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Stephen M. Saland, chairman of the State Senate Education Committee, is a conservative upstate Re...
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StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducatio
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PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyan
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StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducatio
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StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducatio
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StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducatio
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducatio
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TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 3
RomeJune13—AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate. 46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurch—includingthenewpopeBenedictXVI—urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum. Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncountedinitsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum. "TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts’saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict."Italianswantademocracywithvalues—atvalueshumanlife—andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum." Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎. "I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople’CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum. 49Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw. "Thereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountry"EmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters."Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying." 50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.
RomeJune13—AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate. 46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurch—includingthenewpopeBenedictXVI—urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum. Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncountedinitsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum. "TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts’saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict."Italianswantademocracywithvalues—atvalueshumanlife—andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum." Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎. "I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople’CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum. 49Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw. "Thereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountry"EmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters."Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying." 50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope. 49Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.
Iwasaloverbeforethiswar.ThosearethefastwordssungonTVontheRadio’sReturntoCookieMountainoneofthemostwidelypraisedalbumsof2006.Whateverthelinemeanswithintheband’scrypticlyricsitcouldalsoapplytothepastyear’spopularmusic.Thoughtsofromanceviceandcomfortstilldominatedthechartsandtheairwaves.Butamidtheentertainmentsongwriters—includingsomeaimingfortheTop10—werealsograpplingwithawarthatwouldn’tgoaway.Pop’spoliticalconsciousnessrisesineveryelectionyearandmuchasitbecameclearinNovemberthatvotersaretiredofwarmusicin2006alsoreflectedbattlefatigue.Beyondtypicalwartimeattitudesofbelligerenceprotestandyearningforpeacein2006popmovedtowardsomethingdifferent:amoodsomewherebetweenresignationandasiegementality.Songsthattouchedonthewarin2006weresuffusedwiththemournfulandresentfulknowledgethat—sNellYoungtitledthealbumhemadeandrush-releasedinthespring—weareLivingWithWarandwillbeforsometime.Awarenessofthewarthrobslikeachronicheadachebehindmorepleasantdistractions.TheculturalresponsetowarinIraqandthewaronterrorism—oneprotractedtheotherpossiblyendless—doesn’thaveanexacthistoricalparallel.UnlikeWorldWarⅡthecurrentsituationhasbroughtlittlenationalunity;unliketheVietnameraourshasnoappreciabledomesticsupportforAmerica’sopponents.IraqmaybeminingintoaquagmireandcivilwarlikeVietnambutthecurrentwarhasnotinspiredtalkofgenerationwiderebellionperhapsbecausethere’snodraftmpityoungagainstoldoranycolorfulpsychedelicallydefiantcounterculture.Thewarsongsofthe21stcenturyhavebeensoberandearnestpragmaticratherthanfanciful.Immediateresponsesto9/11andtotheinvasionofIraqarrivedalongfamiliarlines.Therewasangerandsaber-rattlingatfirstparticularlyincountrymusic:theDixieChicks’careerwasupendedin2003whenNatalieMainesdisparagedthepresidentontheeveoftheIraqinvasion.TherewerefolkyprotestsongsaboutweaponsandoilprofiteeringlikeThePriceofOilbyBillyBragg;ina21st-centurytouchthereweredenunciationsofnewsmediacomplicityfromsongwritersasvariedasMerleHaggardNellieMcKayandthepunk-rockbandAnti-Flag.Rapperswhowerealreadyslingingwarmetaphorsforeverythingfromrhymebattlestotalesofdrag-dealingcrimesoldierssoonexploitedthemultitudeofrhymesforIraq.whilesome.likeEminemandOutKastalsobluntlyattackedthepresidentandthewar.In2006songwriterswhoUsuallysticktolovesongsfoundthemselvespayingattentiontothewaraswell.Anewyearanewenemy/anothersoldiergonetowarJohnLegendsingsinComingHomethesongthatendshis2006albumOnceAgain.it’sasoldier’sletterhomewonderingifhisgtrlfriendstillcares.Itseemsthewarswillneverend.butwe’llmakeithomeagainMr.Legendcroonsmorewishfulthanconfident.Accordingtothefirstparagraphthemostpopularsongsof2006areaboutEXCEPT______.
