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Text 4 Now that the damage inflicted by the Asian financial crisis looks like it was caused by ...
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Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text2 ThepointoftherestorationistCritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhas"forsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety."Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves--particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner-offerlittleevidencetosupport’thisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’sdescriptionofhumansas"thelordsofcreation"orJordan’sstatementthat"thefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit"--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity--participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodelnamelythatofnatureasanorganism--mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodelthe"organic"modelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationistsview. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. Theauthorwouldprobablyagreethatpreservationists
Text3 Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiertheirsimuhaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmust’alsohavebe6nreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsofthewordwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge. Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents. Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudyhasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries. Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalisedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehasbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences. Thewriterclaimsthatitisimportantforspecialiststobeabletotravelbecause
Text1 Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhave’generallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowthorhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.UnfortunatelythegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.ParadoxicallycluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanetsratherthanontheEarthbecausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresultrelativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMmsitisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.LikewiseitwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheEarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinthepastandthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory. ThelargestcraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.Howeverifweacceptthehypothesisofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpactthemaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogyonemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin’sequationthedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcratersadepthof10kmisprobablyaconservativeestimateforthediameterofa500kmimpactcrater.Baldwin’sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75kn.TheplasticityoftheEarth’smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof"brecciation"intheusualsense.Howeverlocalstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepthasshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thusshort-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle. Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffectsthereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnetal.haveforexamplecalledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontoformtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteoritesandthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterialratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact. Gilvarryontheotherhandcalledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethat.themorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpactandthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained. WeagreewithDonnetal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformationbutwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystemratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial. Thewriterdoesnotbelievethat
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 41
