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五味子的功效是
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下列都具有生津止渴功效的药物是
乌梅、生地黄、黄连
五味子、芦根、黄芩
乌梅、五味子、芦根
乌梅、芦根、黄柏
五味子、诃子、生地黄
都具有生津止渴功效的药物是
乌梅、生地黄、黄连
五味子、芦根、黄芩
乌梅、五味子、芦根
乌梅、芦根、黄柏
五味子、诃子、生地黄
均具有生津止渴功效的药物是
乌梅、生地黄、黄连
五味子、芦根、黄芩
乌梅、五味子、芦根
乌梅、芦根、黄柏
五味子、诃子、生地黄
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头痛眩晕昏厥呕血见于
刘涓子鬼遗方的作者是
Writealettertoyouruniversitylibrarymakingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.
Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroublesandimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernanceanewproblemthreatenstoearnthem―especiallyinAmerica―thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Leftuntilnowtooddlow-levelITstafftoputrightandseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbankingtelecomsandairtravelinformationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety. Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear―fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarnertheAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia.Berkeley―haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities. DataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherassetsaysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschoolTheabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvaluewhichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.IndeedjustasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesGAAPperhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPracticessuggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurityredundancyandrecoveryisamanagementissuenotatechnicalone.hesays. Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrustthatmostvaluableofeconomicassetsiseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore―andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands. Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged―thoughnotjustified―bythelackoflegalpenaltyinAmericabutnotEuropefordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw.Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyoneeventhevictimwhendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington.D.C.Meanwhilethetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmericadisclosedonJune17thovershadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionFTCthatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity. AccordingtoParagraph4whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto
巴豆内服剂量是
神识不清语言重复时断时续声音低弱属于
DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths. Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback―aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.Thisadded-workereffectcouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner. Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisenandnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent―andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistancehavejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration. Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
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以下何脉不主宿食
ForthepastseveralyearstheSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalledAskMarilyn.PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavantwhoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228―thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogiestoenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcutandtodeducenumericalsequencesamongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoewhoseIQis100as.What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers. Clearlyintelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecifiedandhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurologygeneticscomputerscienceandotherfields? ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscoreeventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScalesbothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion.GenerallycostingseveralhundreddollarstheyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologistsalthoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossiblebecausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeersratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.OtherstandardizedtestssuchastheScholasticAssessmentTestSATandtheGraduateRecordExamGREcapturethemainaspectsofIQtests. SuchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlifearguesRobertJ.Sternberg.InhisarticleHowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledgecomponentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.MoreoverIQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditionsbutunderhigh-stressconditionsIQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership―thatisitpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatterswhetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip. 26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencelest? Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?
我国古代医籍中首载240余种中药的书籍是
夏枯草的药用部位是
Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroublesandimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernanceanewproblemthreatenstoearnthem―especiallyinAmerica―thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Leftuntilnowtooddlow-levelITstafftoputrightandseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbankingtelecomsandairtravelinformationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety. Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear―fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarnertheAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia.Berkeley―haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities. DataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherassetsaysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschoolTheabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvaluewhichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.IndeedjustasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesGAAPperhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPracticessuggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurityredundancyandrecoveryisamanagementissuenotatechnicalone.hesays. Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrustthatmostvaluableofeconomicassetsiseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore―andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands. Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged―thoughnotjustified―bythelackoflegalpenaltyinAmericabutnotEuropefordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw.Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyoneeventhevictimwhendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington.D.C.Meanwhilethetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmericadisclosedonJune17thovershadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionFTCthatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity. AccordingtoParagraph2someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout
DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths. Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback―aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.Thisadded-workereffectcouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner. Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisenandnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent―andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistancehavejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration. Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreformretiredpeoplemayhave
肝病见赤色为
连结肺主呼吸和心主血脉的中心环节是
用寒远寒是指
只入心肝二经的重镇安神药是
以下哪项是亡阳的表现
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46^Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.#HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.LawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgmentOntheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.47^Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.#Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. 48^Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.#Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.49^InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.# Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.50^WhilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforJournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.#Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.
利小便即所以实大便的理论依据是
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46^Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.#HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.LawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgmentOntheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.47^Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.#Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. 48^Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.#Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.49^InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.# Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.50^WhilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforJournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.#Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.
肾主纳气的主要生理作用是
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranksyouwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced. Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:acertainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;bwinter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina;csoccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania;dnoneoftheabove. AndersEricssona58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversitysayshebelievesstronglyin’’noneoftheabove.EricssongrewupinSwedenandstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearly30yearsagoinvolvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.Withthefirstsubjectafterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20Ericssonrecalls.Hekeptimprovingandafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers. ThissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydeterminedledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwordswhateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachpersonencodestheinformation.AndthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfullyEricssondeterminedwasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Ratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuitsincludingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycannotjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Orputanotherwayexpertperformers―whetherinmemoryorsurgeryballetorcomputerprogramming―arenearlyalwaysmadenotborn. AccordingtoEricssongoodmemory
下列除哪项外均是附子的主治证
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranksyouwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced. Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:acertainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;bwinter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina;csoccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania;dnoneoftheabove. AndersEricssona58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversitysayshebelievesstronglyin’’noneoftheabove.EricssongrewupinSwedenandstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearly30yearsagoinvolvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.Withthefirstsubjectafterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20Ericssonrecalls.Hekeptimprovingandafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers. ThissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydeterminedledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwordswhateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachpersonencodestheinformation.AndthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfullyEricssondeterminedwasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Ratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuitsincludingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycannotjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Orputanotherwayexpertperformers―whetherinmemoryorsurgeryballetorcomputerprogramming―arenearlyalwaysmadenotborn. Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto
寒从中生的主要机理是
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46^Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.#HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.LawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgmentOntheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.47^Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.#Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. 48^Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.#Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.49^InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.# Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.50^WhilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforJournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.#Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranksyouwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced. Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:acertainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;bwinter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina;csoccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania;dnoneoftheabove. AndersEricssona58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversitysayshebelievesstronglyin’’noneoftheabove.EricssongrewupinSwedenandstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearly30yearsagoinvolvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.Withthefirstsubjectafterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20Ericssonrecalls.Hekeptimprovingandafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers. ThissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydeterminedledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwordswhateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachpersonencodestheinformation.AndthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfullyEricssondeterminedwasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Ratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuitsincludingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycannotjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Orputanotherwayexpertperformers―whetherinmemoryorsurgeryballetorcomputerprogramming―arenearlyalwaysmadenotborn. Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?
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