[A]Manyofthepartnershipsactasvirtualpharmaceuticalcompaniesbringingtogetherexpertisefromfarafield.TheDrugsforNeglectedDiseasesinitiativeforexamplehasdrawntogetherbasicresearchfromacademicsinVenezuelamoleculesfromJapaneseandFrenchdrugmakersclinicaltrialsinEthiopiaandmanufacturingbyBrazilianfirms. [B]Howeveritisnotjustpoorcountriesthataremissingout.Forexamplethereisanurgentneedfornewantibioticsinindustrialisedcountriesasdrag-resistantbacteriaemerge.Yetantibioticdevelopment—oncethecornerstoneofthedrugindustry—hasfallenoutoffavourwithBigPharmafirmsbecauseofscientifichurdlesandregulatoryrequirements. [C]AfewbigdrugmakerssuchasGSKandNovartiswhichinheritedaninterestintropicaldiseasefromtheirparentfirmshavechosentoinvestinatleastearly-stageR&Dinmalariatuberculosisanddenguewithaviewtopartneringlateron.Theyaremotivatedmainlybyphilanthropybutalsowanttopolishtheirimageandhopetoselltotravellersandtoarisingmiddleclassindevelopingcountries. [D]Askabigdrug-companybosswhyheisinthebusinessofmakingpharmaceuticalsandhewillsayhewantsto"addressunmetmedicalneeds".Butnotallmedicalneedsareequallyattractive.Mostofthe7500-plusmedicinescurrentlyindevelopmentbybiotechandpharmaceuticalcompaniesareforchronicdiseasesoftherichworld.Atthesametime.someofhumanity’snastiestafflictionsgetlittleattention.Tropicaldiseasessuchassleepingsicknessorleishmaniasisareaturn-offfordrugmakersbecausetheystrikemainlyinpoorcountriesandofferlittlehopeofanattractivereturnoninvestment.Ofthe1.500orsodrugslaunchedoverthepast30yearsfewerthan20dealspecificallywithtropicaldisease. [E]Thequestionishowtogettheproductsoutofthepipelineandtothepeoplewhoneedthem.DevelopmentcostscanbelowerthaninBigPharmainpartbecauseclinicaltrialsfordiseasessuchasmalariacanbesmallerfasterandthereforecheapertorunthanfor.sayAlzheimer’sdisease.Evenso.ChristopherHentschelheadoftheMedicinesforMalariaVenture.reckonsitwillcostatleast$100tobringjustodeofitsproductstomarketsomuchmoremoneyisneeded. [F]Onewayofgettingattentionforneglecteddiseasesisforpatientstotakeaction.ForexampletheALSTherapyDevelopmentFoundation.startedbyJamesHeywoodwhosebrotherwasstruckdownbythisneurodegenerativediseaseisusingitsmodestbudgettotesthundredsofcompoundsinmiceandmenmthehopeoffindingatreatmentforALS. [G]Anotherrouteistolaunchpublic-privatepartnerships.Drugcompaniescontributemoleculesmanpowerandmachinestonot-for-profitgroupsthatco-ordinateproductdevelopmentfundedmainlybyprivatesourcessuchastheGatesFoundationwithsomegovernmentmoney.Therearenowabout20suchpartnershipsfocusedondevelopingnewdrugsvaccinesordiagnosticsforparticulardiseasesofthedevelopingworldthatwillmakethemaccessibletopoorpopulations. Order: 45
[A]Manyofthepartnershipsactasvirtualpharmaceuticalcompaniesbringingtogetherexpertisefromfarafield.TheDrugsforNeglectedDiseasesinitiativeforexamplehasdrawntogetherbasicresearchfromacademicsinVenezuelamoleculesfromJapaneseandFrenchdrugmakersclinicaltrialsinEthiopiaandmanufacturingbyBrazilianfirms. [B]Howeveritisnotjustpoorcountriesthataremissingout.Forexamplethereisanurgentneedfornewantibioticsinindustrialisedcountriesasdrag-resistantbacteriaemerge.Yetantibioticdevelopment—oncethecornerstoneofthedrugindustry—hasfallenoutoffavourwithBigPharmafirmsbecauseofscientifichurdlesandregulatoryrequirements. [C]AfewbigdrugmakerssuchasGSKandNovartiswhichinheritedaninterestintropicaldiseasefromtheirparentfirmshavechosentoinvestinatleastearly-stageR&Dinmalariatuberculosisanddenguewithaviewtopartneringlateron.Theyaremotivatedmainlybyphilanthropybutalsowanttopolishtheirimageandhopetoselltotravellersandtoarisingmiddleclassindevelopingcountries. [D]Askabigdrug-companybosswhyheisinthebusinessofmakingpharmaceuticalsandhewillsayhewantsto"addressunmetmedicalneeds".Butnotallmedicalneedsareequallyattractive.Mostofthe7500-plusmedicinescurrentlyindevelopmentbybiotechandpharmaceuticalcompaniesareforchronicdiseasesoftherichworld.Atthesametime.someofhumanity’snastiestafflictionsgetlittleattention.Tropicaldiseasessuchassleepingsicknessorleishmaniasisareaturn-offfordrugmakersbecausetheystrikemainlyinpoorcountriesandofferlittlehopeofanattractivereturnoninvestment.Ofthe1.500orsodrugslaunchedoverthepast30yearsfewerthan20dealspecificallywithtropicaldisease. [E]Thequestionishowtogettheproductsoutofthepipelineandtothepeoplewhoneedthem.DevelopmentcostscanbelowerthaninBigPharmainpartbecauseclinicaltrialsfordiseasessuchasmalariacanbesmallerfasterandthereforecheapertorunthanfor.sayAlzheimer’sdisease.Evenso.ChristopherHentschelheadoftheMedicinesforMalariaVenture.reckonsitwillcostatleast$100tobringjustodeofitsproductstomarketsomuchmoremoneyisneeded. [F]Onewayofgettingattentionforneglecteddiseasesisforpatientstotakeaction.ForexampletheALSTherapyDevelopmentFoundation.startedbyJamesHeywoodwhosebrotherwasstruckdownbythisneurodegenerativediseaseisusingitsmodestbudgettotesthundredsofcompoundsinmiceandmenmthehopeoffindingatreatmentforALS. [G]Anotherrouteistolaunchpublic-privatepartnerships.Drugcompaniescontributemoleculesmanpowerandmachinestonot-for-profitgroupsthatco-ordinateproductdevelopmentfundedmainlybyprivatesourcessuchastheGatesFoundationwithsomegovernmentmoney.Therearenowabout20suchpartnershipsfocusedondevelopingnewdrugsvaccinesordiagnosticsforparticulardiseasesofthedevelopingworldthatwillmakethemaccessibletopoorpopulations. Order: 43
"Iwasaloverbeforethiswar."ThosearethefastwordssungonTVontheRadio’s"ReturntoCookieMountain"oneofthemostwidelypraisedalbumsof2006.Whateverthelinemeanswithintheband’scrypticlyricsitcouldalsoapplytothepastyear’spopularmusic.Thoughtsofromanceviceandcomfortstilldominatedthechartsandtheairwaves.Butamidtheentertainmentsongwriters—includingsomeaimingfortheTop10—werealsograpplingwithawarthatwouldn’tgoaway. Pop’spoliticalconsciousnessrisesineveryelectionyearandmuchasitbecameclearinNovemberthatvotersaretiredofwarmusicin2006alsoreflectedbattlefatigue.Beyondtypicalwartimeattitudesofbelligerenceprotestandyearningforpeacein2006popmovedtowardsomethingdifferent:amoodsomewherebetweenresignationandasiegementality. Songsthattouchedonthewarin2006weresuffusedwiththemournfulandresentfulknowledgethat—sNellYoungtitledthealbumhemadeandrush-releasedinthespring—weare"LivingWithWar"andwillbeforsometime.Awarenessofthewarthrobslikeachronicheadachebehindmorepleasantdistractions. TheculturalresponsetowarinIraqandthewaronterrorism—oneprotractedtheotherpossiblyendless—doesn’thaveanexacthistoricalparallel.UnlikeWorldWarⅡthecurrentsituationhasbroughtlittlenationalunity;unliketheVietnameraourshasnoappreciabledomesticsupportforAmerica’sopponents.IraqmaybeminingintoaquagmireandcivilwarlikeVietnambutthecurrentwarhasnotinspiredtalkofgenerationwiderebellionperhapsbecausethere’snodraftmpityoungagainstoldoranycolorfulpsychedelicallydefiantcounterculture.Thewarsongsofthe21stcenturyhavebeensoberandearnestpragmaticratherthanfanciful. Immediateresponsesto9/11andtotheinvasionofIraqarrivedalongfamiliarlines.Therewasangerandsaber-rattlingatfirstparticularlyincountrymusic:theDixieChicks’careerwasupendedin2003whenNatalieMainesdisparagedthepresidentontheeveoftheIraqinvasion.Therewerefolkyprotestsongsaboutweaponsandoilprofiteeringlike"ThePriceofOil"byBillyBragg;ina21st-centurytouchthereweredenunciationsofnewsmediacomplicityfromsongwritersasvariedasMerleHaggardNellieMcKayandthepunk-rockbandAnti-Flag. Rapperswhowerealreadyslingingwarmetaphorsforeverythingfromrhymebattlestotalesofdrag-dealingcrimesoldierssoonexploitedthemultitudeofrhymesforIraq.whilesome.likeEminemandOutKastalsobluntlyattackedthepresidentandthewar. In2006songwriterswhoUsuallysticktolovesongsfoundthemselvespayingattentiontothewaraswell."Anewyearanewenemy/anothersoldiergonetowar"JohnLegendsingsin"ComingHome"thesongthatendshis2006album"OnceAgain."it’sasoldier’sletterhomewonderingifhisgtrlfriendstillcares."Itseemsthewarswillneverend.butwe’llmakeithomeagain"Mr.Legendcroonsmorewishfulthanconfident. ThewordprotractedLine1ParA．4means
AttheendoflastyearatowncalledFriendshipHeightsinMaryland’sMontgomeryCountyapprovedAmerica’sandthustheworld’sstrictesttobaccopolicy.Townofficerscourageouslybannedsmokingonallpublicpropertyincludingstreetspavementsandpublicsquares.It’sapublichealthissuesaidthemayorAlfredMuller.whoisalsoadoctor.Wedon’thavetherighttooutlawtobacco.butwe’redoingwhatwecanwithinourrights.ThisnewspaperhasexpresseddisgruntlementwiththeelementofintolerancethatisincreasinglymanifestingitselfwithinAmerica’santi-tobaccomovement.ItmustbesaidhoweverthatbraveFriendshipHeightshasdiscoveredanapproachthatliberalscanembrace.Privatepropertyisitsowners’sanctuarybutthepublicrulesinpublicspaces.Undeniablythestreetsbelongtothegovernment;whathappensinthem.thereforeisthegovernment’sbusiness.Onthisworthyprinciplesmokingshouldbemerelythebeginning.Forexampleitisclearthattheconsumptionoffattyfoodscontributestoheartdiseasestrokesandotherdeadlydisease.Besideseatingjunkmakesyoufatandugly.WhatpeopledoathomeistheirownaffairbutwhyallowsthemtoabusethepublicstreetsforthisgluttonyAmerica’spavementsandboardwalksareoverriddenwithpersonsmanyofthemoverweightwhoamblealonglickingicecreamorgobblingchips.Inmanycitieshotdogsarespreadedquiteopenlyonthepavementitself.Allthisshouldbestopped.NotjustinFriendshipHeightsbutinotherenlighteneddistrictsitshouldbeillegaltoeatanythingbutlow-fatfoodsinpubliczones.BecauseAmericansconsumetoolittlebywayoffruitsandvegetablesintimeitisbesttomoveslowlybecausepeople’srightsmustberespectedstreetsshouldbecomestrictlyvegetarian.Morecanbedone.Shriekingnewspaperheadlinescreatestressforthosewhomaynotwishtoviewthem.Peoplewhowanttobuyandreadpapersshouldthereforeberequiredtodosoinprivate.Americahaslongandjustlysoughttopreventtheentanglementofreligionwithpubliclife.Whatpeopledoinchurchorathomeistheirbusiness.Howeverprayingsermonizingorwearingreligiousgarbinthestreetssurelycompromisestherequirementthatthepublicwillnotbedragooredintosupportingreligion.Thereistheenvironmenttoconsideraswell.Thatpeopleexhalecarbondioxideinpublicplaces.thuscontributingtoglobalwarmingisprobablyinevitableandAmerica’spoliticianswouldbewisetopermitit.Butmethanetoo.isagreenhousegasandanodiferousone.Itsemissioninpublicplaces.whereitcanneitherbeavoidednorfilteredseemsanimpositiononbothplanetaryhygieneandhumancomfort.Breakersofwindsurelycanberequiredtowaituntiltheycananswertheirneedsinprivate;andprosecutedwhentheyfail.Fame.then.toFriendshipHeights.Othertownsshouldtakenote.Iftheyintendtofulfilltheirresponsibilitiestothehealthandwelfareofcitizenstopublicorderandabovealltothepublicstreetsandparkswhoserightstheauthoritiesaresworntoupholdthenthewayaheadisclear.AlfredMuller’swordsimply______.