Text4 Thegoodnewsisthatafterlastyear’sprecipitousdeclineworldwidedemandformicrochipsisrisingagain.Thenot-so-goodnewsisthattherecoveryislikelytobemoremutedthantheindustryhadhoped.Infactitcouldbeyearsbeforethemarketmakesupfullyfor2001’srecordfallof32%inchipsales.ThelatestfiguresfromWorldSemiconductorTradeStatisticsanindustrybodysuggestthatdemandwillcreepupthisyearby2.3%to$142billionandbyahealthier16.6%orsoin2003.Seitcouldstillbe2004orbeyondbeforethemarketforchipsregainsitsformerheights. WhyistherecoverysoweakThemainreasonisthatsalesofpersonalcomputersPCswhichrunonsuchchipsandwhichdominatethemarketforthemarestillstrugglingtorecoverfromlastyear’scollapseindemand.GartnerDataquestaresearchfirmsaysworldwidesalesofPCsroseby5.8%year-on-yearinthethreemonthstotheendofSeptember.Don’tbemisled:althoughthisisawelcomereturntogrowththeincreaserecoversbarelyhalfthegroundlostlastyearwhenthemarketfornewPCsslumpedaftertheburstingofthetechnologybubble;theSeptember11thterroristattacksfurtherdepressedthemarket. TheuncertainoutlookfortheworldeconomyisencouragingcompaniestopostponetheirspendingoninformationtechnologyIT.Inbettertimescompanieswouldusuallybegintoreplaceoutdatedequipmentduringthethirdquarter.ThistimearoundsaysGartnerDataquesttheITindustrywillprobablyhavetowaituntilthemiddleofnextyeartoseeanyrealimprovementinsales.SlowesttorecoverarelikelytobesalesinLatinAmericaandJapanwhereshipmentsofnewPCsactuallyfellduringthethirdquarterofthisyear. DanNilesofLehmanBrothersaninvestmentbankisoptimisticthatbeginningnextyearoverallspendingonITwillrecover.HebelievescorporateexpenditureintheUnitedStatesis"slowlybeginningtostabilizeandtopickup".Hepredictssingle-digitgrowthinAmericafollowedbyanimprovementelsewherelaterintheyear.AnotedpessimistforthepasttwoyearsorsoMr.Nilespointstothedeclininglevelofinventoriesasasignthatthemarketisclosetoarecovery.StocksofPCsandelectronicsgoodshavefalleneverymonthyear-on-yearforthepast12’monthshesays. Arecoveryindemandcannotcometoosoonforsome.CharteredSemiconductoroneoftheworld’slargestproducersofcustom-madechipssaidrecentlythatitplanstocutitsworkforceinSingaporeby7%.Reportingitsseventhconsecutivequarterlylossthecompanysaiditexpectedsalestofallagainduringthecurrentperiod.TaiwanSemiconductorManufacturingoneofChartered’smainrivalsisalsoexpectingatoughendtotheyear. Thegloomisnotsharedbyall.Inteltheworld’sbiggestchipproducersawitsshareoftotalsalesrisesignificantlyduringthethirdquarter--to87%oftheworldwidemarketthehighestithasbeenforfouryears.Intel’sgaincamemainlyattheexpenseofAdvancedMicroDevicesAMDanAmericanrival.LikeothersintheindustryAMDhassufferedfromfallingordersascustomersuseduptheexcessstocksofchipsoverhangingthemarket.Worsethesoftmarkethasalsoforceddownthepricesofitschipssqueezingitsprofitmargins. DanNilesthinksthatthePCmarket
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text3 WhentheFederalCommunicationsCommissionproposedgivinglow-powerradiostationslicensesontheFMdialtheyknewthey’dgetflakfrombigbroadcasting.TheNationalAssociationofBroadcastersNABafterall’spendsmillionsofdollarseveryyearlobbyingtokeepeverybodyelseofftheradiospectrum—evenlocallymanagednoncommercialstationsthatbroadcastonlywithinafour-mileradius.SureenoughwhentheFCCproposeditsnewregulationstheNABbeganscreamingaboutalltheterriblethingsthosetinyradiotransmitterscoulddotothebigoneswhosesignalsare500timesasstrongandwhosereachisnearly20timesasfar. Itwasaprettythinargument.Sothininfactthatforawhileifappearedtheproposedregulationsmightsurvivethelobbyingonslaught.AndthentheFCCanditsalliesranintoamostunlikelyopponentonewiththemoralauthoritytodorealdamagetotheircause:NationalPublicRadio.OnemighteasilyassumethatNPRwouldlookoutforthepublicinterest.AfterallNPRwasbornfromthePublicBroadcastingActof1967whichcalledforitto"encouragethedevelopmentofprogrammingthatinvolvescreativerisksandthataddressestheneedsofunservedandunderservedaudiences"whilecreating"programsofhighqualitydiversitycreativityexcellenceandinnovationwhichareobtainedfromdiversesources."Thecharterinotherwordsdescribesexactlythekindofprogramminglow-powerradiomightprovideparticularlyinruralorheavilyimmigrantcommunitieswherelocallyorientedprogrammingcouldbemoreusefulthannationallysyndicatedshows.Butthewell-meaningleftiesatNPRdidn’tseelow-powerradioasapotentialallyorkindredspirit.Theysawitjustasthebigbroadcastersdid--asathreat--andtriedtosquashitinmuchthesameway. Theymayhavesucceeded.NPR’slobbyingsupportedalast-minuteriderinDecember’sSenateappropriationsbillwhicheventuallybecamelaw.Thisamendmentseverelyhandicapsthelow-powerradioinitiative.Specificallyitlimitsthelicensingoflow-powerradiotojustninetestmarketsenforcingrestrictionsthateffectivelykeepitoutofurbanareasandothermajormarkets.Italsomandatestestingtodeterminetheeconomicimpactonestablishedbroadcasters.AndthoughJohnMcCainhasvowedtocontinuethefightforlowpowerfornowatleastNPRhaswontheday. Theprimarymotivationbehindopeningtheairwavestolow-powerradiowastoundothedamagewroughtbytheTelecommunicationsActof1996.Thatlawwassupposedtoincreasecompetitiononthe.airwaves.Insteaditconsolidatedcontrolofradiostationsinthehandsofafewlargenationalcompaniesthatsyndicateprogramsorevenwholebroadcaststotheiraffiliatesthussqueezingoutlocalprogramming.ByallowingsmallnoncommercialstationstobreakintothespectrumtheFCChopedtoreintroducelocalmaterialinplaceswhereithasallbutvanished.InitsapplicationprocesstheFCCprivilegedlocalcontentandcommunityinvolvement--forexampleassigningspectrumspacetostationsinprimarilyLatinoareasthatbroadcastfamily-planninginformationinSpanish.Partoftheapplicationaskedaspiringbroadcastershowtheirstationswouldservetheirneighborhoods. Theforemostmotivationbehindthelow-powerradioinitiativewasto
