsiteafterall. WhydoesPradaignorethesalesonWeb.
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
46.TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren.Hisownconcernwasparticularlywiththemiddle-classAmericanfamilybuttheseimportantaspectsoffamilylifearealsoapplicablemuchmorewidely.Inthepresentcontextitisworthwhiletolookespeciallyatprimarysocialization. 47.Primarysocializationreferstothetrainingofchildrenduringtheirearliestyearswhereassecondarysocializationreferstolaterinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthechild’spersonalityandlearningactivitiessuchashisinvolvementwithteachersandwithotherchildrenatschool.Primarysocializationisinmostsocietiescarriedoutessentiallywithinthefamilyaspartofchildrearing.Inthemodernfamilyparentstakeresponsibilityforraisingandteachingtheirchildrensuchbasicthingsaslanguageandcorrectbehavior.Toilettrainingteachingchildrenhowtoeatcorrectlyandencouragingchildrentogetalongwithothersareallaspectsofchildrearing.Howeveritisnotonlythesemoremundaneaspectsofbehaviorthatchildrenlearn.Childrenarealsoimplicitlyencouragedtodevelopthevaluesoftheparentsandoftilesocietyinwhichtheylive.InAmericansocietywhichwasParsons’mainconcernthesevaluesincludeindependencemotivationforachievementandcompetition.Inothersocietiesdifferentvaluessuchascooperationandegalitarianismmaybestressed.48.Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld. Howeverfewfamiliesareideal.Studiesofthefamiliesofemotionallydisturbedchildrenhaveshownthatunsatisfactoryrelationshipsbetweenhusbandsandwivescanhavedetrimentaleffectsonchildren. Sometimesachildisusedasascapegoat.Theparentsblameorevenphysicallyabusethechildinordertocoveruptheirowndifficulties.49.Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.Indeedthecyclemayberepeatedifsuchapersonintimemarrieshasafamilyofhisownandtreatshischildreninthesameway.Nonethelessthereisnoreasontosupposethatallchildrenofunsatisfactorymarriagesaretreatedinsuchawayorfailtoovercomethedifficultiestheyhaveaschildren. 50.SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.Theyclaimthatinthepastmoresupportwasofferedfromthewiderkinnetworkandfromthecommunityasawhole--asisstillthecaseinless-developedpartsoftheworldTheBritishpsychiatristsR.D.LaingandDavidCoopersuggestedthatthemodernfamilyisdysfunctionalinthatbyitsverynatureitforcesuponchildrenanundueemphasisonobediencetoauthority.Thesenegativeviewpointsasidemostexpertsaswellasmostparentsagreethattheprimarysocializationprocessinthemodernfamilyoffersbenefitsbotht6thechildandtotheparents. SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.
Agrowingnumberofwomenarerisingtothetop--andbeginningtochangethecultureoftheworkplace. Thisshouldbeaseasonofcelebration.Afterallbymanymeasuresthere’sneverbeenabettertimetobeawoman.InplaceslikeScandinaviaandBritainathirdormoreofallcorporatemanagersarenowwomen.ThenumberoffemaleexecutivedirectorsofFISE100companiesnearlydoubledfrom2000to2004.LatinAmericahasseena50percentjumpinthenumberofwomenpoliticiansinthelastdecade.Japanvoted26newfemaleparliamentariansintoofficethisyear.Ofcoursethejewelintheequal-opportunitycrownwasthisfall’selectionofAngelaMerkel--oncenicknamed"theGirl"byHelmutKohl--toGermany’shighestoffice. Butasalwaysstatisticstellamultifacetedstory.Sureit’snolongerananomalytohaveafemaleCEO--buttherearestillonly17femaleexecutivedirectorsinthelargestFTSE100companies.IntheEUParliamentonly23outof162membersarefemale.InBritainstudiesshowthatwomenhaveneverbeenmoredissatisfiedwiththeworkplace.Nowonder:theEUpaygapbetweenmenandwomenshrankonlyonepointinthelastcoupleofyearsto17.5percent. SowheredoesallthisleaveusWithsomebigchallengesthatrequiremorefemaleleadershiptosolve.Atsomemajorcompanies--includingShellandBritishTelecom--womenarecombatingtheold-boys’clubatmospherebystartingtheirownnetworkslinkingtopfemaleleaderswithup-and-comerstheycanmentor.Laborflexibilityisalsoontheagenda;inpartsofEuropetopfemalelegislatorshavefoughttogiveemployeeswithchildrenorelderlyparentstherighttoaskforadjustablehours.Perhapsmostimportantthereisanincreasinglyvibrantdebatearoundwork-lifebalance.Studyafterstudyshowsthatitisaworkingwoman’ssecondfull-timejob--ascaregiver--thatmakesitmostdifficultforhertostayonthecareerladder.Whileextrabenefitsandlongermaternityleavecanhelptheyaren’tacompletesolution. Clearlysomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequired.Andthat’swherewomencomein.IncountrieslikeCameroonBoliviaandMalaysiagreaternumbersofwomeninpublicofficehaveresultedinlessspendingonthemilitaryandmoreonhealtheducationandinfrastructure.Norway’swoman-heavyParliamentrecentlypassedalawmandatingthat40percentofdirectorsoncorporateboardsbewomen.AndinGermanythearchetypaloutsider--awomanwhogrewuponthewrongsideoftheIronCurtain--willlikelytakethehelminacountrywithvirtuallynootherwomenintoppositionsofpower.Nolonger"theGirl"butpoisedtobecomethechancellorMerkelisasymbolofhowfarwomenhavecome--andtheworkthatremainstobedone. Bysayingsomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequiredtheauthormeansthat
Soyou’vebeenwithyourcompanyforawhileandhavebeenexceedingallofyourmanager’sexpectations.Youworkhardareagreatteamplayercomeupwithnewideastotakethebusinessfurtherandareanall-aroundjoyintheworkplace. Ifyouhaven’tbeenpromotedorbeenbumpedupinsalaryautomaticallyitmightbetimetotakethebullbythehornsandapproachthistopicyourself.Whileaskingforaraisemakesmanypeopleuncomfortableandnervousthesituationcanbeabreezeifhandledcorrectly. Thefollowingareafewstepstofollowtomakesureyourrequestdoesnotfallondeafears: 41.Doyourresearch. Likeanyotherelementofyourcareeritallstartswithresearch.Inordertopresentyourmanagerwithacompellingcaseinyourfavoryouneedtoknowwhatthegoingrateisforsomeonewithyourexperienceandinyourposition. 42.Outlineacaseforyourself. Whengoingintoanykindofnegotiationsessionyouneedtobeequippedwiththerightamountofammunition.Beforeyouwalkintoyourmeetinglookbackatyourtimewiththecompanyandhighlightyouraceomplishments.Comeupwithalistofspecificexamplesofwaysyouhavebeenavaluableassettothebusiness.Findfactsandfiguresthatdemonstratewhatyouhaveexcelledusingnumberswheneverpossible. Ifyoureallywanttoknocktheirsocksoffputyouraccomplishmentsintoaformalpresentationalbeitbriefthatoutlineseachofyourgoalsandhowyouhaveachievedthem.Thiswilldemonstratethatyouareprofessionalwillingtogotheextramileandhavethoughtaboutyourrequestthoroughly. 43.Knowwhat’sgoingoninyourneighborhood. Therearegoodtimesandbadtimestoaskforaraiseatanycompany. Scheduleampletimetopresentyourcaseandmakesureyourtimingisright. Askingforaraiseontheflyafterjustwalkingintoyourmanager’sofficetochatwillnotbenefityouorimpressyourboss. Makesureyouhavetimetopresentyourcaseandthatyourmanagerhastimetothinkaboutyourpresentation.Requestameetingwithyoursupervisoratleastahalf-hourlong.Thinkaboutyourtimingwhenyouschedulethemeetingtoo.Ifyourdepartmenthasabevyofdeadlinestomeetattheendofeachmonthdon’tscheduleyourmeetingonthe29th.Pickatimewhenyourmanagerwillbesuretobeinagoodmoodandnotoverlystressed. 44.Avoidthreatsordemands. Thelastthingyouwanttodoistoputyoursupervisoronthedefensive. Beprofessionalandifyourjobisworthkeepingwillingtolistentotheotherside.Keepthemeetingpositiveandyouroutcomewillbemorepositive. 45.Rememberthatnotallperksaremonetary. Don’tfallintothetrapofthinkingyouarenotvaluedifyoudonotgetexactlywhatyouhadexpected. [A]Ifyouapproachyourmanagerforaraiseinatimeofdownsizingandcost-cuttingyouwillnotonlybedeniedbutwillalsoshowthatyouarenotintunewiththecompany’sneeds.Makesureyouunderstandyourcompany’soverallfinancialsituation. [B]Forexampleifyoudevelopedamarketingplanthathelpedincreasesalesmakesureyouhavethosesalesfiguresonhandaswellasyourroleintheplananditsexecution.Besuretotieyourownsuccessintotheoverallsuccessofthecompany. [C]Ifyourcompanyisstrappedfinanciallybutyouandyourmanagerstillcometotheconclusionthatitistimeforyoutoberewardedforyourperformanceyoumightbeabletonegotiateforstockoptionsmorevacationtimeorothernon-monetarybenefits. [D]Whenyoucomeupwithyourdesiredraiseinyourbasesalarygoover2%.Ifyouwant8%thenaskfor10%. [E]YoucanfindoutwhatothersinyourindustryandincomparablepositionsarerakinginbylookingatonlineresourcesthroughtheBureauofLaborStatisticsorinbookslike"TheAmericanAlmanacofJobsandSalaries"byJohnW.WrightQuill. [F]Goingintoameetingwiththe"ifIdon’tgetitI’mleaving"attitudewillonlytellyourcompanyyouareuncompromisingandonlyoutfornumberone. 42
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