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 17
[A]Manyofthepartnershipsactasvirtualpharmaceuticalcompaniesbringingtogetherexpertisefromfarafield.TheDrugsforNeglectedDiseasesinitiativeforexamplehasdrawntogetherbasicresearchfromacademicsinVenezuelamoleculesfromJapaneseandFrenchdrugmakersclinicaltrialsinEthiopiaandmanufacturingbyBrazilianfirms. [B]Howeveritisnotjustpoorcountriesthataremissingout.Forexamplethereisanurgentneedfornewantibioticsinindustrialisedcountriesasdrag-resistantbacteriaemerge.Yetantibioticdevelopment—oncethecornerstoneofthedrugindustry—hasfallenoutoffavourwithBigPharmafirmsbecauseofscientifichurdlesandregulatoryrequirements. [C]AfewbigdrugmakerssuchasGSKandNovartiswhichinheritedaninterestintropicaldiseasefromtheirparentfirmshavechosentoinvestinatleastearly-stageR&Dinmalariatuberculosisanddenguewithaviewtopartneringlateron.Theyaremotivatedmainlybyphilanthropybutalsowanttopolishtheirimageandhopetoselltotravellersandtoarisingmiddleclassindevelopingcountries. [D]Askabigdrug-companybosswhyheisinthebusinessofmakingpharmaceuticalsandhewillsayhewantsto"addressunmetmedicalneeds".Butnotallmedicalneedsareequallyattractive.Mostofthe7500-plusmedicinescurrentlyindevelopmentbybiotechandpharmaceuticalcompaniesareforchronicdiseasesoftherichworld.Atthesametime.someofhumanity’snastiestafflictionsgetlittleattention.Tropicaldiseasessuchassleepingsicknessorleishmaniasisareaturn-offfordrugmakersbecausetheystrikemainlyinpoorcountriesandofferlittlehopeofanattractivereturnoninvestment.Ofthe1.500orsodrugslaunchedoverthepast30yearsfewerthan20dealspecificallywithtropicaldisease. [E]Thequestionishowtogettheproductsoutofthepipelineandtothepeoplewhoneedthem.DevelopmentcostscanbelowerthaninBigPharmainpartbecauseclinicaltrialsfordiseasessuchasmalariacanbesmallerfasterandthereforecheapertorunthanfor.sayAlzheimer’sdisease.Evenso.ChristopherHentschelheadoftheMedicinesforMalariaVenture.reckonsitwillcostatleast$100tobringjustodeofitsproductstomarketsomuchmoremoneyisneeded. [F]Onewayofgettingattentionforneglecteddiseasesisforpatientstotakeaction.ForexampletheALSTherapyDevelopmentFoundation.startedbyJamesHeywoodwhosebrotherwasstruckdownbythisneurodegenerativediseaseisusingitsmodestbudgettotesthundredsofcompoundsinmiceandmenmthehopeoffindingatreatmentforALS. [G]Anotherrouteistolaunchpublic-privatepartnerships.Drugcompaniescontributemoleculesmanpowerandmachinestonot-for-profitgroupsthatco-ordinateproductdevelopmentfundedmainlybyprivatesourcessuchastheGatesFoundationwithsomegovernmentmoney.Therearenowabout20suchpartnershipsfocusedondevelopingnewdrugsvaccinesordiagnosticsforparticulardiseasesofthedevelopingworldthatwillmakethemaccessibletopoorpopulations. Order: 41
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 1
AttheendoflastyearatowncalledFriendshipHeightsinMaryland’sMontgomeryCountyapprovedAmerica’sandthustheworld’sstrictesttobaccopolicy.Townofficerscourageouslybannedsmokingonallpublicpropertyincludingstreetspavementsandpublicsquares."It’sapublichealthissue"saidthemayorAlfredMuller.whoisalsoadoctor."Wedon’thavetherighttooutlawtobacco.butwe’redoingwhatwecanwithinourrights." ThisnewspaperhasexpresseddisgruntlementwiththeelementofintolerancethatisincreasinglymanifestingitselfwithinAmerica’santi-tobaccomovement.ItmustbesaidhoweverthatbraveFriendshipHeightshasdiscoveredanapproachthatliberalscanembrace.Privatepropertyisitsowners’sanctuarybutthepublicrulesinpublicspaces.Undeniablythestreetsbelongtothegovernment;whathappensinthem.thereforeisthegovernment’sbusiness. Onthisworthyprinciplesmokingshouldbemerelythebeginning.Forexampleitisclearthattheconsumptionoffattyfoodscontributestoheartdiseasestrokesandotherdeadlydisease.Besideseatingjunkmakesyoufatandugly.WhatpeopledoathomeistheirownaffairbutwhyallowsthemtoabusethepublicstreetsforthisgluttonyAmerica’spavementsandboardwalksareoverriddenwithpersonsmanyofthemoverweightwhoamblealonglickingicecreamorgobblingchips.Inmanycitieshotdogsarespreadedquiteopenlyonthepavementitself.Allthisshouldbestopped.NotjustinFriendshipHeightsbutinotherenlighteneddistrictsitshouldbeillegaltoeatanythingbutlow-fatfoodsinpubliczones.BecauseAmericansconsumetoolittlebywayoffruitsandvegetablesintimeitisbesttomoveslowlybecausepeople’srightsmustberespectedstreetsshouldbecomestrictlyvegetarian. Morecanbedone.Shriekingnewspaperheadlinescreatestressforthosewhomaynotwishtoviewthem.Peoplewhowanttobuyandreadpapersshouldthereforeberequiredtodosoinprivate.Americahaslongandjustlysoughttopreventtheentanglementofreligionwithpubliclife.Whatpeopledoinchurchorathomeistheirbusiness.Howeverprayingsermonizingorwearingreligiousgarbinthestreetssurelycompromisestherequirementthatthepublicwillnotbedragooredintosupportingreligion. Thereistheenvironmenttoconsideraswell.Thatpeopleexhalecarbondioxideinpublicplaces.thuscontributingtoglobalwarmingisprobablyinevitableandAmerica’spoliticianswouldbewisetopermitit.Butmethanetoo.isagreenhousegasandanodiferousone.Itsemissioninpublicplaces.whereitcanneitherbeavoidednorfilteredseemsanimpositiononbothplanetaryhygieneandhumancomfort.Breakersofwindsurelycanberequiredtowaituntiltheycananswertheirneedsinprivate;andprosecutedwhentheyfail. Fame.then.toFriendshipHeights.Othertownsshouldtakenote.Iftheyintendtofulfilltheirresponsibilitiestothehealthandwelfareofcitizenstopublicorderandabovealltothepublicstreetsandparkswhoserightstheauthoritiesaresworntoupholdthenthewayaheadisclear. TheworddisgruntlementLine1ParA．2means