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
"Heydoyouwantsome"yourfriendasksasheoffersyouamouthwateringhomemadebrownie.You’retemptedbythedeliciousdessertbutthenyouseethecrashedpeanutsontop.Darn!You’reallergictopeanuts.Maybejustonelittlebitecanmakeyousick! 41Whatisafoodallergy Foodallergiesoccurwhenyourimmunesystemmakesamistake.Normallyyourimmunesystemprotectsyoufromgermsanddisease.Itdoesthisbymakingantibodiesthathelpyoufightoffbacteriavirusesandothertinyorganismsthatcanmakeyousick.Butifyouhaveafoodallergyyourimmunesystemmistakenlytreatssomethinginacertainfoodasifit’sreallydangeroustoyou. 42What’sareactionlike Thehistaminethencausessymptomsthataffectaperson’seyesnosethroatrespiratorysystemskinanddigestivesystem.Apersonwithafoodallergycouldhaveamildreaction--oritcouldbemoresevere.Anallergicreactioncouldhappenrightawayorafewhoursafterthepersoneatsit.Someofthefirstsignsthatapersonmaybehavingmiallergicreactioncouldbearunnynoseanitchyskinrashsuchashivesoratinglinginthetongueorlips. 43Howdoyouknow"lfyouhaveone Sometimesit’seasytofigureoutthatapersonhasafoodallergy.Heorshemightgethivesorhaveotherproblemsaftereatingit’.Butothertimesit’smoreofamysterywhat’scausingtheproblem.Mostfoodshavemorethanoneingredientsoifyouhaveshrimpwithpeanutsaucewhat’scausingtheallergy-thepeanutsauceortheshrimp 44Whatwillthedoctordo Ifyourdoctorthinksyoumighthaveafoodallergyheorshewillprobablysendyoutoseeadoctorwhospecializesinallergies.Theallergyspecialistwillaskyouaboutpastreactionsandhowlongittakesbetweeneatingthefoodandgettingthesymptomsuchashives.Theallergistalsomayaskaboutwhetheranyoneelseinyourfamilyhasallergiesorotherallergy-relatedconditionssuchaseczemaorasthma. Thedoctorwillmakealittlescratchonyourskinand.dropalittleoftheliquidextractonthescratchedspotorspots.Differentextractswillgoonthedifferentscratchspotssothedoctorcanseehowyourskinreactstoeachsubstance.’Ifyougetareddishraisedspotitshowsthatyouareallergictothatfoodorsubstance. Somedoctorsmayalsotakeabloodsampleandsendittoalab.That’swhereitwillbemixedwithsomeofthefoodorsubstanceyoumayheallergictoandcheckedforcertainantibodies. 45Howarefoodallergiestreated/avoided Thereisnospecialmedicineforfoodallergies.Somecanbeoutgrownandotherswillhavehisorherwholelife.Thebesttreatmentissimplytoavoidthefooditselfandanyfoodsordrinksthatcontainthefood. Haveaplan. Nomatterhowhardyoutryyoumayeatthewrongthingbyaccident.Staycalmandfollowyouremergencyplan.What’sanemergencyplanBeforeaslipuphappensit’sagoodideatocreateaplanwithyourdoctor.Theplanshouldspelloutwhattodoandwhichmedicinestotakeifyouhaveareaction. [A]Onewaytofigurethatoutistoreadfoodlabels.Doctorsandallergyorganizationsalsocanhelpbyprovidinglistsofsafefoodsandunsafefoods.Somepeoplewhoareverysensitivemayneedtoavoidfoodsjustbecausetheyaremadeinthesamefactorythatalsomakestheirproblemfood.Youmayhaveseensomecandywrappersthatsaythecandywasmadeinafactorythatprocessesnutstoo. [B]Butwhatifsomethingyoureallyliketurnsouttobeonyour"donoteat"eatTodaysomanypeoplehavefoodallergiesthatcompanieshavecreatedlotsofgoodsubstitutesforfavoritefoods--everythingfromdairy--freemashedpotatoestowheat--freechocolatechunkcookies! [C]Doctorsbelievethatallergiescouldbehereditarywhichmeansifyourparentorothercloserelativehascertainallergieslikehayfeveryou’remorelikelytodeveloptheallergies. [D]Thesamesortofthinghappenswithanyallergywhetherit’samedicinelikepenicillinpollenintheairfromflowersandtreesorafoodlikepeanuts.Sothethingitselfisn’tharmfulbutthewayyourbodyreactstoitis. [E]Theallergistmayalsowanttodoaskintest.Thisisawayofseeinghowyourbodyreactstoaverysmallamountofthefoodthatisgivingyoutrouble.Theallergistwillusealiquidextractofthefoodandpossiblyothercommonallergy--causingfoodstoseeifyoureacttoanyofthem.Aliquidextractisaliquidversionofsomethingthatusuallyisn’tliquid. [F]Inthemostseriouscasesafoodallergycancauseanaphylaxis.Thisisasuddensevereallergicreactioninwhichseveralproblemsoccurallatonceandcaninvolvetheskinbreathingdigestiontheheartandbloodvessels.Aperson’sbloodpressurecandropbreathingtubesnarrowandthetonguecanswell.Peopleatriskforthiskindofareactionhavetobeverycarefulandneedaplanforhandlingemergencieswhentheymightneedtogetspecialmedicinetostopthesesymptomsfromgettingworse. 41
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatfightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeopleforinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthat:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning---theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinmmrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthemthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. 翻译句子Somephilosophersarguethatfightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.