AttheendoflastyearatowncalledFriendshipHeightsinMaryland’sMontgomeryCountyapprovedAmerica’sandthustheworld’sstrictesttobaccopolicy.Townofficerscourageouslybannedsmokingonallpublicpropertyincludingstreetspavementsandpublicsquares.It’sapublichealthissuesaidthemayorAlfredMuller.whoisalsoadoctor.Wedon’thavetherighttooutlawtobacco.butwe’redoingwhatwecanwithinourrights.ThisnewspaperhasexpresseddisgruntlementwiththeelementofintolerancethatisincreasinglymanifestingitselfwithinAmerica’santi-tobaccomovement.ItmustbesaidhoweverthatbraveFriendshipHeightshasdiscoveredanapproachthatliberalscanembrace.Privatepropertyisitsowners’sanctuarybutthepublicrulesinpublicspaces.Undeniablythestreetsbelongtothegovernment;whathappensinthem.thereforeisthegovernment’sbusiness.Onthisworthyprinciplesmokingshouldbemerelythebeginning.Forexampleitisclearthattheconsumptionoffattyfoodscontributestoheartdiseasestrokesandotherdeadlydisease.Besideseatingjunkmakesyoufatandugly.WhatpeopledoathomeistheirownaffairbutwhyallowsthemtoabusethepublicstreetsforthisgluttonyAmerica’spavementsandboardwalksareoverriddenwithpersonsmanyofthemoverweightwhoamblealonglickingicecreamorgobblingchips.Inmanycitieshotdogsarespreadedquiteopenlyonthepavementitself.Allthisshouldbestopped.NotjustinFriendshipHeightsbutinotherenlighteneddistrictsitshouldbeillegaltoeatanythingbutlow-fatfoodsinpubliczones.BecauseAmericansconsumetoolittlebywayoffruitsandvegetablesintimeitisbesttomoveslowlybecausepeople’srightsmustberespectedstreetsshouldbecomestrictlyvegetarian.Morecanbedone.Shriekingnewspaperheadlinescreatestressforthosewhomaynotwishtoviewthem.Peoplewhowanttobuyandreadpapersshouldthereforeberequiredtodosoinprivate.Americahaslongandjustlysoughttopreventtheentanglementofreligionwithpubliclife.Whatpeopledoinchurchorathomeistheirbusiness.Howeverprayingsermonizingorwearingreligiousgarbinthestreetssurelycompromisestherequirementthatthepublicwillnotbedragooredintosupportingreligion.Thereistheenvironmenttoconsideraswell.Thatpeopleexhalecarbondioxideinpublicplaces.thuscontributingtoglobalwarmingisprobablyinevitableandAmerica’spoliticianswouldbewisetopermitit.Butmethanetoo.isagreenhousegasandanodiferousone.Itsemissioninpublicplaces.whereitcanneitherbeavoidednorfilteredseemsanimpositiononbothplanetaryhygieneandhumancomfort.Breakersofwindsurelycanberequiredtowaituntiltheycananswertheirneedsinprivate;andprosecutedwhentheyfail.Fame.then.toFriendshipHeights.Othertownsshouldtakenote.Iftheyintendtofulfilltheirresponsibilitiestothehealthandwelfareofcitizenstopublicorderandabovealltothepublicstreetsandparkswhoserightstheauthoritiesaresworntoupholdthenthewayaheadisclear.WhichoneisTRUEabouttheauthor
Nothinghascometoembodycorporategreedlikeexecutiveperks:thecorporatejetschauffeuredlimousinesandcountry-clubmembershipsthatbossesconsumeinaseeminglydeliberateattempttooutragepublicopinion.NotfornothingbasWarrenBuffett.Omaha’scelebratedinvestornamedhiscorporatejet"TheIndefensible". Theusualexplanationfortheperkisthatitisaratherenjoyablewayforcorporateinsiderstomisappropriateshareholders’money.46Becauseperksarepoorlydisclosedshareholdershavenowayofknowingwhenthebossislivingitupattheirexpense.Thishasledtothetheorythatperk-ladenexecutivesarelikeliesttobefoundinfirmswithlotsofcash.butfewinvestmentprospects. ButinarecentpaperRaghuramRajahtheIMF’schiefeconomistandJulieWulfoftheWhartonSchoollookedathowmorethan300bigcompaniesdishedoutperkstotheirexecutivesin1986-99.47Itturnsoutthatneithercash-richlow-growthfirmsnorfirmswithweakgovernanceshowertheirexecutiveswithunusuallygenerousperks.Theauthorsdid.howeverfindevidencetosupporttwocompetingexplanations. 48Firstfirmsinthesamplewithmorehierarchicalorganisationslavishedmoreperksontheirexecutivesthanfirmswithflatterstructures.WhyPerksareacheapwaytodemonstratestares.Justasthearmedforcesrationmedalsfirmsrationthedistributionofconspicuoussymbolsofcorporatestatus.Secondperksareacheapwaytoboostexecutiveproductivity.49Firmsbasedinplaceswhereittakesalongtimetocommutearemorelikelytogivethebossachauffeuredlimousine.Firmslocatedfarfromlargeairportsarelikeliertolayonacorporatejet. Sothereitis.ThebossneedshisluxurypadonFifthAvenueandhischauffeuredstretch-limobecausehemightotherwisedolesswork.50Makingitharderforthebosstoconsumeconspicuouslyrisksdangerousanarchyasbereftofitssymbolsofcorporatestatusthefirm’shierarchycollapsesintoamuddledheap.PerhapsinlightofthesefindingsMr.Buffettshouldcallhisnextjet"TheIndispensable". 49
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 15
OvertheyearsasthemusicalRenthasreachedmilestoneaftermilestone—playingaround’theworldinmorethan200productionsfromBoisetoLittleRocktoReykjavik—thethousandsofpeoplewhohavebeenaffectedbythisvibrantgrittyandcompassionateworkmaywellwonderwhatitscreatorJonathanLarsonwouldhavethoughtofitall.AnothermilestonecameonMonday.night.TheoriginalBroadwayproductionofRentopenedattheNederlanderTheaterl0yearsagothisSaturday.ThatproductiondirectedbyMichaelGreifwasanalmost-intacttransferoftheinitialproductionattheNewYorkTheaterWorkshopwhichhadopenedthreemonthsearlier.Tocelebratetheanniversarytheoriginalcastmembersreassembledrehearsedfortwodaysandperformedtheshowinasemi-stagedversionattheNederlanderonMonday.TheeventwasabenefitfortheNewYorkTheaterWorkshopforFriendsinDeedasupportorganizationthatgavecomforttoseveralofMr.Larson’sfriendsdealingwithH.I.V.infections..andfortheJonathanLarsonPerformingArtsFoundationwhichwassetupbyhisfamilyaftertheenormoussuccessofRent.Beforetheperformancetheco-chairmenofthebenefittoldthestar-studdedaudiencethatmorethan$2million’hadbeenraised.AlsoaddressingthecrowdwereSenatorCharlesE.SchumerandMayorMichaelR.BloombergwhopraisedRentasatimelessworkexemplifyingculturecommunityandcreativityinthemayor’swordsandsalutedtheshow’svastcontributionstoNewYork’stheatricallife.OnceagainyoucouldonlythinkWouldJonathaneverhaveimaginedallthisMr.Larsonwhowrotethemusiclyricsandbooksforhisstageworksstruggledformorethan10yearstogetaproducertotakeashotatoneofhisshows.NowhewasbeingposthumouslythankedforgivingBroadwayacreativeandeconomicboost.RentistheseventhlongestrunningshowinBroadwayhistory.IcountmyselfamongthosewhowerepersonallyaffectedbyMr.Larson’swork.becauseoftheinadvertentroleIplayedinthelasthoursofhislife.In1996aneditoratTheTimestippedmeofftotheopeningofarockmusicalinspiredby.LaBohemewhichtransplantedPuccini’sstrugglingbohemiansfromParisinthe1830’stothe‘EastVillagein1990’s.SoonJan.24IwenttotheNewYorkTheaterWorkshopmseethedressrehearsalofRentwhichwasscheduledtoopeninFebruary.Thatperformancewasprettyraggedwithtechnicalglitchesandamisbehavingsoundsystem.ButIwassweptawaybythesophisticationandexuberanceofMr.Larson’smusicandthemixoftendernessandclevernessinhislyrics.AftertheshowMr.LarsonandIsatdownforaninterviewinthetinyticketboothofthetheatertheonlyquietspacewecouldfindamidthepost-rehearsalconfusion.Foralmostanhourthissad-eyedandboyish.creatortalkedabouthisapproachtosongwritinghisdeterminationtobringtheAmericanmusicaltraditiontotheMTVgenerationandaboutfriendssnugglingwithH:I.V.infectionwhohadinspiredtheshow.Mr.Larsontriedhisbesttomakehismusicalonshowinorderto______.
OvertheyearsasthemusicalRenthasreachedmilestoneaftermilestone—playingaround’theworldinmorethan200productionsfromBoisetoLittleRocktoReykjavik—thethousandsofpeoplewhohavebeenaffectedbythisvibrantgrittyandcompassionateworkmaywellwonderwhatitscreatorJonathanLarsonwouldhavethoughtofitall.AnothermilestonecameonMonday.night.TheoriginalBroadwayproductionofRentopenedattheNederlanderTheaterl0yearsagothisSaturday.ThatproductiondirectedbyMichaelGreifwasanalmost-intacttransferoftheinitialproductionattheNewYorkTheaterWorkshopwhichhadopenedthreemonthsearlier.Tocelebratetheanniversarytheoriginalcastmembersreassembledrehearsedfortwodaysandperformedtheshowinasemi-stagedversionattheNederlanderonMonday.TheeventwasabenefitfortheNewYorkTheaterWorkshopforFriendsinDeedasupportorganizationthatgavecomforttoseveralofMr.Larson’sfriendsdealingwithH.I.V.infections..andfortheJonathanLarsonPerformingArtsFoundationwhichwassetupbyhisfamilyaftertheenormoussuccessofRent.Beforetheperformancetheco-chairmenofthebenefittoldthestar-studdedaudiencethatmorethan$2million’hadbeenraised.AlsoaddressingthecrowdwereSenatorCharlesE.SchumerandMayorMichaelR.BloombergwhopraisedRentasatimelessworkexemplifyingculturecommunityandcreativityinthemayor’swordsandsalutedtheshow’svastcontributionstoNewYork’stheatricallife.OnceagainyoucouldonlythinkWouldJonathaneverhaveimaginedallthisMr.Larsonwhowrotethemusiclyricsandbooksforhisstageworksstruggledformorethan10yearstogetaproducertotakeashotatoneofhisshows.NowhewasbeingposthumouslythankedforgivingBroadwayacreativeandeconomicboost.RentistheseventhlongestrunningshowinBroadwayhistory.IcountmyselfamongthosewhowerepersonallyaffectedbyMr.Larson’swork.becauseoftheinadvertentroleIplayedinthelasthoursofhislife.In1996aneditoratTheTimestippedmeofftotheopeningofarockmusicalinspiredby.LaBohemewhichtransplantedPuccini’sstrugglingbohemiansfromParisinthe1830’stothe‘EastVillagein1990’s.SoonJan.24IwenttotheNewYorkTheaterWorkshopmseethedressrehearsalofRentwhichwasscheduledtoopeninFebruary.Thatperformancewasprettyraggedwithtechnicalglitchesandamisbehavingsoundsystem.ButIwassweptawaybythesophisticationandexuberanceofMr.Larson’smusicandthemixoftendernessandclevernessinhislyrics.AftertheshowMr.LarsonandIsatdownforaninterviewinthetinyticketboothofthetheatertheonlyquietspacewecouldfindamidthepost-rehearsalconfusion.Foralmostanhourthissad-eyedandboyish.creatortalkedabouthisapproachtosongwritinghisdeterminationtobringtheAmericanmusicaltraditiontotheMTVgenerationandaboutfriendssnugglingwithH:I.V.infectionwhohadinspiredtheshow.Anothermilestoneinthefirstparagraphrefersto______.