Text1 Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhave’generallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowthorhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.UnfortunatelythegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.ParadoxicallycluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanetsratherthanontheEarthbecausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresultrelativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMmsitisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.LikewiseitwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheEarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinthepastandthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory. ThelargestcraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.Howeverifweacceptthehypothesisofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpactthemaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogyonemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin’sequationthedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcratersadepthof10kmisprobablyaconservativeestimateforthediameterofa500kmimpactcrater.Baldwin’sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75kn.TheplasticityoftheEarth’smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof"brecciation"intheusualsense.Howeverlocalstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepthasshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thusshort-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle. Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffectsthereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnetal.haveforexamplecalledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontoformtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteoritesandthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterialratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact. Gilvarryontheotherhandcalledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethat.themorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpactandthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained. WeagreewithDonnetal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformationbutwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystemratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial. Amarebasinis
Text2 ThepointoftherestorationistCritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhas"forsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety."Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves--particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner-offerlittleevidencetosupport’thisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’sdescriptionofhumansas"thelordsofcreation"orJordan’sstatementthat"thefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit"--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity--participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodelnamelythatofnatureasanorganism--mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodelthe"organic"modelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationistsview. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. Theauthor'sprimarycriticismoftherestorationistsisthat
Text4 Dreamsaresaidtobethewindowtothemind.Throughthestudyofdreamswecancatchglimpsesintowhatoursubconsciousmindsarethinkingorwhatistroublingusatourdeepestlevels.Notalldreamsmethesamehowevereitherincontentorinmeaning.Inthisrespectthestudyofbaddreamsnightmarescanyieldinterestingobservationsinregardtothemindandstatusofthedreamer.Indeednightmaresappeartohavebeenthesubjectoffarmorestudiesthanmorepleasantdreamsiffornootherreasonthatwhilepleasantdreamsareeasilyforgottenuponawakeningnightmarestendtolingerinourmindsissufficienttodemandattention. Thesourcesofourdreamsaremostcommonlyattributedtofactorsinourwakinglives.Whetheritbeemotionalchallengesstressintheworkplacerelationshipproblemsoramyriadofotherpossiblefactorsthethoughtsandfeelingscreatedinourwakingenvironmentsarebelievedtodirectlyinfluencethecontentofourdreams.Aparticulardramaticortraumaticexperienceduringthedaywouldnodoubtbeencounteredagaininsomeformoranotherduringthenight. Justasimportantasactualeventsinthedeterminationofthecontentofourdreamsarethepreexistingbeliefsthatwehold.Ifweencountersomekindofphenomenainourdreamsitisverylikelythatwealreadybelievedinthepossibilityofthephenomenabeforethedream.Forexampleifsomeonedreamsofbeingabductedbyaliensit’sverylikelythatbeforethedreamhealreadybelievedintheexistenceofaliens.Totheextentthatdreamsaredirectreflectionsofourmindstheywillreflectaccuratelywhatwebelieveandholdtobetrue. Thewaythatweactindreamsbearsconsiderationaswell.Oftentimesourbehaviorinourdreamsreflectshiddendesiresforthattypeofbehaviorinourwakinglives.Someonewhodreamsofrevengemayactuallydesirerevengeinreallifeandlikewisesomeonewhodreamsofadventurenightafternightmaybeexperiencinghismindplayingoutadesireformoreexcitementinhiseverydaylife. Whiletheitemsencounteredinourdreamsareofgreatimportanceintheanalysisofdreamsitmustberecognizedandunderstoodthatthesameitemintwodifferentdreamscaneasilyhaveentirelydifferentmeaningsforthetwodreamers.Forexampleahomeinthedreamsofanavidequestriancansignifycomfortandrelaxationwhereasthesamehomeinthedreamsofahuntercanrepresentexcitementandchallenge. Thelastsentenceofthetext'givesanexampleofhorsesencounteredindreamsoftwodifferentpeopleinorderto