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 5
Iwasaloverbeforethiswar.ThosearethefastwordssungonTVontheRadio’sReturntoCookieMountainoneofthemostwidelypraisedalbumsof2006.Whateverthelinemeanswithintheband’scrypticlyricsitcouldalsoapplytothepastyear’spopularmusic.Thoughtsofromanceviceandcomfortstilldominatedthechartsandtheairwaves.Butamidtheentertainmentsongwriters—includingsomeaimingfortheTop10—werealsograpplingwithawarthatwouldn’tgoaway.Pop’spoliticalconsciousnessrisesineveryelectionyearandmuchasitbecameclearinNovemberthatvotersaretiredofwarmusicin2006alsoreflectedbattlefatigue.Beyondtypicalwartimeattitudesofbelligerenceprotestandyearningforpeacein2006popmovedtowardsomethingdifferent:amoodsomewherebetweenresignationandasiegementality.Songsthattouchedonthewarin2006weresuffusedwiththemournfulandresentfulknowledgethat—sNellYoungtitledthealbumhemadeandrush-releasedinthespring—weareLivingWithWarandwillbeforsometime.Awarenessofthewarthrobslikeachronicheadachebehindmorepleasantdistractions.TheculturalresponsetowarinIraqandthewaronterrorism—oneprotractedtheotherpossiblyendless—doesn’thaveanexacthistoricalparallel.UnlikeWorldWarⅡthecurrentsituationhasbroughtlittlenationalunity;unliketheVietnameraourshasnoappreciabledomesticsupportforAmerica’sopponents.IraqmaybeminingintoaquagmireandcivilwarlikeVietnambutthecurrentwarhasnotinspiredtalkofgenerationwiderebellionperhapsbecausethere’snodraftmpityoungagainstoldoranycolorfulpsychedelicallydefiantcounterculture.Thewarsongsofthe21stcenturyhavebeensoberandearnestpragmaticratherthanfanciful.Immediateresponsesto9/11andtotheinvasionofIraqarrivedalongfamiliarlines.Therewasangerandsaber-rattlingatfirstparticularlyincountrymusic:theDixieChicks’careerwasupendedin2003whenNatalieMainesdisparagedthepresidentontheeveoftheIraqinvasion.TherewerefolkyprotestsongsaboutweaponsandoilprofiteeringlikeThePriceofOilbyBillyBragg;ina21st-centurytouchthereweredenunciationsofnewsmediacomplicityfromsongwritersasvariedasMerleHaggardNellieMcKayandthepunk-rockbandAnti-Flag.Rapperswhowerealreadyslingingwarmetaphorsforeverythingfromrhymebattlestotalesofdrag-dealingcrimesoldierssoonexploitedthemultitudeofrhymesforIraq.whilesome.likeEminemandOutKastalsobluntlyattackedthepresidentandthewar.In2006songwriterswhoUsuallysticktolovesongsfoundthemselvespayingattentiontothewaraswell.Anewyearanewenemy/anothersoldiergonetowarJohnLegendsingsinComingHomethesongthatendshis2006albumOnceAgain.it’sasoldier’sletterhomewonderingifhisgtrlfriendstillcares.Itseemsthewarswillneverend.butwe’llmakeithomeagainMr.Legendcroonsmorewishfulthanconfident.Thebesttitleofthispassageis______.
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 7
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41______. ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefits.ThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42______. Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape—andparticularlyifthegovernmenthadstayedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt—lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefitsTheycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43______. Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords—astheBushadministrationembarksona60-day60-stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul—arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44______. ThemoneythatbasbeenborrowedorisprojectedtobeborrowedinPresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext7’5years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45______.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018—soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated—theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesooner—in2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis.’TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform—withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush—isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 45
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 11
Directions: Youaresupposedtoputforwardsomerulesforjob-seekersandyoumayofferyoursuggestionsintermsofthefollowingpoints: 1appearance 2abilityandknowledgeand 3confidence. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.10points
Watchingathree-and-a-half-poundchickenroastin14minutestimelosesallmeaning.Theskinturnsgoldandcrispjuicesimmediatelyrisetothesurfaceandthefleshfirmsbeforeyoureyes.It’sdizzyingandseductivelikethehomemakeoversonTVthatcompressasWow.youthinkIcoulddothiseverysinglenight.ThemakersoftheTurboChefasuper-fastovenusedatSubwayandStarbucksandrecentlybychefslikeCharlieTrotterandGrayKurtzarebankingonthatreaction.SpeedovensmadebyTurboChefMerrychef.Electroluxandothersarecommonincommercialkitchens:theygenerallyusesomelayeringofmicrowaveconvectionsteamandinfraredtechnologieswhichprovidesevencookingmoistnessandbrowningallathighspeed.Nosingletechnologyhasbeenablemproduceallofthosetraits.Thecombinationovensarealsominingup.inmorelimitedrolesinsomefine-diningkitchens.Mr.TrotterinstalledacommercialTurboChefinhisupscaletakeoutcafeTrotter’stoGo.inChicagoaboutsixyearsago.Mr.Kurtzsaysthathisspeedovenisusedmostlyforsouffi6sreducingthecookingtimefrom25minutesto2.Iliked.takingthatlineoffthemenuwhereyouhavetoorderthesouffi6atthebeginningofthemealhesaid.Thisishardlyaneverydayconcernforhomecooks.Butmanufacturersareunabletoresistthelureofthelucrativeresidentialmarket:companieslikeElectrolux.G.E.andSharpalreadysellspeedovensforhomecooks.TurboChefhoweverhasputanunusualamountofresearchanddesignenergyintoadaptingitsproductforresidentialuse.Itwillbeintroducednextmonthpricedat$5995forasolounitand$7.895foraTurboChefcombinedwithaconventionaloven.Thecompanyispitching—hard—thenotionthatitsappliancewilldonolessthanrevolutionizeAmericanhomecooking.Ican’timagineahomecookwhowouldn’trespondtothespeedofthisovensaidMr.Trotter.whohasbecomeaconsultantandspokesmanforTurboChef.Butspeedalonewouldn’tvalidateit.Theresultsareglorious.Gloriousisastrongword.SolastweekIhauledrawchickensandajugofsoufflebatterovertoTurboChef’sNewYorkofficeforaroadtest.ThreehourslateritwasclearthatthetechnologyusedbyTurboChef—acombinationofhigh-speedconvectionforrapidheattransferandbrowningpluscontrolledburstsofmicrowaveformoistevencooking—isfarmoresuccessfulforactualcookingthanamicrowavealoneYoumayfindthiskindofspeedovensprobablyinallthefollowingplacesEXCEPT______.