Text3 Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiertheirsimuhaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmust’alsohavebe6nreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsofthewordwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge. Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents. Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudyhasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries. Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalisedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehasbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences. Developmentsininternationalco-operationareoftenitissuggestedtheresultof
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 43
Text1 Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhave’generallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowthorhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.UnfortunatelythegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.ParadoxicallycluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanetsratherthanontheEarthbecausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresultrelativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMmsitisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.LikewiseitwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheEarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinthepastandthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory. ThelargestcraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.Howeverifweacceptthehypothesisofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpactthemaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogyonemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin’sequationthedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcratersadepthof10kmisprobablyaconservativeestimateforthediameterofa500kmimpactcrater.Baldwin’sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75kn.TheplasticityoftheEarth’smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof"brecciation"intheusualsense.Howeverlocalstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepthasshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thusshort-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle. Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffectsthereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnetal.haveforexamplecalledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontoformtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteoritesandthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterialratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact. Gilvarryontheotherhandcalledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethat.themorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpactandthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained. WeagreewithDonnetal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformationbutwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystemratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial. Thetheorythatoceanbasinswerecausedbymeteoroidimpact
Text4 Thegoodnewsisthatafterlastyear’sprecipitousdeclineworldwidedemandformicrochipsisrisingagain.Thenot-so-goodnewsisthattherecoveryislikelytobemoremutedthantheindustryhadhoped.Infactitcouldbeyearsbeforethemarketmakesupfullyfor2001’srecordfallof32%inchipsales.ThelatestfiguresfromWorldSemiconductorTradeStatisticsanindustrybodysuggestthatdemandwillcreepupthisyearby2.3%to$142billionandbyahealthier16.6%orsoin2003.Seitcouldstillbe2004orbeyondbeforethemarketforchipsregainsitsformerheights. WhyistherecoverysoweakThemainreasonisthatsalesofpersonalcomputersPCswhichrunonsuchchipsandwhichdominatethemarketforthemarestillstrugglingtorecoverfromlastyear’scollapseindemand.GartnerDataquestaresearchfirmsaysworldwidesalesofPCsroseby5.8%year-on-yearinthethreemonthstotheendofSeptember.Don’tbemisled:althoughthisisawelcomereturntogrowththeincreaserecoversbarelyhalfthegroundlostlastyearwhenthemarketfornewPCsslumpedaftertheburstingofthetechnologybubble;theSeptember11thterroristattacksfurtherdepressedthemarket. TheuncertainoutlookfortheworldeconomyisencouragingcompaniestopostponetheirspendingoninformationtechnologyIT.Inbettertimescompanieswouldusuallybegintoreplaceoutdatedequipmentduringthethirdquarter.ThistimearoundsaysGartnerDataquesttheITindustrywillprobablyhavetowaituntilthemiddleofnextyeartoseeanyrealimprovementinsales.SlowesttorecoverarelikelytobesalesinLatinAmericaandJapanwhereshipmentsofnewPCsactuallyfellduringthethirdquarterofthisyear. DanNilesofLehmanBrothersaninvestmentbankisoptimisticthatbeginningnextyearoverallspendingonITwillrecover.HebelievescorporateexpenditureintheUnitedStatesis"slowlybeginningtostabilizeandtopickup".Hepredictssingle-digitgrowthinAmericafollowedbyanimprovementelsewherelaterintheyear.AnotedpessimistforthepasttwoyearsorsoMr.Nilespointstothedeclininglevelofinventoriesasasignthatthemarketisclosetoarecovery.StocksofPCsandelectronicsgoodshavefalleneverymonthyear-on-yearforthepast12’monthshesays. Arecoveryindemandcannotcometoosoonforsome.CharteredSemiconductoroneoftheworld’slargestproducersofcustom-madechipssaidrecentlythatitplanstocutitsworkforceinSingaporeby7%.Reportingitsseventhconsecutivequarterlylossthecompanysaiditexpectedsalestofallagainduringthecurrentperiod.TaiwanSemiconductorManufacturingoneofChartered’smainrivalsisalsoexpectingatoughendtotheyear. Thegloomisnotsharedbyall.Inteltheworld’sbiggestchipproducersawitsshareoftotalsalesrisesignificantlyduringthethirdquarter--to87%oftheworldwidemarketthehighestithasbeenforfouryears.Intel’sgaincamemainlyattheexpenseofAdvancedMicroDevicesAMDanAmericanrival.LikeothersintheindustryAMDhassufferedfromfallingordersascustomersuseduptheexcessstocksofchipsoverhangingthemarket.Worsethesoftmarkethasalsoforceddownthepricesofitschipssqueezingitsprofitmargins. ThedeclineofPCmarketlastyearwastriggeredby