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41______. ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefits.ThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42______. Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape—andparticularlyifthegovernmenthadstayedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt—lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefitsTheycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43______. Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords—astheBushadministrationembarksona60-day60-stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul—arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44______. ThemoneythatbasbeenborrowedorisprojectedtobeborrowedinPresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext7’5years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45______.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018—soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated—theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesooner—in2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis.’TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform—withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush—isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 43
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 13
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 9
Nothinghascometoembodycorporategreedlikeexecutiveperks:thecorporatejetschauffeuredlimousinesandcountry-clubmembershipsthatbossesconsumeinaseeminglydeliberateattempttooutragepublicopinion.NotfornothingbasWarrenBuffett.Omaha’scelebratedinvestornamedhiscorporatejet"TheIndefensible". Theusualexplanationfortheperkisthatitisaratherenjoyablewayforcorporateinsiderstomisappropriateshareholders’money.46Becauseperksarepoorlydisclosedshareholdershavenowayofknowingwhenthebossislivingitupattheirexpense.Thishasledtothetheorythatperk-ladenexecutivesarelikeliesttobefoundinfirmswithlotsofcash.butfewinvestmentprospects. ButinarecentpaperRaghuramRajahtheIMF’schiefeconomistandJulieWulfoftheWhartonSchoollookedathowmorethan300bigcompaniesdishedoutperkstotheirexecutivesin1986-99.47Itturnsoutthatneithercash-richlow-growthfirmsnorfirmswithweakgovernanceshowertheirexecutiveswithunusuallygenerousperks.Theauthorsdid.howeverfindevidencetosupporttwocompetingexplanations. 48Firstfirmsinthesamplewithmorehierarchicalorganisationslavishedmoreperksontheirexecutivesthanfirmswithflatterstructures.WhyPerksareacheapwaytodemonstratestares.Justasthearmedforcesrationmedalsfirmsrationthedistributionofconspicuoussymbolsofcorporatestatus.Secondperksareacheapwaytoboostexecutiveproductivity.49Firmsbasedinplaceswhereittakesalongtimetocommutearemorelikelytogivethebossachauffeuredlimousine.Firmslocatedfarfromlargeairportsarelikeliertolayonacorporatejet. Sothereitis.ThebossneedshisluxurypadonFifthAvenueandhischauffeuredstretch-limobecausehemightotherwisedolesswork.50Makingitharderforthebosstoconsumeconspicuouslyrisksdangerousanarchyasbereftofitssymbolsofcorporatestatusthefirm’shierarchycollapsesintoamuddledheap.PerhapsinlightofthesefindingsMr.Buffettshouldcallhisnextjet"TheIndispensable". 47
TothepeopleoftheBijagosarchipelagothesharkissacred.In1ceremoniesyoungmenfromtheseislands2thecoastofGuinea-Bissaumustspearasharkandpresentthelivertotheir3Butcanthisancientceremony4theeconomicfactthatabowlofshark’sfinsoupcancost$150intheFarEast InthearchipelagoandallalongWestAfrica’scoastsharksarebeing"finned"to5Fishermencanearn$50-806akiloofsharks’fins.farmorethanordinaryfish.Bythetimethey7theFarEasttheycouldbe8$500akiloormore.valuable9aphrodisiacsaswellasforgourmets. Thehighdemandis10sharkpopulationsinWestAfricaandelsewhere.Mostfish.vulnerableto11eatenbybiggerfishprotecttheirspeciesbylayingmillionsofeggs.Butthesharkhasnonaturalenemy12man.andgivesbirthtojusta13ofyoung.14femalesharksareoftencaught15pregnanttheresulthasbeenpredictablydisastrous.Shark-likesawfishwhicharealso"finned".arealreadyvirtually16offtheBijagosislandsandguitarfishare17threat. InsomepartsofWestAfricawhensharksandothersimilarfishhavebeenfinnedtherestofthefleshisoften18saltedandexportedtoplaceslikeGhanawherethereisa19forlt.Driedsharkisusedmuch20astockcubewouldbeelsewhere.ButintheBijagosislandswheretradersareuninterestedinexportingdriedsharkcarcassesareoftenlefttorotonthebeach. 19
Watchingathree-and-a-half-poundchickenroastin14minutestimelosesallmeaning.Theskinturnsgoldandcrispjuicesimmediatelyrisetothesurfaceandthefleshfirmsbeforeyoureyes.It’sdizzyingandseductivelikethehomemakeoversonTVthatcompressasWow.youthinkIcoulddothiseverysinglenight.ThemakersoftheTurboChefasuper-fastovenusedatSubwayandStarbucksandrecentlybychefslikeCharlieTrotterandGrayKurtzarebankingonthatreaction.SpeedovensmadebyTurboChefMerrychef.Electroluxandothersarecommonincommercialkitchens:theygenerallyusesomelayeringofmicrowaveconvectionsteamandinfraredtechnologieswhichprovidesevencookingmoistnessandbrowningallathighspeed.Nosingletechnologyhasbeenablemproduceallofthosetraits.Thecombinationovensarealsominingup.inmorelimitedrolesinsomefine-diningkitchens.Mr.TrotterinstalledacommercialTurboChefinhisupscaletakeoutcafeTrotter’stoGo.inChicagoaboutsixyearsago.Mr.Kurtzsaysthathisspeedovenisusedmostlyforsouffi6sreducingthecookingtimefrom25minutesto2.Iliked.takingthatlineoffthemenuwhereyouhavetoorderthesouffi6atthebeginningofthemealhesaid.Thisishardlyaneverydayconcernforhomecooks.Butmanufacturersareunabletoresistthelureofthelucrativeresidentialmarket:companieslikeElectrolux.G.E.andSharpalreadysellspeedovensforhomecooks.TurboChefhoweverhasputanunusualamountofresearchanddesignenergyintoadaptingitsproductforresidentialuse.Itwillbeintroducednextmonthpricedat$5995forasolounitand$7.895foraTurboChefcombinedwithaconventionaloven.Thecompanyispitching—hard—thenotionthatitsappliancewilldonolessthanrevolutionizeAmericanhomecooking.Ican’timagineahomecookwhowouldn’trespondtothespeedofthisovensaidMr.Trotter.whohasbecomeaconsultantandspokesmanforTurboChef.Butspeedalonewouldn’tvalidateit.Theresultsareglorious.Gloriousisastrongword.SolastweekIhauledrawchickensandajugofsoufflebatterovertoTurboChef’sNewYorkofficeforaroadtest.ThreehourslateritwasclearthatthetechnologyusedbyTurboChef—acombinationofhigh-speedconvectionforrapidheattransferandbrowningpluscontrolledburstsofmicrowaveformoistevencooking—isfarmoresuccessfulforactualcookingthanamicrowavealoneBysayingButspeedalonewouldn’tvalidateit.Theresultsareglorious.Mr.Trottermeans______.
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