Text3 Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiertheirsimuhaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmust’alsohavebe6nreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsofthewordwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge. Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents. Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudyhasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries. Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalisedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehasbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences. Whatinthewriter'sopinionhappenstoascholarwhoshareshisideaswithhiscolleagues
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
PartA Directions: Supposeyouareaneyewitnessofatrafficaccident.Writeanaccountofitandyourcompositionshouldcoverthefollowingpoints: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.10points
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text4 Dreamsaresaidtobethewindowtothemind.Throughthestudyofdreamswecancatchglimpsesintowhatoursubconsciousmindsarethinkingorwhatistroublingusatourdeepestlevels.Notalldreamsmethesamehowevereitherincontentorinmeaning.Inthisrespectthestudyofbaddreamsnightmarescanyieldinterestingobservationsinregardtothemindandstatusofthedreamer.Indeednightmaresappeartohavebeenthesubjectoffarmorestudiesthanmorepleasantdreamsiffornootherreasonthatwhilepleasantdreamsareeasilyforgottenuponawakeningnightmarestendtolingerinourmindsissufficienttodemandattention. Thesourcesofourdreamsaremostcommonlyattributedtofactorsinourwakinglives.Whetheritbeemotionalchallengesstressintheworkplacerelationshipproblemsoramyriadofotherpossiblefactorsthethoughtsandfeelingscreatedinourwakingenvironmentsarebelievedtodirectlyinfluencethecontentofourdreams.Aparticulardramaticortraumaticexperienceduringthedaywouldnodoubtbeencounteredagaininsomeformoranotherduringthenight. Justasimportantasactualeventsinthedeterminationofthecontentofourdreamsarethepreexistingbeliefsthatwehold.Ifweencountersomekindofphenomenainourdreamsitisverylikelythatwealreadybelievedinthepossibilityofthephenomenabeforethedream.Forexampleifsomeonedreamsofbeingabductedbyaliensit’sverylikelythatbeforethedreamhealreadybelievedintheexistenceofaliens.Totheextentthatdreamsaredirectreflectionsofourmindstheywillreflectaccuratelywhatwebelieveandholdtobetrue. Thewaythatweactindreamsbearsconsiderationaswell.Oftentimesourbehaviorinourdreamsreflectshiddendesiresforthattypeofbehaviorinourwakinglives.Someonewhodreamsofrevengemayactuallydesirerevengeinreallifeandlikewisesomeonewhodreamsofadventurenightafternightmaybeexperiencinghismindplayingoutadesireformoreexcitementinhiseverydaylife. Whiletheitemsencounteredinourdreamsareofgreatimportanceintheanalysisofdreamsitmustberecognizedandunderstoodthatthesameitemintwodifferentdreamscaneasilyhaveentirelydifferentmeaningsforthetwodreamers.Forexampleahomeinthedreamsofanavidequestriancansignifycomfortandrelaxationwhereasthesamehomeinthedreamsofahuntercanrepresentexcitementandchallenge. Themainpointofthetextisthat
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatfightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeopleforinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthat:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning---theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinmmrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthemthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. 翻译句子Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 45
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Humanbeingsareanimals.Webreatheeatanddigestandreproducethesamelife1commontoallanimals.Inabiologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthesame. Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:2itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.3toourphysicalequipment--thenakedhumanbody--wearenotan4animal.Wearetropicalcreatures5hairlessandsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethtodefendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmenttohelpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical6ourspeciesseemsapoor7forsurvival. Butwehavesurvived--survivedandmultipliedand8theearth.Somedaywewillhavea9livingonthemoonaplacewithneitherairnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatmmgasesintosolids.Howcanwehavedoneallthesethings.Partoftheanswerisphysical. 10itslimitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant11.Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan12objectswithaprecisionunmatchedbyanyother13Mostimportantlywehavealargebrainwithanalmost14numberofneural15. Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreateculturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwesupplythewarmthforourtropicalbodiesneed16clothingshelterand17heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttoliveinadesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwatertogrowfoodand18deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfromdistantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirownfoodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupplynecessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations. Itwasnotalways19Ourdistantancestorswerejustanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno20andlackedthephysicalCapacitytouseit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
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